Revisão e considerações sobre o uso do habitat, distribuição e história de vida de <i>Lycengraulis grossidens</i> (Agassiz, 1829) (Actinopterygii, Clupeiformes, Engraulididae)

Mai, Ana Cecilia Giacometti; Vieira, João Paes

doi:10.1590/S1676-06032013000300015

Figuras (3)
Tabelas (3)

Figure 1. Lycengraulis grossidens, photograph taken of a live specimen at Solis Grande, Uruguay.

Figure 2. Photograph of sagitta otoliths of Lycengraulis grossidens, Iguape, SP: a) 129 mm total length (TL) individual and; b) 260 mm TL individual. Stereomicroscope Nikon SMZ 1500, with HR Plan Apo 1x WD54 lens coupled to digital camera Nikon Digita sight DS Fi1.

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Figure 3. Distribution records of Lycengraulis grossidens plotted on a hydrographic map of Central and South America. Black squares showing locations of occurrence described in the literature reviewed, and gray circles are data available in Fishbase (Froese & Pauly 2011).

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Table 1. Reproductive aspects of Lycengraulis grossidens. L50 is the length where 50% of individuals were mature. References: 1 Oliveira (2008), 2 Oliveira (1997), 3 Ramos (2005), 4 Weiss (1981), 5 Mastrarrigo (1947), 6Fuster de Plaza & Boschi (1961), and, 7 Lepkoski et al. (2005). – data not reported and * average length at which the peak of the first reproductive cycle is reached (Bervian & Fontoura 1994).

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Table 2. Diet of Lycengraulis grossidens based on data available in the literature. N values represent the number of individuals analyzed in each study. References: 1 Lopes (1998), 2 Eskinazi (1972), 3 Lopes & Resende (2000), 4 Oliveira (1997), 5 Ramos (2005), 6 Mastrarrigo (1947), 7 Bortoluzzi et al. (2006) and, 8 Fuster de Plaza & Boschi (1961). – data not reported.

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Table 3. Description of habitat use for Lycengraulis grossidens throughout its distribution according to the literature. The last column is a standardization of classification of estuarine-use functional groups following Elliott et al. (2007). References: 1 Krumme et al. (2004), 2 Vasconcelos-Filho & Oliveira (1999), 3 Reis-Filho et al. (2010), 4 Sánchez-Botero et al. (2008), 5 Vilar et al. (2011), 6Costa & Souza-Conceição (2009), 7Ramos (2005), 8 Lepkoski et al. (2005), 9 Chao et al. (1985), 10 Garcia et al. (2003), 11 Vieira et al. (2010), 12 Weiss et al. (1976), 13 Weiss (1981), 14 Mastrarrigo (1947) and, 15 Fuster de Plaza & Boschi, (1961). LAT/LONG = latitude/longitude.

Localities	Reproductive peaks	Spawning site	L50 (total length)	Ref.
Paranaguá Bay, Paraná, Brazil	Spring	Spawning in estuaries	-	1
Itapeva and Quadros Lagoons, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil	October to January, with peak in December	Spawning in fresh water	80 mm*	2
Patos Lagoon, RS, Brazil	September to January, spawning is related to the increase in water temperature	Spawning in estuaries	112 mm to female and 133 mm to male	3
Patos Lagoon, RS, Brazil	-	Spawning in marine, salt water	-	4
Paraná River, Argentina	October to November, when the water reaches temperatures above 21°C	-	120 mm	5
Parana River, Argentina	October to November, when the water reaches temperatures between 20-24°C	Spawning in small streams, fresh water.	120 mm	6
Uruguay River, RS, Brazil	October to December, with peak in October	Spawning in fresh water	-	7

Localities	N	Empty	Diet / Items	Ref.
Itamaracá Island, Pernambuco (PE), Brazil	138	10.9%	Crustacea Peracarida Amphipoda, Isopoda and Tanaidacea; Decapoda Dendrobranchiata, and Pleocyamata Brachyura; Annelida Polychaeta, and Osteichthyes. Organic material and plants were considered incidental.	1
Canal de Santa Cruz, PE, Brazil	-	-	The most common Osteichthyes Gerreidae Eucinostomus, and Crustacea Decapoda Penaeus.	2
Itaparica Island, Bahia, Brazil	39	5.1%	Crustacea Peracarida Amphipoda; Decapoda Dendrobranchiata, and Pleocyamata Brachyura; and Osteichthyes. Organic material and plants were considered incidental.	3
Itapeva and Quadros Lagoons, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil	150	-	Crustacea Copepoda, Cladocera, Amphipoda, Palaemonidae, Isopoda; Teleostei; Diptera; Arachnida; Annelida; and seed.	4
Tramandaí River, RS, Brazil	1250	75.8%	Generalist / Algae; Nematoda; Annelida Polychaeta; Mollusca Gastropoda, and Bivalvia; Insecta; Crustacea Copepoda Calanoida, Cirripedia Cladocera, Amphipoda, Mysidacea, Decapoda Anoumura, Brachyura, and Macrura, Cumacea; Ostheichthys Mugilidae Mugilsp; and vegetables fragments.	5
Paraná, Uruguay and La Plata River	-	-	Osteichthyes, Crustacea Palaemoneidae and Insecta.	6
Uruguay River, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil	589	52%	Ichthyophagous / Insecta Coleoptera, Hymenoptera Formicidae, Odonata Coenagrionidae, Trichoptera Hydropsychidae, Diptera Chironomidae, Lepdoptera; Crustacea Cladocera Sididae, Calanoida Diaptomidae Notodiaptomus; Osteichthyes Characidae Astyanax bimaculatus, A. fasciatus, Apareiodon affinis,Characidium pterostictum, Salminus brasiliensis,Oligosarcus brevioris, Odontostilbe pequira,Bryconamericus stramineus, Curimatidae Cyphocharax voga, Engraulididae Lycengraulis grossidens; sand, plants, seeds, eggs, gravels and, others invertebrates.	7
Bela Vista; Rosário; Mar del plata; Isla Trindade, Bahia Blanca; San Blas; Carmen de Patagones, río Negro, Argentine	700	60%	Carnivorous / Freshwater: Crustacea Palaemonetes argentinus, Pseudodiaplomus, Acantocyclops, Notodiaplomus, Isopodos, etc; Insecta Ephemenoptera, and Diptera; Osteichthyes Characidae Astianax sp, Clupeidae Ramnogaster arcuata, Pimelodidae Luciopimelodus sp, Atherinopsidae Odontesthes bonariensis. Salt water: Crustacea Brachyura, Copepode; Osteichthyes Clupeidae R. arcuata, and Engraulididae Anchoa marinii.	8

Localities	LAT/LONG	Classification of habitat use proposed in the literature	Ref.	Standardization of classification of habitat use
Caeté Estuary, Brazil	0°/6° W	Marine migrant: utilize the estuary both as adults and juveniles, but spawn in the sea.	1	Marine migrant (MM)
Itamaracá, Brazil	7° S/34° W	Marine dependent: species found in estuary environment from juvenile to adult.	2	MM sub-category Marine estuarine dependent
Paraguaçu River Estuary, Brazil	12° S/38° W	Marine stragglers based on Elliott et al. (2007)	3	Marine straggler
Cabiúnas Lagoon, Brazil	22° S/41° W	Marine dependent: species spawn in the sea and use the coastal lagoons as a nursery for larvae and juveniles, or for adult permanence for long periods.	4	MM
Babitonga Bay, Brazil	26° S/48° W	Marine migrant: without explanation	5	MM
Babitonga Bay, Brazil	26° S/48° W	Estuarine resident: without explanation	6	Estuarine specie sub-category E. resident
Patos Lagoon and Tramandaí Estuaries, RS, Brazil	29° S/49° W and 32° S/52° W	Estuarine-catadromous: species born in the estuary, migrate to fresh water to grow and return to the estuary to breed.	7	Semi-catadromous
Uruguai River, Brazil	30° S/57° W	Freshwater species. This category is not in Elliott et al. (2007)	8	-
Patos Lagoon Estuary, RS, Brazil	32° S/52° W	Estuarine dependent marine fishes: those marine coastal spawners that utilize the estuarine environment as a post larval and juvenile nursery during the first years of their life cycles.	9	MM sub-category Marine estuarine dependent
Patos Lagoon Estuary, RS, Brazil	32° S/52° W	Estuarine dependent: marine or freshwater spawning species found predictably in large numbers in estuaries during certain periods of their life-cycle.	10	MM sub-category Marine estuarine dependent
Patos Lagoon Estuary, RS, Brazil	32° S/52° W	Estuarine resident: the species is found in the estuary year-round, either as juvenile or adult.	11	Estuarine species sub-category E. resident
Patos Lagoon Estuary, RS, Brazil	32° S/52° W	Catadromous: eggs found in the estuary and the absence of eggs in the early stages of development lead the author to believe that the species spawns on the coast.	12-13	Catadromous
Paraná and Prata Rivers, Argentina	34° S/58° W	Anadromous: Individuals migrate from estuary or adjacent marine region and spawn in Uruguay or Paraná Rivers, returning to the marine environment.	14-15	Anadromous

Revisão e considerações sobre o uso do habitat, distribuição e história de vida de Lycengraulis grossidens (Agassiz, 1829) (Actinopterygii, Clupeiformes, Engraulididae)

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