Rezende, Katia Regina Vieira de; Hatherly, Melissa Medeiros Ferreira; Pimenta, Cristiane Marques Monteiro; Eduardo, Janaina; Vianna, Simone de Castro; Mangiavacchi, Norberto

doi:10.1590/S1679-87592015086506303

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Brazilian Journal of Oceanography

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Original Article • Braz. j. oceanogr. 63 (3) • Jul-Sep 2015 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-87592015086506303 copiar

Phytoplankton community structure in one sector of Guanabara Bay (RJ, Brazil) during 2011 and 2012

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Resumo

Este trabalho analisou a variabilidade sazonal da comunidade microfitoplanctônica em águas superficiais da Baía da Guanabara (RJ, Brasil) em 6 estações em frente à Enseada de Icaraí, de abril de 2011 a abril de 2012. Os resultados destacaram a alta representatividade de diatomáceas, dinoflagelados e cianobactérias, representados por 111 táxons típicos de ambientes estuarinos/costeiros. A coexistência de espécies bentônicas e planctônicas indicou o alto hidrodinamismo local. Houve homogeneidade (p > 0,05) entre as estações de coleta para todas as variáveis, mas diferenças entre campanhas. A densidade média (10⁷ cel.L^-1) foi superior à de outros sistemas estuarinos e seu comportamento temporal esteve altamente correlacionado (p < 0,01) com diatomáceas e cianobactérias. Por sua vez o padrão de distribuição da riqueza (7 a 27 táxons) apresentou alta correlação positiva (p < 0,01) com dinoflagelados e diatomáceas. Baixos índices de diversidade (< 2,0 bits.cel^-1) em 90% das amostras reafirmaram o equilíbrio instável do sistema, típico de ambientes sujeitos à eutrofização. A análise da estrutura das populações estabeleceu que 10% dos táxons são residentes, 12% visitantes e 78% acidentais, reafirmando a influência do aporte continental e/ou águas oceânicas. Entre os táxons "típicos", destacaram-se cianobactérias da Ordem Oscillatoriales, diatomáceas Ceratoneis closterium (=Cylindrotheca closterium) e Leptocylindrus minimus e o dinoflagelado Prorocentrum triestinum.

Descritores:
Estuário tropical; Variação temporal; Diversidade específica; Microfitoplâncton

TAXONOMY CATEGORY	Total Occurrence (%) n = 96	Constancy Index	Occurrence by month (n = 13)
			2011						2012
			Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr
Division Bacillariophyta
Class Coscinodiscophyceae
Order Thalassiosirales
Family Thalassiosiraceae
Thalassiosira sp.	18	A	*			*	*		*	*	*			*	*
Family Skeletonemataceae
Skeletonema cf. costatum (Greville) Cleve	25	A	*		*	*			*	*				*	*
Skeletonema sp.	6	A						*	*
Order Paraliales
Family Paraliaceae
Paralia sulcata (Ehrenberg) Cleve	1	A								*
Order Coscinodiscales
Family Coscinodiscaceae
Coscinodiscus sp.	1	A													*
Order Triceratiales
Family Triceratiaceae
Odontella aurita (Lyngbye) C. Agardh	1	A								*
Order Hemiaulales
Family Hemiaulaceae
Cerataulina pelagica (Cleve) Hendey	3	A								*
Eucampia cornuta (Cleve) Grunow	1	A								*
Eucampia sp.	1	A								*
Hemiaulus membranaceus Cleve	1	A								*
Order Rhizosoleniales
Family Rhizosoleniaceae
Dactyliosolen fragilissimus (Bergon) Hasle	1	A													*
Dactyliosolen phuketensis (B. G. Sundstrom) G. R. Hasle	2	A									*
Guinardia flaccida (Castracane) H. Peragallo	1	A		*
Guinardia striata (Stolterfoth) Hasle	2	A				*								*
Guinardia sp.	15	A			*	*		*
Proboscia alata (Brightwell) Sundstrom	2	A			*										*
Rhizosolenia setigera Brightwell	42	V	*			*	*	*	*	*	*			*	*
Rhizosolenia setigera f. pungens(Cleve-Euler) Brunel	2	A									*
Order Chaetocerotales
Family Chaetocerotaceae
Chaetoceros compressus Lauder	3	A								*	*
Chaetoceros curvisetum Cleve	2	A								*
Chaetoceros danicus Cleve	6	A						*		*					*
Chaetoceros radians F. Schutt	2	A						*	*
Chaetoceros socialis H. S. Lauder	1	A													*
Chaetoceros cf. socialisH. S. Lauder	4	A								*
Chaetoceros spp.	15	A		*	*			*		*	*			*
Order Leptocylindrales
Family Leptocylindraceae
Leptocylindrus danicus Cleve	31	V	*		*	*	*		*	*	*	*	*	*	*
Leptocylindrus minimus Gran	76	R	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*
Class Flagilariophyceae
Order Fragilariales
Family Fragilariaceae
Asterionellopsis glacialis (Castracane) Round	5	A					*		*	*				*
Order Licmophorales
Familia Licmophoraceae
Licmophora sp.	1	A				*
Order Thalassionematales
Familia Thalassionemataceae
Thalassionema nitzschioides (Grunow) Mereschkowsky	5	A				*								*	*
Class Bacillariophyceae
Order Naviculales
Family Phaeodactylaceae
Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin	11	A								*			*	*	*
Family Diploneidaceae
Diploneis sp.	6	A				*	*	*	*
Family Naviculaceae
Complex Tropidoneis	3	A								*
Family Pleurosigmataceae
Complex Pleurosigma/Gyrosigma	4	A		*										*	*
Order Thalassiophysales
Family Catenulaceae
Amphora sp.	1	A					*
Order Bacillariales
Family Bacillariaceae
Complex C. closterium/Nitzschia longissima	7	A				*	*
Ceratoneis closterium Ehrenberg (=Cylindrotheca closterium)	97	R	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*
Pseudo-nitzschia "complex delicatissima"	14	A	*		*		*	*				*		*
Pseudo-nitzschia "complex seriata”	4	A								*		*		*
Division DINOFLAGELLATA
Class Dinophyceae
Order Gymnodiniales
Family Gymnodiniaceae
Akashiwo sanguinea (K. Hirasaka) G. Hansen & Ø. Moestrup	6	A	*
Amphidinium spp.	27	V	*	*	*	*	*	*	*		*
Gymnodinium spp.	6	A		*
Gyrodinium cf. spirale(Bergh) Kofoid & Swezy	2	A			*
Gyrodinium spp.	2	A			*
Order Gonyaulacales
Family Goniodomaceae
Alexandrium spp.	1	A	*
Order Peridiniales
Family Peridiniaceae
Scrippsiella cf. spinifera G. Honsell & M. Cabrini	2	A	*
Scrippsiella cf. trochoidea (Stein) Balech ex Loeblich III	31	V	*	*	*	*
Scrippsiella sp.	28	V	*		*	*	*	*	*	*	*			*
Family Congruentidiaceae
Protoperidinium cf. bipes(Paulsen) Balech	5	A			*	*	*	*
Protoperidinium cf. steinii (Jorgensen) Balech	1	A				*
Protoperidinium spp.	43	V	*	*	*	*	*	*	*					*	*
Order uncertain
Family Oxytoxaceae
Oxytoxum crassum Schiller	5	A	*		*				*
Oxytoxum cf. gladiolusStein	2	A					*		*
Oxytoxum gracile Schiller	7	A		*		*	*	*			*
Oxytoxum laticeps Schiller	3	A				*			*				*
Oxytoxum scolopax Stein	2	A	*	*
Oxytoxum cf. turboKofoid	1	A					*
Oxytoxum sp.	1	A		*
Order Dinophysiales
Family Dinophysiaceae
Dinophysis acuminata Claparede & Lachmann	9	A	*	*	*	*	*	*		*
Dinophysis fortii Pavillard	3	A	*
Dinophysis sp.	2	A	*							*
Family Oxyphysaceae
Oxyphysis oxytoxoides Kofoid	38	V	*	*	*	*	*	*	*		*		*
Order Prorocentrales
Family Prorocentraceae
Prorocentrum balticum (Lohmann) Loeblich	4	A	*		*									*
Prorocentrum compressum (J. W. Bailey) Abe ex Dodge	2	A		*	*
Prorocentrum dentatum Stein	1	A								*
Prorocentrum gracile Schutt	5	A	*
Prorocentrum micans Ehrenberg	47	V	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*		*	*	*	*
Prorocentrum minimum (Pavillard) J. Schiller	40	V	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*		*	*	*
Prorocentrum scutellum Schroder	2	A	*
Prorocentrum triestinum J. Schiller	79	R	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*
Prorocentrum sp.	7	A					*		*		*			*
Class Noctiluciphyceae
Order Noctilucales
Family Noctilucaceae
Pronoctiluca pelagica Fabre-Domergue	3	A	*										*
Pronoctiluca spinifera (Lohmann) Schiller	2	A					*		*
Division Chlorophyta	5	A		*			*
Class Euglenophyceae	73	R	*	*	*	*	*	*	*			*	*	*	*
Eutreptiella sp.	1	A	*
Division Cyanophyta
Class Cyanophyceae
Order Nostocales	67	R	*	*	*	*		*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*
Order Oscillatoriales	91	R	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*

Date	Richness					Abundance					Index
	Total	Diatoms	Dinoflagellates	Cyanobacteria	Chlorophythes	Total	Diatoms	Dinoflagellates	Cyanobacteria	Chlorophythes	Species Diversity	Evenness
Apr1	18	4	12	1	1	35580718	10284643	24712437	410283	173355	0.44	0.15
Apr2	17	2	12	1	1	69754673	45297123	19789149	4639174	29226	0.44	0.15
May1	18	3	13	2	1	4107270	2244201	1392402	430008	40659	0.33	0.14
May2	12	2	6	2	2	6631668	4894936	360093	905809	470830	0.10	0.07
Jun1	19	6	10	2	1	18664938	17702565	189872	486232	286269	1.14	0.42
Jun2	20	5	13	1	1	10407854	9241535	93210	1051068	53111	0.94	0.34
Jul	23	10	11	2	1	56865758	56645156	118060	66902	35640	0.99	0.33
Aug	19	5	12	1	1	28571795	27728657	125740	439361	278036	0.11	0.04
Sep	18	5	9	2	1	13277285	12723868	286800	203216	63401	0.10	0.04
Oct	16	5	8	2	1	10212120	2486926	7372138	246037	107019	1.08	0.37
Nov	18	10	6	1		768861	718381	5652	46713		1.57	0.48
Dec	13	7	4	2		12459305	10876155	1569261	13889		0.16	0.07
Jan	9	3	4	2	1	2728105	1885932	531635	306591	3946	1.03	0.51
Feb	16	5	9	2	1	53614363	10990133	42197291	405632	21308	0.81	0.33
Mar	17	9	6	2	1	2168300	851195	1197935	109175	9996	1.07	0.40
Apr	15	7	5	2	1	1454119	345550	1008292	84125	16152	1.49	0.60

		2011	2012
	Σ	Apr1	Apr2	May1	May2	Jun1	Jun2	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr
DIATOMS
Ceratoneis closterium	1.5 x 10⁸	268795	45288034	2204603	4875816	4900030	6361924	34217077	27582734	12664516	375628		10722583	1450707	107327	15027	34250
Skeletonema cf. costatum	3.7 x 10⁷					12054996	2771530	22341109
Leptocylindrus minimus	2.5 x 10⁷	9827038		24869		488356	13543		97592		1992860	53319	124846	423125	10596338	690848	238276
Rhizosolenia setigera	4.2 x 10⁵										10755	377664	8050			12286	9575
Phaeodactylum tricornutum	2.7 x 10⁵														269895
Guinardia sp.	1.7 x 105					135964	31867
Chaetoceros cf. social is	8.2 x 10⁴											82115
Leptocylindrus danicus	4.3 x 10⁴							13255				14908				14872
Chaetoceros spp.	3.0 x 10⁴											29791
Complex C. closterium/ Nitzschia longissima	2.2 x 10⁴							22222
Pseudo-nitzsch ia " delicatissima complex"	2.2 x 10⁴									22107
Thalassiosira sp.	1.7 x 10⁴											13311	3630
Skeletonema sp.	1.1 x 10⁴									11087
Complex Tropidoneis	1.2 x 10³											1222
MORPHOTYPES
Centric diatom (20-50 μm)	1.1 x 10⁵			7062				20207	24962			61032	947				13048
Pennate diatom (linear; 50-100 μm)	5.9 x 10⁴															58953
Pennate diatom (lanceolate; 20-50 μm)	2.3 x 10⁴									6174						16701
Pennate diatom (linear; 100-150 μm)	1.6 x 104															16464
Pennate diatom (retangular; 20-50 μm)	4.7 x 10⁴							4658
DINOFLAGELLATES
Akashiwo sanguinea	4.2 x 10⁶		4200474
Prorocentrum triestinum	8.2 x 10⁵	51624	36760		30273	116844	254136	7780	119102	45344	93210	23541		23938	8681		10838
Prorocentrum micans	1.8 x 10⁵	126192	6904				27087				18854
Amphidinium spp.	1.4 x 10⁵					99583	25759		12879
Scrippsiella cf. trochoidea	1.2 x 10⁵	11472	69601	5659		21244	15137
Protoperidinium spp.	1.2 x 10⁵			9040		48597	18323	1398	29344	11884
Prorocentrum minimum	8.5 x 104	15774					15402	13283	19120	21776
Gymnodinium sp.	7.5 x 10⁴				74887
Scrippsiella sp.	7.1 x 10⁴								62937	4448		3495
Oxyphysis oxytoxoides	5.2 x 10⁴	15137		7252			5046	2158							22097
Prorocentrum gracile	1.9 x 10⁴	19279
MORPHOTYPES
Order Gymnodiniales (oblong; 50-100 μm)	9.5 x 10⁵		17898	220521	697083	15668
Order Gymnodiniales (oblong; 20-50 μm)	9.2 x 10⁵	33460	52111	59541		47800	452506	9613	26024	23767	12348	7003			125478	44700	23412
Order Gymnodiniales (rounded; 20-50μm)	5.4 x 10⁵	44135	130952	2002				2927	12083			1955	3946	266081	35513	30636
Armoured cell (rounded; 20-50 μm)	5.3 x 105	25971	65873	14080	41427	64530	113923	8003	45941	47269	45012		1578	4998		29679	18309
Order Gymnodiniales (biconic; 20-50 μm)	1.5 x 10⁵			3260			23369	1732							102592		18256
Armoured cell (oblong; 20-50 μm)	1.2 x 10⁵	21510	29852	11468				4520	51119			3657
Order Gymnodiniales (ovoid; 20-50 μm)	9.0 x 10⁴														72603	9079	8733
Order Gymnodiniales (biconic; 50-100 μm)	1.3 x 10⁴			12957
CIANOBACTERIA
Order Oscillatoriales	1.0 x 10⁸	24710047	19786421	1383809	150570	165441	35850	107037	125740	141010	7271626	903	1536905	500332	42182297	1479714	921115
Order Nostocales	7.1 x 10⁵			8593	209523	24431		11023		145790	100513		32356	31304	14994	43369
CHLOROPHYTHES
Unidentified Euglenoficeans	1.5 x 10⁶	171761	29226	40659	402316	286269	53111	35640	242983	63401	107019				21308
Unidentified Cloroficeans	6.9 x 10⁴				68513

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[1] * Corresponding author: katiarvr@gmail.com