Influence of high-dose gamma radiation and particle size on antioxidant properties of Maize ( <b><i>Zea mays</i></b> L.) flour

Nawaz, Haq; Shad, Muhammad Aslam; Rehman, Tanzila; Ramzan, Ayesha

doi:10.1590/S1984-82502016000400022

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Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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Article • Braz. J. Pharm. Sci. 52 (4) • Dec 2016 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-82502016000400022 copy

Influence of high-dose gamma radiation and particle size on antioxidant properties of Maize ( Zea mays L.) flour

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Influence of high-dose gamma radiation and particle size on antioxidant properties of maize (Zea mays L.) flour was studied using response surface methodology. A central composite design based on three levels of each of particle size, in terms of mesh number (40, 60 and 80 meshes), and gamma radiation dose (25, 50 and 75 kGy) was constructed. A statistically significant dose-dependent decrease (p<0.05) in antioxidant properties of gamma irradiated flour was observed. However, an increase in the mesh number (decrease in particle size of flour) resulted in an increase in antioxidant properties. The optimum level of radiation dose to achieve maximum value of responses was found to be 50 kGy for Trolox equivalent total antioxidant activity (TETAOA), 25 kGy for iron chelating ability (ICA), 25 kGy for reducing power (RP) and 75 kGy for linoleic acid reduction capacity (LARC). However, the optimum level of mesh number to achieve desired levels of TETAOA, ICA, RP and LARC was found to be 80 meshes.

Uniterms:
Maize flour/antioxidant properties; Maize flour/gamma irradiation/effects; Central composite design; Maize flour/particle size; Response surface methodology; Zea mays L.

Exp. Runs	Coded levels of variables		Actual levels of variables		Antioxidant activity
Exp. Runs	X₁	X₂	ξ₁ Particle size (Meshes)	ξ₂ Radiation dose (kGy)	TETAOA (g/100g dw)	ICA (IC₅₀ mg/mL)	RP (Abs. at 700 nm)	LARC (%)
Non irradiated flour					TETAOA (g/100g dw)	ICA (IC₅₀ mg/mL)	RP (Abs. at 700 nm)	LARC (%)
			40		2.70	0.250	0.323	45.76
			60		3.25	0.246	0.349	56.28
			80		3.48	0.215	0.360	68.88
*Gamma irradiated flour*					3.48	0.215	0.360	68.88
1^*	-1	-1	40	25	2.28	0.296	0.310	54.34
2	0	0	60	50	3.20	0.231	0.225	27.55
3^*	1	-1	80	25	3.03	0.295	0.340	65.87
4	-1	1	40	75	1.50	0.420	0.210	25.75
5	0	-1	60	25	2.86	0.292	0.270	50.26
6	1	1	80	75	2.70	0.354	0.280	42.48
7	-1	0	40	50	2.50	0.321	0.235	36.73
8	0	0	60	50	3.20	0.230	0.225	27.55
9	1	0	80	50	3.41	0.256	0.320	58.98
10^*	0	0	60	50	3.20	0.231	0.225	27.55
11^*	0	0	60	50	3.20	0.231	0.225	27.55
12^*	0	0	60	50	3.20	0.231	0.225	27.55
13	0	1	60	75	2.80	0.266	0.225	28.18
Input variable			Actual levels			Respective coded level
Mesh No.(meshes)			40, 60, 80			-1, 0, 1
Radiation dose (kGy)			25, 50, 75			-1, 0, 1

Source	Sum of Squares	df	Mean Square	F Value	p-Value
Model	2311.93	5	462.39	24.27	0.0003
A-Mesh No. (meshes)	425.21	1	425.21	22.32	0.0021
B-Radiation dose (kGy)	914.15	1	914.15	47.98	0.0002
AB	6.76	1	6.76	0.35	0.5702
A²	565.69	1	565.69	29.69	0.0010
B²	89.00	1	89.00	4.67	0.0675
Mean	2.85
Std. Dev.	0.13
C.V. %	4.45
R-Squared	0.9653
Adjusted R-Squared	0.9406
Predicted R-Squared	0.6778
Adequate Precision	20.074

Source	Sum of Squares	df	Mean Square	F Value	p-Value
Model	0.035	5	7.054E-003	10.45	0.0038
A-Mesh No. (meshes)	3.038E-003	1	3.038E-003	4.50	0.0716
B-Radiation dose (kGy)	3.902E-003	1	3.902E-003	5.78	0.0472
AB	1.190E-003	1	1.190E-003	1.76	0.2259
A²	9.801E-003	1	9.801E-003	14.52	0.0066
B²	7.063E-003	1	7.063E-003	10.46	0.0144
Mean	0.026
Std. Dev.	0.28
C.V. %	9.27
R-Squared	0.8819
Adjusted R-Squared	0.7975
Predicted R-Squared	-0.2022
Adequate Precision	9.937

Source	Sum of Squares	df	Mean Square	F Value	p-Value
Model	0.022	5	4.445E-003	34.86	< 0.0001
A-Mesh No. (meshes)	7.004E-003	1	7.004E-003	54.93	0.0001
B-Radiation dose (kGy)	7.004E-003	1	7.004E-003	54.93	0.0001
AB	4.000E-004	1	4.000E-004	3.14	0.1198
A²	5.070E-003	1	5.070E-003	39.76	0.0004
B²	4.557E-004	1	4.557E-004	3.57	0.1006
Mean	0.011
Std. Dev.	0.25
C.V. %	4.46
R-Squared	0.9614
Adjusted R-Squared	0.9338
Predicted R-Squared	0.6471
Adequate Precision	17.815

Source	Sum of Squares	df	Mean Square	F Value	p-Value
Model	2311.93	5	462.39	24.27	0.0003
A-Mesh No. (meshes)	425.21	1	425.21	22.32	0.0021
B-Radiation dose (kGy)	914.15	1	914.15	47.98	0.0002
AB	6.76	1	6.76	0.35	0.5702
A²	565.69	1	565.69	29.69	0.0010
B²	89.00	1	89.00	4.67	0.0675
Mean	4.36
Std. Dev.	38.49
C.V. %	11.34
R-Squared	0.9455
Adjusted R-Squared	0.9065
Predicted R-Squared	0.5910
Adequate Precision	15.551

Variables	Goal	Lower limit	Upper limit	Optimum level			Desirability
Variables	Goal	Lower limit	Upper limit	X ₁	X ₂	Y
Mesh No (meshes)	in range	40.00	80.00
Radiation dose (kGy)	in range	25.00	75.00
TAOA (TE g/100g dw)	maximize	1.5	3.41	70.622	25.429	3.063	0.901
ICA (IC₅₀ mg/mL)	minimize	0.23	0.42	57.000	25.000	0.257	0.927
RP (Abs. at 700 nm)	maximize	0.2	0.34	80.000	25.000	0.342	1.000
LARC (%)	maximize	25.75	65.87	80.000	25.000	68.712	1.000

Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, n. 580, 05508-000 S. Paulo/SP Brasil, Tel.: (55 11) 3091-3824 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: bjps@usp.br

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[1] *Correspondence: H. Nawaz. Department of Biochemistry. Bahauddin Zakariya University, 60800 - Multan, Pakistan. E-mail: haqnawaz@bzu.edu.pk