Morphological characterization and taxonomic key for tadpoles of Brazilian Cerrado

Santos, Danusy Lopes; Feio, Renato Neves; Nomura, Fausto

doi:10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2023-1486

Danusy Lopes Santos

Substantial contribution in the concept and design of the study

contribution to data collection

contribution to data analyses and interpretation

contribution to manuscript preparation

contribution to critical revision

adding intellectual content

Universidade Federal de Goiás, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Ecologia, Goiânia, GO, Brasil.

Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1806-8527

Renato Neves Feio

Contribution to data collection

contribution to data analyses and interpretation

contribution to critical revision

adding intellectual content.

Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Museu de Zoologia João Moojen, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Viçosa, MG, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3607-2896

Fausto Nomura ^* * Corresponding author: faustonomura@ufg.br

Substantial contribution in the concept and design of the study

contribution to data collection

contribution to data analyses and interpretation

contribution to manuscript preparation

contribution to critical revision

adding intellectual content

Universidade Federal de Goiás, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Ecologia, Goiânia, GO, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5845-6041

* Corresponding author: faustonomura@ufg.br

Authors Contributions

Danusy Lopes Santos: Substantial contribution in the concept and design of the study; contribution to data collection; contribution to data analyses and interpretation; contribution to manuscript preparation; contribution to critical revision; adding intellectual content.

Renato Neves Feio: Contribution to data collection; contribution to data analyses and interpretation; contribution to critical revision; adding intellectual content.

Fausto Nomura: Substantial contribution in the concept and design of the study; contribution to data collection; contribution to data analyses and interpretation; contribution to manuscript preparation; contribution to critical revision; adding intellectual content.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declares that they have no conflict of interest related to the publication of this manuscript.

Figures (53)
Tables (1)

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Figure 1.
Map of remaining of Cerrado biome. Red circles represent the localities of the tadpoles used in the present study. Inset map: South America.

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Figure 2.
Morphological characteristics used to larval characterizations and in the taxonomic key. Details of a typical tadpole in lateral view, and body shape in dorsal and lateral view.

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Figure 3.
Morphological characteristics used to larval characterizations and in the taxonomic key. Details of the nares, spiracle, fins, and tail tips.

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Figure 4.
Morphological characteristics used to larval characterizations and in the taxonomic key. Details of the oral disc.

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Figure 5.
Tadpoles of Rhinella cerradensis at Stage 37 (Gosner 1960GOSNER, K.L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anurans embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16:183–190.): (A) lateral, and (B) dorsal view (scale 10 mm), (C) oral disc at Stage 34 (scale 2 mm).

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Figure 6.
Tadpoles of Rhinella diptycha at Stage 40 (Gosner 1960GOSNER, K.L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anurans embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16:183–190.): (A) lateral, and (B) dorsal view (scale 10 mm), (C) oral disc (scale 2 mm).

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Figure 7.
Tadpoles of Rhinella ornata x Rhinella crucifer at Stage 40 (Gosner 1960)GOSNER, K.L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anurans embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16:183–190.: (A) lateral, and (B) dorsal view (scale 10 mm), (C) oral disc (scale 2 mm).

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Figure 8.
Tadpoles of Thoropa megatympanum at Stage 36 (Gosner 1960GOSNER, K.L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anurans embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16:183–190.): (A) lateral, and (B) dorsal view (scale 10 mm), (C) oral disc (scale 2 mm).

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Figure 9.
Tadpoles of Thoropa miliaris at Stage 36 (Gosner 1960GOSNER, K.L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anurans embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16:183–190.): (A) lateral, and (B) dorsal view (scale 10 mm), (C) oral disc (scale 2 mm).

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Figure 10.
Tadpoles of Adelphobates galactonotus at Stage 37 (Gosner 1960GOSNER, K.L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anurans embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16:183–190.): (A) lateral, and (B) dorsal view (scale 10 mm), (C) oral disc at Stage 34(scale 2 mm).

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Figure 11.
Tadpoles of Ameerega flavopicta at Stage 35 (Gosner 1960GOSNER, K.L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anurans embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16:183–190.): (A) lateral, and (B) dorsal view (scale 10 mm), (C) oral disc (scale 2 mm).

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Figure 12.
Tadpoles of Boana albopunctata at Stage 36 (Gosner 1960): (A) lateral, and (B) dorsal view (scale 10 mm), (C) oral disc (scale 2 mm).

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Figure 13.
Tadpoles of Boana lundii at Stage 36 (Gosner 1960GOSNER, K.L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anurans embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16:183–190.): (A) lateral, and (B) dorsal view (scale 10 mm), (C) oral disc (scale 2 mm).

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Figure 14.
Tadpoles of Boana raniceps at Stage 38 (Gosner 1960GOSNER, K.L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anurans embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16:183–190.): (A) lateral, and (B) dorsal view (scale 10 mm), (C) oral disc at Stage 37 (scale 2 mm).

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Figure 15.
Tadpoles of Boana cf. crepitans at Stage 39 (Gosner 1960GOSNER, K.L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anurans embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16:183–190.): (A) lateral, and (B) dorsal view (scale 10 mm), (C) oral disc (scale 2 mm).

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Figure 16.
Tadpoles of Bokermannohyla alvarengai at Stage 35 (Gosner 1960GOSNER, K.L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anurans embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16:183–190.): (A) lateral, and (B) dorsal view (scale 10 mm), (C) oral disc (scale 2 mm).

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Figure 17.
Tadpoles of Bokermannohyla pseudopseudis at Stage 25 (Gosner 1960GOSNER, K.L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anurans embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16:183–190.): (A) lateral, and (B) dorsal view (scale 10 mm), (C) oral disc (scale 2 mm).

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Figure 18.
Tadpoles of Bokermannohyla sapiranga at Stage 25 (Gosner 1960GOSNER, K.L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anurans embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16:183–190.): (A) lateral, and (B) dorsal view (scale 10 mm), (C) oral disc (scale 2 mm).

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Figure 19.
Tadpoles of Dendropsophus minutus at Stage 37 (Gosner 1960GOSNER, K.L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anurans embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16:183–190.): (A) lateral, and (B) dorsal view (scale 10 mm), (C) oral disc (scale 2 mm).

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Figure 20.
Tadpoles of Dendropsophus soaresi at Stage 37 (Gosner 1960GOSNER, K.L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anurans embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16:183–190.): (A) lateral, and (B) dorsal view (scale 10 mm), (C) oral disc (scale 2 mm).

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Figure 21.
Tadpoles of Scinax fuscomarginatus at Stage 35 (Gosner 1960GOSNER, K.L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anurans embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16:183–190.): (A) lateral, and (B) dorsal view (scale 10 mm), (C) oral disc (scale 2 mm).

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Figure 22.
Tadpoles of Scinax fuscovarius at Stage 38 (Gosner 1960GOSNER, K.L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anurans embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16:183–190.): (A) lateral, and (B) dorsal view (scale 10 mm), (C) oral disc (scale 2 mm).

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Figure 23.
Tadpoles of Scinax longilineus at Stage 36 (Gosner 1960GOSNER, K.L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anurans embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16:183–190.): (A) lateral, and (B) dorsal view (scale 10 mm), (C) oral disc (scale 2 mm).

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Figure 24.
Tadpoles of Scinax pombali at Stage 36 (Gosner 1960GOSNER, K.L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anurans embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16:183–190.): (A) lateral, and (B) dorsal view (scale 10 mm), (C) oral disc (scale 2 mm).

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Figure 25.
Tadpoles of Scinax rupestris at Stage 40 (Gosner 1960GOSNER, K.L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anurans embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16:183–190.): (A) lateral, and (B) dorsal view (scale 10 mm), (C) oral disc at Stage 30 (scale 2 mm).

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Figure 26.
Tadpoles of Scinax similis at Stage 39 (Gosner 1960GOSNER, K.L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anurans embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16:183–190.): (A) lateral, and (B) dorsal view (scale 10 mm), (C) oral disc (scale 2 mm).

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Figure 27.
Tadpoles of Scinax gr. ruber at Stage 37 (Gosner 1960GOSNER, K.L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anurans embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16:183–190.): (A) lateral, and (B) dorsal view (scale 10 mm), (C) oral disc (scale 2 mm).

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Figure 28.
Tadpoles of Scinax squalirostris at Stage 35 (Gosner 1960GOSNER, K.L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anurans embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16:183–190.): (A) lateral, and (B) dorsal view (scale 10 mm), (C) oral disc (scale 2 mm).

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Figure 29.
Tadpoles of Trachycephalus typhonius at Stage 36 (Gosner 1960GOSNER, K.L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anurans embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16:183–190.): (A) lateral, and (B) dorsal view (scale 10 mm), (C) oral disc (scale 2 mm).

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Figure 30.
Tadpoles of Leptodactylus fuscus at Stage 36 (Gosner 1960GOSNER, K.L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anurans embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16:183–190.): (A) lateral, and (B) dorsal view (scale 10 mm), (C) oral disc (scale 2 mm).

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Figure 31.
Tadpoles of Leptodactylus labyrinthicus at Stage 36 (Gosner 1960GOSNER, K.L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anurans embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16:183–190.): (A) lateral, and (B) dorsal view (scale 10 mm), (C) oral disc (scale 2 mm).

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Figure 32.
Tadpoles of Leptodactylus latrans at Stage 34 (Gosner 1960GOSNER, K.L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anurans embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16:183–190.): (A) lateral, and (B) dorsal view (scale 10 mm), (C) oral disc at Stage 39 (scale 2 mm).

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Figure 33.
Tadpoles of Leptodactylus podicipinus at Stage 36 (Gosner 1960GOSNER, K.L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anurans embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16:183–190.): (A) lateral, and (B) dorsal view (scale 10 mm), (C) oral disc (scale 2 mm).

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Figure 34.
Tadpoles of Leptodactylus troglodytes at Stage 37 (Gosner 1960GOSNER, K.L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anurans embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16:183–190.): (A) lateral, and (B) dorsal view (scale 10 mm), (C) oral disc (scale 2 mm).

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Figure 35.
Tadpoles of Physalaemus centralis at Stage 39 (Gosner 1960GOSNER, K.L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anurans embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16:183–190.): (A) lateral, and (B) dorsal view (scale 10 mm), (C) oral disc at Stage 38 (scale 2 mm).

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Figure 36.
Tadpoles of Physalaemus cuvieri at Stage 37 (Gosner 1960GOSNER, K.L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anurans embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16:183–190.): (A) lateral, and (B) dorsal view (scale 10 mm), (C) oral disc (scale 2 mm).

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Figure 37.
Tadpoles of Physalaemus marmoratus at Stage 35 (Gosner 1960GOSNER, K.L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anurans embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16:183–190.): (A) lateral, and (B) dorsal view (scale 10 mm), (C) oral disc (scale 2 mm).

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Figure 38.
Tadpoles of Physalaemus nattereri at Stage 36 (Gosner 1960GOSNER, K.L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anurans embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16:183–190.): (A) lateral, and (B) dorsal view (scale 10 mm), (C) oral disc (scale 2 mm).

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Figure 39.
Tadpoles of Chiasmocleis albopunctata at Stage 39 (Gosner 1960GOSNER, K.L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anurans embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16:183–190.): (A) lateral, and (B) dorsal view (scale 10 mm), (C) oral disc (scale 2 mm). The arrow indicates the spiracle position.

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Figure 40.
Tadpoles of Dermatonotus muelleri at Stage 39 (Gosner 1960GOSNER, K.L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anurans embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16:183–190.): (A) lateral, and (B) dorsal view (scale 10 mm), (C) oral disc (scale 2 mm). The arrow indicates the spiracle position.

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Figure 41.
Tadpoles of Elachistocleis cesarii at Stage 38 (Gosner 1960GOSNER, K.L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anurans embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16:183–190.): (A) lateral, and (B) dorsal view (scale 10 mm), (C) oral disc (scale 2 mm). The arrow indicates the spiracle position.

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Figure 42.
Tadpoles of Odontophrynus sp. (cf. juquinha) at Stage 38 (Gosner 1960GOSNER, K.L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anurans embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16:183–190.): (A) lateral, and (B) dorsal view (scale 10 mm), (C) oral disc (scale 2 mm).

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Figure 43.
Tadpoles of Odontophrynus cultripes at Stage 36 (Gosner 1960GOSNER, K.L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anurans embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16:183–190.): (A) lateral, and (B) dorsal view (scale 10 mm), (C) oral disc (scale 2 mm).

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Figure 44.
Tadpoles of Odontophrynus sp. at Stage 32 (Gosner 1960GOSNER, K.L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anurans embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16:183–190.): (A) lateral, and (B) dorsal view (scale 10 mm), (C) oral disc (scale 2 mm).

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Figure 45.
Tadpoles of Proceratophrys boiei at Stage 32 (Gosner 1960GOSNER, K.L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anurans embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16:183–190.): (A) lateral, and (B) dorsal view (scale 10 mm), (C) oral disc (scale 2 mm).

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Figure 46.
Tadpoles of Proceratophrys cururu at Stage 39 (Gosner 1960GOSNER, K.L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anurans embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16:183–190.): (A) lateral, and (B) dorsal view (scale 10 mm), (C) oral disc (scale 2 mm).

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Figure 47.
Tadpoles of Proceratophrys dibernardoi at Stage 37 (Gosner 1960GOSNER, K.L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anurans embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16:183–190.): (A) lateral, and (B) dorsal view (scale 10 mm), (C) oral disc at Stage 30 (scale 2 mm).

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Figure 48.
Tadpoles of Proceratophrys salvatori at Stage 40 (Gosner 1960GOSNER, K.L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anurans embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16:183–190.): (A) lateral, and (B) dorsal view (scale 10 mm), (C) oral disc at Stage 39 (scale 2 mm).

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Figure 49.
Tadpoles of a Proceratophrys cf. goyana at Stage 36 (Gosner 1960GOSNER, K.L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anurans embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16:183–190.): (A) lateral, and (B) dorsal view (scale 10 mm), (C) oral disc (scale 2 mm).

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Figure 50.
Tadpoles of a Proceratophrys sp. at Stage 36 (Gosner 1960GOSNER, K.L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anurans embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16:183–190.): (A) lateral, and (B) dorsal view (scale 10 mm), (C) oral disc at Stage 33 (scale 2 mm).

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Figure 51.
Tadpoles of Pithecopus azureus at Stage 35 (Gosner 1960GOSNER, K.L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anurans embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16:183–190.): (A) lateral, and (B) dorsal view (scale 10 mm), (C) oral disc (scale 2 mm).

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Figure 52.
Tadpoles of Pithecopus oreades at Stage 36 (Gosner 1960GOSNER, K.L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anurans embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16:183–190.): (A) lateral, and (B) dorsal view (scale 10 mm), (C) oral disc (scale 2 mm).

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Figure 53.
Tadpoles of Pithecopus sp. at Stage 34 (Gosner 1960GOSNER, K.L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anurans embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16:183–190.): (A) lateral, and (B) dorsal view (scale 10 mm), (C) oral disc (scale 2 mm).

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Table 1.
Measurements (mm) of the tadpoles characterized in this study and on which the descriptions are based on. Character abbreviations: total length (TL), body length (BL), tail muscle height (TMW), tail muscle width (TMW); body height (BH), body width (BW), eye diameter (ED), nare diameter (ND), nare-eye distance (NED); dorsal fin height (DFH), ventral fin height (VFH), spiracle length (SL), spiracle width (SW), and dorsal fin insertion angle (DFA).

Species	N		TL	BL	BH	BW	ND	ED	NED	SL	SW	DFH	VFH	TMH	TMW	DFA
Bufonidae
Rhinella cerradensis	4	Mean	27.63	12.2	6.19	8.03	0.34	0.96	2.27	0.45	0.5	2.41	2.05	1.92	1.43	11.5
		SD	2.24	0.65	0.49	0.46	0.06	0.11	0.26	0.1	0.07	0.21	0.25	0.21	0.12	1.52
		Min	24.8	11.53	5.64	7.56	0.26	0.87	1.91	0.35	0.43	2.28	1.72	1.65	1.34	10.24
		Max	30.12	12.91	6.84	8.52	0.41	1.1	2.51	0.56	0.6	2.72	2.33	2.14	1.59	13.41
Rhinella diptycha	11	Mean	20.81	9.66	4.7	5.71	0.32	0.8	2.09	0.67	0.39	1.59	1.28	1.65	1.1	10.42
		SD	2.09	0.42	0.56	0.68	0.04	0.1	0.22	0.14	0.07	0.24	0.2	0.13	0.12	2.48
		Min	17.08	9.08	3.71	4.58	0.23	0.68	1.7	0.5	0.32	1.1	0.89	1.5	0.9	7.43
		Max	23.87	10.34	5.61	6.8	0.39	1.03	2.37	1.03	0.53	1.88	1.63	1.9	1.4	15.27
Rhinella ornata x Rhinella crucifer	4	Mean	27.97	11.63	6.6	8.29	0.29	0.93	2.29	1.07	0.76	1.78	1.55	2.18	1.73	8.13
		SD	1.86	0.89	0.53	0.49	0.06	0.03	0.1	0.11	0.07	0.44	0.35	0.1	0.12	1.31
		Min	26.32	10.77	6.02	7.65	0.2	0.91	2.18	0.97	0.68	1.28	1.11	2.03	1.55	6.72
		Max	30	12.5	7.31	8.7	0.36	0.99	2.41	1.23	0.85	2.32	1.86	2.28	1.82	9.39
Cycloramphidae
Thoropa megatympanum	6	Mean	23.74	7.11	2.76	4.51	0.16	0.96	1.45	1.1	0.79	0.47	0.43	1.49	1.41	6.47
		SD	3.48	1.01	0.43	0.76	0.02	0.13	0.21	0.29	0.09	0.1	0.08	0.26	0.22	0.56
		Min	20.27	5.9	2.3	3.8	0.13	0.75	1.2	0.68	0.63	0.31	0.32	1.12	1.17	5.46
		Max	29.5	8.57	3.25	5.65	0.18	1.1	1.79	1.5	0.87	0.58	0.53	1.9	1.78	7.12
Thoropa miliaris	5	Mean	24.08	7.22	2.64	4.21	0.15	0.91	1.55	0.83	0.69	0.12	0.21	1.42	1.33	4.99
		SD	0.7	0.27	0.39	0.32	0.03	0.11	0.18	0.14	0.11	0.04	0.04	0.09	0.08	1.04
		Min	23.1	6.9	2.35	3.77	0.12	0.8	1.36	0.68	0.56	0.06	0.15	1.33	1.23	3.48
		Max	25.1	7.5	3.32	4.64	0.18	1.07	1.79	1.06	0.81	0.19	0.26	1.58	1.42	6.4
Dendrobatidae
Adelphobates galactonotus	5	Mean	39.19	14.53	6.89	10.69	0.5	0.71	2.29	1.47	1.46	2	1.8	3.6	3.67	15.32
		SD	2.06	0.44	0.19	1.5	0.1	0.17	0.02	0.29	0.26	0.33	0.17	0.38	0.29	3.42
		Min	35.95	14.15	6.61	8.4	0.38	0.45	2.26	1.19	1.25	1.5	1.65	2.92	3.28	10.44
		Max	41.68	15.15	7.14	12.15	0.63	0.88	2.33	1.88	1.87	2.35	2.04	3.84	4.03	18.94
Ameerega flavopicta	5	Mean	27.06	10.99	4.88	6.55	0.17	1.05	2.22	1.09	0.85	1.59	1.11	2.56	2.61	17.15
		SD	2.84	1.12	0.21	0.66	0.01	0.13	0.13	0.18	0.17	0.21	0.24	0.38	0.3	2.08
		Min	24.47	10.21	4.58	6.07	0.16	0.9	2.03	0.95	0.67	1.41	0.89	2.37	2.31	14.72
		Max	29.95	12.57	5.06	7.54	0.18	1.21	2.32	1.37	1	1.91	1.45	3.14	2.97	19.65
Hylidae
Boana albopunctata	15	Mean	43.93	14.39	8.5	9.87	0.58	1.66	3.46	2.1	0.98	3.06	1.86	4.43	4.38	18.23
		SD	8.04	2.03	1.5	1.64	0.1	0.26	0.58	0.57	0.2	0.58	0.41	0.96	0.91	4.42
		Min	31.6	10.55	5.75	7.13	0.41	1.22	2.73	1.3	0.68	2.22	1.14	2.87	3.02	11.01
		Max	58.98	19.35	11.7	12.82	0.71	2.15	4.39	3.28	1.42	3.79	2.48	6.1	6.17	26.56
Boana lundii	5	Mean	59.47	19.64	10.34	11.53	0.73	1.8	3.85	1.84	1.31	3.34	2.79	5.69	6.06	11.98
		SD	8.98	1.77	0.92	0.71	0.08	0.17	0.75	0.2	0.31	0.29	0.52	0.67	0.34	3.45
		Min	51.57	17.75	9	10.54	0.64	1.67	2.97	1.67	0.87	2.91	1.95	4.75	5.54	8.83
		Max	72.56	22.36	11.53	12.47	0.88	2.1	5	2.12	1.67	3.62	3.34	6.62	6.44	16.6
Boana raniceps	14	Mean	57.54	19.93	11.6	12.9	0.83	2.38	4.26	2.08	1.42	4.98	2.69	6.05	5.87	36.77
		SD	9.53	3.04	2.3	2.63	0.11	0.4	0.43	0.53	0.36	1	0.53	1	1.16	8.51
		Min	42.77	15.99	8.22	9.42	0.66	1.8	3.64	1.15	0.83	3.85	2.04	4.33	4.42	27.1
		Max	77.68	24.82	15.49	16.58	1.11	3.3	4.9	2.91	2.08	6.83	3.75	7.25	7.85	52.23
Boana cf. crepitans	8	Mean	62.31	21.39	13.45	15.24	0.73	2.57	5.4	1.87	1.49	4.51	2.67	7	6.25	16.66
		SD	4.96	2.18	1.54	1.96	0.1	0.3	0.57	0.38	0.21	0.68	0.66	1.3	1.16	4.26
		Min	53.11	18.3	11.09	12.6	0.58	2.08	4.3	1.42	1.19	3.31	1.56	4.84	4.09	9.23
		Max	70.01	25	15.33	18.08	0.88	3.06	6	2.39	1.78	5.26	3.6	8.95	7.65	22.95
Bokermannohyla alvarengai	15	Mean	51.1	18.22	9.06	12.63	0.74	1.7	4.83	2.27	1.37	3.13	2.37	5.61	5.32	18.79
		SD	5.69	1.55	0.96	1.31	0.1	0.26	0.72	0.35	0.15	0.51	0.33	0.63	0.88	2.56
		Min	42.5	14.96	7.33	10.19	0.62	1.29	3.69	1.31	1.25	2.15	1.78	4.29	3.24	14
		Max	60.09	20.91	10.88	16.1	0.93	2.21	6	2.75	1.68	3.78	2.9	6.75	6.77	23.19
Bokermannohyla pseudopseudis	10	Mean	42.95	15	8.14	9.24	0.64	1.55	3.1	1.56	1.28	3.31	2.33	4.84	4.37	19.09
		SD	4.31	1.61	0.95	0.98	0.09	0.24	0.47	0.34	0.2	0.36	0.25	0.53	0.62	4.27
		Min	37.89	12.19	6.94	7.79	0.5	1.26	2.5	1.25	1	2.86	1.96	4.1	3.67	14
		Max	52.53	17.96	9.91	10.49	0.87	1.97	3.76	2.37	1.56	3.97	2.79	5.91	5.82	27.14
Bokermannohyla sapiranga	9	Mean	59.51	20.88	10.53	12.44	0.69	1.67	3.72	1.89	1.4	4.06	3.34	6.95	7.04	14.48
		SD	15.31	4.39	2.71	3.01	0.18	0.6	0.5	0.46	0.33	0.94	0.68	2.95	2.93	2.57
		Min	40.76	14.08	7.06	8.11	0.43	1	3.09	1.31	1.18	2.34	1.93	3.63	3.68	10.49
		Max	81.92	27.22	15.65	18.63	1	2.82	4.55	2.81	2.25	5.37	4	13.19	12.9	18.66
Dendropsophus minutus	13	Mean	34.63	11.39	6.18	6.24	0.41	1.99	3.47	0.33	0.37	3.57	4.52	3.86	3.65	28.46
		SD	5.16	1.3	0.68	0.56	0.06	0.23	0.3	0.09	0.06	0.49	0.6	0.41	0.51	7.24
		Min	27.72	9.99	5.63	5.39	0.37	1.87	2.92	0.2	0.29	2.65	3.78	3.3	3.11	16.97
		Max	42.93	13.31	7.64	6.61	0.5	2.3	4.15	0.48	0.51	4.22	5.34	4.66	3.89	42
Dendropsophus soaresi	10	Mean	36.88	11.66	6.07	6.6	0.34	1.83	3.75	0.53	0.6	3.26	3.05	4.25	3.58	23.26
		SD	1.93	0.53	0.67	0.66	0.05	0.24	0.3	0.08	0.08	0.52	0.57	0.35	0.41	5.41
		Min	32.46	10.95	5.07	5.44	0.25	1.46	3.18	0.42	0.48	2.2	2.24	3.77	3.08	15.3
		Max	39.69	12.58	6.93	7.44	0.43	2.15	4.1	0.69	0.77	3.85	3.94	4.93	4.29	33.05
Scinax fuscomarginatus	11	Mean	30.71	10.39	5.12	5.91	0.45	1.56	2.56	1.69	1.09	2.44	2.17	2.64	2.73	17.93
		SD	1.68	0.44	0.57	0.52	0.05	0.12	0.21	0.21	0.19	0.29	0.23	0.27	0.29	2.43
		Min	27.3	9.71	4.4	5.15	0.37	1.33	2.19	1.37	0.87	1.92	1.68	2.22	2.4	14.38
		Max	33.63	11.09	6.1	6.7	0.5	1.79	2.88	2	1.56	2.93	2.42	3.13	3.44	21.81
Scinax fuscovarius	12	Mean	42.13	13.85	9.35	8.59	0.68	2.38	3.79	2.07	1.44	4.14	3.32	4.8	4.52	31.29
		SD	3.76	1.18	0.83	0.72	0.07	0.23	0.32	0.29	0.32	0.62	0.9	0.69	0.54	5.36
		Min	34.89	11.04	8.49	7.49	0.56	2.09	3.38	1.62	0.75	3.33	2.51	3.97	3.86	22.22
		Max	50.7	15.42	11.07	9.92	0.81	2.73	4.38	2.5	2	5.45	5.8	6.28	5.68	38.91
Scinax longilineus	11	Mean	38.49	13.35	9.46	9.84	0.39	1.8	3.3	1.35	1.09	3.53	2.68	4.79	4.59	20.57
		SD	4.91	0.81	0.65	0.94	0.06	0.22	0.61	0.32	0.16	0.4	0.34	0.56	0.73	4.31
		Min	31.94	11.93	8.36	7.99	0.25	1.24	2.42	0.87	0.81	2.93	2.15	3.99	3.61	12.49
		Max	47.09	14.63	10.52	11.3	0.5	2.09	4.49	1.81	1.31	4.1	3.39	5.68	5.52	25.51
Scinax pombali	10	Mean	46.06	16.12	9.68	11.42	0.46	2.25	3.7	1.44	0.82	2.99	2.21	6.25	6.15	15.6
		SD	3.19	1.28	0.87	0.95	0.11	0.23	0.39	0.15	0.12	0.51	0.31	0.35	0.53	3.63
		Min	40.47	14.03	8.52	9.97	0.3	1.84	2.98	1.15	0.66	2.14	1.66	5.85	5.5	11
		Max	51.48	18.33	11.33	12.69	0.61	2.65	4.27	1.69	1.01	3.85	2.75	6.94	7.06	20.9
Scinax rupestris	11	Mean	32.04	13.91	8.81	8.82	0.22	1.97	2.45	1.44	1.26	2.79	1.89	3.49	3	15.86
		SD	3.59	1.22	0.86	0.7	0.06	0.23	0.17	0.31	0.16	0.7	0.31	0.52	0.29	2.77
		Min	24.86	12.02	7.31	7.78	0.14	1.66	2.24	0.93	0.93	1.41	1.36	2.63	2.47	12.77
		Max	37.75	16.47	9.72	9.89	0.36	2.38	2.72	1.96	1.62	3.55	2.32	4.29	3.65	19.72
Scinax similis	9	Mean	30.11	10.09	6.48	6.02	0.45	1.9	2.43	1.53	0.94	3.02	2.37	3.09	3.11	24.58
		SD	2.01	1.06	0.5	0.43	0.11	0.11	0.42	0.49	0.13	0.55	0.29	0.47	0.16	8.1
		Min	27.21	9.32	5.54	5.25	0.37	1.74	1.76	1.12	0.75	2.18	1.91	2.57	2.89	15.1
		Max	33.43	12.63	7.12	6.46	0.68	2.05	3.01	2.75	1.18	3.65	2.81	4.21	3.31	36
Scinax gr. ruber	4	Mean	29.92	9.18	5.91	5.42	0.35	1.44	2.47	1.15	0.77	2.9	2.25	3.02	2.33	28.07
		SD	3.35	1.37	1.02	0.71	0.03	0.26	0.34	0.08	0.1	0.38	0.42	0.38	0.38	2.32
		Min	25.43	7.2	4.58	4.4	0.31	1.23	2.11	1.06	0.68	2.47	1.73	2.55	1.8	25.25
		Max	33.04	10.35	6.99	5.93	0.37	1.82	2.94	1.25	0.93	3.29	2.64	3.55	2.66	30.94
Scinax squalirostris	6	Mean	22.58	8.69	5.08	5.17	0.37	1.31	2.18	1.62	1.29	2.57	2.27	2.2	2.11	17.4
		SD	1.05	0.47	0.46	0.24	0.05	0.1	0.24	0.31	0.15	0.21	0.18	0.15	0.29	1.19
		Min	20.87	8.05	4.5	4.9	0.31	1.2	1.82	1.43	1.12	2.4	2.02	2.06	1.63	15.41
		Max	23.99	9.22	5.7	5.5	0.43	1.5	2.5	2.25	1.5	2.97	2.5	2.45	2.45	19.17
Trachycephalus typhonius	15	Mean	36.45	14.12	8.13	8.21	0.36	1.51	2.54	2.17	1.34	2.44	2.22	2.96	2.78	17.44
		SD	4.02	1.44	1.04	1	0.09	0.19	0.36	0.58	0.32	0.29	0.25	0.35	0.32	2.66
		Min	29.82	11.93	6.76	6.65	0.23	1.16	1.94	1.61	0.93	1.94	1.8	2.55	2.11	12.98
		Max	43.57	17.39	10.51	10.06	0.53	1.89	3.2	3.61	2.15	2.94	2.56	3.62	3.4	22.56
Leptodactylidae
Leptodactylus fuscus	5	Mean	31.18	11.85	6.83	7.68	0.44	1.17	1.93	1.82	1.17	1.32	1.28	3.16	2.96	14.3
		SD	4.59	1.57	1.3	1.11	0.08	0.22	0.28	0.49	0.26	0.21	0.21	0.62	0.8	1.14
		Min	24.54	9.66	4.9	6.23	0.31	0.85	1.54	0.93	0.62	1.05	0.94	2.18	1.71	13.5
		Max	37.45	13.64	8.35	9.15	0.56	1.43	2.33	2.5	1.43	1.65	1.57	3.87	3.78	16.26
Leptodactylus labyrinthicus	15	Mean	58.71	16.94	9.99	11.69	0.56	1.65	3.46	3.14	3.25	2.24	2.16	5.68	5.36	10.21
		SD	5.13	0.98	0.54	0.78	0.04	0.22	0.41	0.51	0.34	0.34	0.26	0.4	0.42	2.15
		Min	45.83	15.79	9.23	10.62	0.5	1.32	2.69	2.06	2.7	1.69	1.79	5	4.88	6.75
		Max	65.12	19.09	11.25	13.36	0.68	1.92	4.15	4.06	3.9	2.94	2.66	6.6	6.17	13.2
Leptodactylus luctator	12	Mean	45.29	17.97	8.8	8.86	0.43	1	3.39	2.66	1.83	2.33	2.26	3.96	3.27	11.96
		SD	7.72	2.39	1.53	1.68	0.08	0.24	0.44	0.44	0.42	0.56	0.64	0.83	0.92	2.27
		Min	36.36	14.42	6.89	6.72	0.31	0.76	2.78	2.06	1.37	1.7	1.55	3.02	2.15	8.6
		Max	62.15	22.26	11.56	12.4	0.62	1.48	4.49	3.43	3	3.71	4	5.84	5.15	14.99
Leptodactylus podicipinus	3	Mean	24.02	10.26	4.85	5.7	0.33	0.7	1.95	1.18	0.89	1.58	1.35	2.19	1.91	15.61
		SD	1.08	0.39	0.07	0.18	0.03	0.14	0.1	0.28	0.24	0.16	0.09	0.15	0.17	1.64
		Min	22.83	9.88	4.77	5.51	0.31	0.55	1.85	0.87	0.75	1.39	1.27	2.09	1.79	14.3
		Max	24.95	10.66	4.92	5.87	0.37	0.83	2.06	1.43	1.18	1.69	1.46	2.38	2.11	17.45
Leptodactylus troglodytes	6	Mean	35.77	14.15	7.91	9.51	0.48	1.12	2.86	2.09	1.49	1.92	1.74	3.15	3.08	15.74
		SD	3.23	0.77	0.77	0.78	0.1	0.1	0.52	0.27	0.31	0.35	0.28	0.24	0.32	2.43
		Min	30.89	13.07	6.94	8.71	0.31	0.94	1.97	1.87	1.12	1.32	1.45	2.82	2.74	12.97
		Max	39.98	15.17	9.17	10.59	0.62	1.24	3.34	2.5	2	2.4	2.18	3.42	3.42	20.11
Physalaemus centralis	10	Mean	23.19	8.37	4.49	5.16	0.32	0.97	1.62	1.24	1.24	1.4	0.91	2.38	2.02	21.36
		SD	1.89	0.8	0.66	0.62	0.06	0.16	0.23	0.48	0.18	0.33	0.22	0.32	0.28	4.66
		Min	20.08	7.04	3.54	4.37	0.25	0.77	1.2	0.5	1	0.81	0.45	1.95	1.54	15.79
		Max	26	9.55	5.51	6.01	0.43	1.2	2	2.37	1.5	1.82	1.21	2.88	2.41	29.26
Physalaemus cuvieri	15	Mean	20.85	7.84	4.3	5.04	0.62	0.79	1.56	1.77	0.95	1.26	0.91	2	1.65	19.29
		SD	2.53	1.33	0.88	0.67	0.1	0.1	0.26	0.36	0.17	0.28	0.23	0.23	0.2	4.97
		Min	16.78	5.96	3.28	4.19	0.43	0.54	1.17	1.12	0.62	0.86	0.54	1.71	1.38	9.34
		Max	26.41	10.45	6.22	6.65	0.81	0.95	2.06	2.5	1.25	1.84	1.31	2.51	2.2	25.78
Physalaemus marmoratus	6	Mean	23.76	9.08	4.86	5.69	0.46	0.87	1.6	1.55	1.04	1.51	1.11	2.48	1.97	14.94
		SD	1.47	1.11	0.56	0.68	0.11	0.15	0.21	0.4	0.15	0.26	0.09	0.26	0.14	3.91
		Min	21.68	7.4	4.37	4.91	0.31	0.66	1.34	1.12	0.87	1.15	1	2.22	1.82	9
		Max	25.71	10.38	5.7	6.6	0.62	1.11	1.89	2.18	1.25	1.8	1.23	2.93	2.15	20.55
Physalaemus nattereri	13	Mean	33.84	12.68	6.9	7.96	0.44	1.14	2.16	2.22	1.2	1.96	1.34	3.3	2.55	19.09
		SD	3.1	1.19	0.74	0.82	0.11	0.19	0.55	0.48	0.18	0.38	0.29	0.4	0.43	3.27
		Min	29.9	10.64	5.35	6.51	0.31	0.75	1.15	1.25	0.81	1.33	0.74	2.53	2.01	15.18
		Max	39.95	14.17	7.99	9.47	0.7	1.42	3.15	3.06	1.56	2.57	1.68	3.86	3.4	23.86
Microhylidae
Chiasmocleis albopunctata	6	Mean	20.25	8.5	4.93	5.34	–	1.12	1.94	1.27	1.3	1.87	1.78	1.93	1.73	19.27
		SD	2.65	0.85	0.54	0.3	–	0.14	0.11	0.22	0.33	0.48	0.5	0.33	0.35	2.58
		Min	17.52	7.79	4.18	4.99	–	0.93	1.82	0.92	1	0.97	1.18	1.92	1.35	15.88
		Max	24.14	9.82	5.82	5.89	–	1.3	2.15	1.53	1.76	2.29	2.58	2.83	2.21	23
Dermatonotus muelleri	15	Mean	36.44	15.68	8.7	11.16	–	1.47	3.8	4.02	0.82	3.13	3.13	4.3	3.47	22.18
		SD	3.61	1.37	0.92	0.94	–	0.16	0.54	0.9	0.15	0.54	0.62	0.48	0.48	4.12
		Min	29.63	13.62	7.57	10	–	1.22	2.84	2.96	0.54	2.23	2.23	3.46	2.81	15.98
		Max	41.55	17.65	10.15	12.31	–	1.85	4.93	5.02	1.04	3.57	4	4.74	4.42	29.99
Elachistocleis cesarii	15	Mean	26.94	9.04	4.59	6.39	–	0.83	2.65	1.58	0.81	1.37	1.21	2.61	2.01	25.79
		SD	4.26	0.81	0.6	0.72	–	0.1	0.31	0.28	0.17	0.15	0.3	0.34	0.34	5.04
		Min	20.81	7.83	3.75	5.45	–	0.64	2.08	1.09	0.45	1.14	0.64	2.14	1.51	18.43
		Max	36.72	10.84	5.96	8.46	–	0.95	3.24	2.1	1.05	1.59	1.7	3.36	2.87	35
Odontophrynidae
Odontophrynus cf. juquinha	3	Mean	41.43	17.78	10.2	11.81	0.49	1.19	4.59	1.55	0.99	4.28	2.76	4.43	3.79	13.01
		SD	6.85	1.07	1.77	1.95	0.04	0.3	0.67	0.19	0.18	0.25	0.4	0.46	0.4	4.9
		Min	35.11	16.75	9.33	10.37	0.47	0.85	3.93	1.34	0.81	4.11	2.36	3.93	3.33	9.61
		Max	48.72	18.89	10.68	14.04	0.55	1.45	5.27	1.7	1.18	4.58	3.17	4.85	4.08	18.63
Odontophrynus cultripes	5	Mean	34.87	14.86	5.45	8.01	0.35	1.26	4.12	0.91	0.62	2.14	1.62	3.6	3.04	11.45
		SD	2.23	1.59	0.3	0.61	0.04	0.11	0.45	0.12	0.13	0.21	0.13	0.31	0.33	3.09
		Min	32.11	13.02	5.05	7.41	0.31	1.13	3.59	0.77	0.41	1.92	1.45	3.13	2.64	7.16
		Max	38.01	16.82	5.82	8.8	0.41	1.42	4.6	1.07	0.76	2.47	1.8	4.02	3.52	14.24
Odontophrynus sp.	4	Mean	53.51	22.96	14.99	16.73	0.29	2.34	5.36	2.19	1.36	5.64	4.41	5.98	5.42	10.4
		SD	2.84	1.19	1.18	0.82	0.04	0.16	0.34	0.18	0.18	0.9	0.59	0.54	0.22	1.78
		Min	50.87	21.8	13.58	15.54	0.25	2.16	4.93	1.99	1.24	4.38	3.67	5.38	5.09	8.55
		Max	57.26	24.19	16.41	17.41	0.35	2.5	5.75	2.38	1.63	6.48	5.09	6.67	5.58	12.32
Proceratophrys boiei	3	Mean	32.38	13.18	7.64	8.2	0.49	1.2	2.32	1.24	0.72	2.71	2.01	2.78	2.53	15.9
		SD	0.54	0.36	0.34	0.44	0.04	0.1	0.13	0.03	0.11	0.14	0.04	0.02	0.13	3.15
		Min	31.93	12.93	7.39	7.77	0.46	1.12	2.17	1.21	0.59	2.62	1.96	2.75	2.43	12.27
		Max	32.99	13.6	8.04	8.65	0.55	1.32	2.41	1.27	0.82	2.88	2.04	2.8	2.69	17.81
Proceratophrys cururu	15	Mean	33.09	12.98	6.43	8.99	0.27	1.36	3.58	0.97	0.68	1.97	1.41	3.45	2.85	15.69
		SD	6.69	2.12	1.05	1.47	0.04	0.16	0.56	0.34	0.19	0.38	0.5	0.54	0.57	4.42
		Min	18.89	8.61	4.58	6.39	0.17	1.12	2.51	0.44	0.25	1.3	0.78	2.17	1.57	7.71
		Max	44.29	15.51	8.08	11.46	0.35	1.68	4.56	1.96	0.88	2.66	2.83	4.02	3.57	23
Proceratophrys dibernardoi	3	Mean	29.75	11.14	5.08	7.69	0.17	1.06	3.06	0.56	0.42	1.71	1.31	3.21	2.9	13.7
		SD	1.52	0.78	0.42	0.49	0.02	0.05	0.46	0.2	0.16	0.08	0.04	0.1	0.21	4.51
		Min	28.82	10.32	4.69	7.14	0.15	1	2.76	0.36	0.24	1.66	1.27	3.12	2.66	9.03
		Max	31.52	11.89	5.53	8.1	0.2	1.11	3.59	0.76	0.54	1.81	1.36	3.33	3.04	18.04
Proceratophrys salvatori	6	Mean	29.83	12.79	6.73	8.29	0.25	1.36	2.54	0.72	0.51	2.57	1.43	2.96	2.6	8.19
		SD	1.9	0.47	0.63	0.87	0.04	0.15	0.39	0.2	0.15	0.25	0.21	0.25	0.18	1.49
		Min	27.67	11.94	5.89	6.78	0.2	1.16	1.94	0.51	0.33	2.17	1.14	2.61	2.27	6.43
		Max	32.62	13.26	7.73	9.19	0.32	1.57	2.92	1.09	0.77	2.86	1.62	3.33	2.77	10.08
Proceratophrys cf. goyana	11	Mean	35.55	14.17	7.14	8.14	0.41	1.35	2.51	0.83	0.6	2.51	1.52	3.66	3.81	12.02
		SD	3.83	1.2	0.88	0.69	0.06	0.18	0.35	0.12	0.12	0.33	0.22	0.48	0.41	4.39
		Min	30.95	12.56	5.79	7.08	0.32	1.09	2	0.64	0.43	1.74	1.22	2.9	3.15	6.65
		Max	43.79	16.34	8.72	9	0.54	1.68	3.02	0.98	0.82	2.87	1.89	4.55	4.45	20.04
Proceratophrys sp.	5	Mean	27.54	10.19	4.57	5.43	0.61	0.77	1.7	1.38	0.97	1.74	1.27	2.4	2.09	22.57
		SD	4.99	1.78	0.95	1.32	0.11	0.11	0.27	0.19	0.14	0.25	0.25	0.59	0.78	3.43
		Min	20.34	7.8	3.26	3.98	0.5	0.62	1.46	1.12	0.81	1.37	1.03	1.69	1.37	19
		Max	32.77	11.71	5.62	7.01	0.81	0.91	2.1	1.56	1.12	2.09	1.63	3.09	2.98	27.94
Phyllomedusidae
Pithecopus azureus	15	Mean	48.78	15.48	8.66	8.03	0.44	2.4	2.91	1.04	1.21	1.43	3.2	4.66	4.07	12.82
		SD	4.97	1.5	0.82	0.95	0.14	0.3	0.25	0.21	0.17	0.48	0.59	0.56	0.6	2.05
		Min	39.38	12.42	7.4	6.15	0.16	1.91	2.45	0.74	0.93	1.03	2.11	3.68	3.05	9.21
		Max	57.13	17.87	10.39	9.66	0.66	3.15	3.5	1.54	1.67	2.5	4.25	5.84	4.91	16.68
Pithecopus oreades	8	Mean	48.71	15.85	9.29	9.13	0.62	2.35	3.5	1.26	1.22	2.02	3.3	4.91	4.36	12.28
		SD	2.31	0.79	0.73	0.39	0.07	0.12	0.32	0.25	0.2	0.18	0.47	0.39	0.35	3.15
		Min	46.68	15.08	8.25	8.76	0.5	2.16	3.1	0.82	0.9	1.66	2.46	4.29	3.97	9.35
		Max	53.93	17.12	10.14	9.95	0.66	2.54	3.99	1.62	1.5	2.22	3.9	5.59	5.04	19.19
Pithecopus sp.	2	Mean	42.1	15.63	7.9	7.01	0.33	2.53	2.92	0.85	1.02	1.09	2.06	5.06	4.11	6.93
		SD	0.79	0.39	0.54	1.14	0	0.18	0.09	0.1	0.21	0.08	0.31	0.72	0.87	1.32
		Min	41.54	15.35	7.52	6.2	0.2	2.4	2.86	0.78	0.87	1.03	1.84	4.55	3.49	6
		Max	42.66	15.91	8.29	7.82	0.2	2.66	2.99	0.93	1.18	1.15	2.28	5.57	4.73	7.87

[1] * Corresponding author: faustonomura@ufg.br

Brasil

Brasil

Morphological characterization and taxonomic key for tadpoles of Brazilian Cerrado

Caracterização morfológica e chave taxonômica para girinos do Cerrado Brasileiro

Abstract