Captura de jaguatiricas (<i>Leopardus pardalis</i>): armadilhas, iscas, ferimentos, imobilização e custos

Widmer, Cynthia Elisa; Perilli, Miriam Lúcia Lages; Matushima, Eliana Reiko; Azevedo, Fernando Cesar Cascelli

Cynthia Elisa Widmer

Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil

Miriam Lúcia Lages Perilli

Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Viçosa, MG, Brazil

Instituto Pró-Carnívoros, Atibaia, SP, Brazil

Eliana Reiko Matushima

Universidade de São Paulo, Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

Fernando Cesar Cascelli Azevedo ^**Corresponding author: Fernando Cesar Cascelli Azevedo, e-mail: fazevedo@ufsj.edu.br

Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Departamento de Ciências Naturais, São João del-Rei, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Instituto Pró-Carnívoros, Atibaia, SP, Brazil

*Corresponding author: Fernando Cesar Cascelli Azevedo, e-mail: fazevedo@ufsj.edu.br

Figuras (3)
Tabelas (8)

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Figure 1
Map of Rio Doce State Park showing ocelot live-trap and capture sites in 2012 and 2013. Three different areas of RDSP were surveyed during this study using the following criteria: easy access, reports of park rangers about the presence of wild carnivores and distance away from cities.

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Figure 2
Cage trap utilized for ocelot trapping at Rio Doce State Park, Minas Gerais, Brazil, in 2012 and 2013.

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Figure 3
A) Yagouroundi (Puma yagouaroundi) presenting abrasive lesions and swelling of face. B) Bent rods near trap door that were chewed by a tayra (Eira barbara) at Rio Doce State Park during 2012 capture campaign.

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Table 1
Capture events per group and respective proportion to total capture events at Rio Doce State Park, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2012 and 2013.

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Table 2
Logistic regression model testing the effects of environmental factors on ocelot capture success at Rio Doce State Park, 2012.

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Table 3
Bait success and bait losses at Rio Doce State Park 2012 and 2013. The success of each bait was measured dividing the number of captures by the total trap-night effort of that specific bait.

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Table 4
Zoletil™ doses and effects on 13 wild ocelots captured at Rio Doce State Park, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2012 and 2013.

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Table 5
Anesthesia complications, their frequencies, and field treatments of ocelots captured at Rio Doce State Park, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2012 and 2013.

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Table 6
Total costs of 1,011 trap-night effort at Rio Doce State Park, 2012 and 2013, in 86 days.

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Behaviour General Health Body condition Anesthesia Hydration status Anesthesia complications Calm Normal Normal No effect Normal None Alert Mild disease Underweight Mild sedation Mild dehydration Excessive salivation Agressive Severe disease Cachectic Sedation Moderate dehydration Hypothermia Apprehensive High anesthetic risk Overweight Cataleptic anesthesia Severe dehydration Hyperthermia Overdose Respiratory alterations Cardiac alterations Other

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Country Captured ocelots (capture events) Study objective Trap used Bait used Duration (trap-night effort) Anesthesia protocol (dose) Capture efficiency1 Injuries Non-target captures Costs Reference Belize 7 (13) Ecology Box-trap Live chicken and lures 1 year (1040) Tiletamine-zolazepam-xylazine-butorphanol (25:15:1) and ketamine (supplementation) 12.5 - - - (Dillon and Kelly 2008) Bolivia 10 Epidemiology Box-trap - 2 years (1,514) Ketamine(5.8mg/Kg)-medetomidine(0.06mg/Kg) 6.60 - - - (Fiorello et al. 2006) Brazil 3 / 1 Ecology Box-trap and Leg hold trap/Trained dogs Live chicken - Tiletamine-zolazepam (7 mg/Kg) / Ketamine-xilazine (3.3mg/kg:0.3mg/Kg) - - - - (Crawshaw and Quigley 1989) Brazil 6 Ecology/ Epidemiology - - 6 years - - - - - (Labruna et al. 2005) Brazil 1 Ecology/ Epidemiology Box trap - 6 years Tiletamine-zolazepam - - - - (Filoni et al. 2006) Brazil 2 Epidemiology Box trap /Trained dogs - 6 years Tiletamine-zolazepam - - - - (Nava et al. 2008) Brazil 1 Epidemiology Box trap Sardine and boiled chicken 4 years (3,819) Tiletamine-zolazepam (8.3mg/Kg) 0.26 - - - (Rocha et al. 2009) Brazil 10 Ecology/ Epidemiology - - 6 years - - - - - (Jorge et al. 2010) Mexico 17 (21) Epidemiology Box-trap - 8 years Ketamine-xilazine - - - - (Rendón-Franco et al. 2012) Panama 12 Epidemiology Box-trap - 3 years Tiletamine-Zolazepam/ Ketamine-xilazine - - - - (Franklin et al. 2008) Panama 3 Ecology Box-trap Live chicken Ketamine-xylazine - - - (Mares et al. 2008) Peru 9 (8 / 10) Ecology, Behaviour Box-trap / Leg snares Live chicken - Ketamine-chlorpromazine - Swollen foot from snare - - (Emmons 1988) Venezuela 12 / 1 Ecology Box-trap Live chicken / Unbaited 2 years (334 / 30) Ketamine (23-28mg/Kg) 35.93 / 33.33 - - - (Ludlow and Sunquist 1987) USA 10 Anesthesiology Box-trap Live chicken 8 months Ketamine-xilazine (14.1mg/kg:1.1mg/kg)# - - - - (Beltran and Tewes 1995) USA2 20 (25) Toxicology Box-trap Live chicken 3,5 years Ketamine-acepromazine (19mg/Kg/0,19mg/Kg) - - - - (Mora et al. 2000) USA 11 (13) Anesthesiology Box-trap Live chicken 1 year Tiletamine-zolazepam (5mg/Kg)# - - - - (Shindle and Tewes 2000) USA 33 Ecology Box-trap Live chicken 8 years Ketamine-xilazine (14.1mg/kg:1.1mg/kg) - - - - (Harveson et al. 2004) USA 80 Ecology (survival and sources of mortality) Box-traps Live chicken 19 years Ketamine-acepromazine (9:1 ratio, 20mg/Kg) - - - - (Haines et al. 2005) USA 15 Theriogenology Box-trap Live chicken 15 years Ketamine-acepromazine (9:1, 20mg/kg) - - - - (Laack et al. 2005) USA 1 Ecology Box-trap - - Tiletamine-Zolazepam (10-15mg/Kg) - - - - (Haines et al. 2006) #
1
2
- Data not available.

Captured animal			Capture events	Proportion (%)
Order	Family	Species	Capture events	Proportion (%)
Carnivora	Felidae	Ocelot (Leopardus pardalis)	15	22.0
	Felidae	Yagouaroundi (Puma yagouaround)	1	1.5
	Mustelidae	Tayra (Eira barbara)	1	1.5
	Canidae	Domestic dog (Canis familiaris)	2	2.9
Didelphimorphia	Didelphidae	Big-eared opossum (Didelphis aurita)	26	38.2
		Brown four-eyed opossum (Metachirus nudicaudatus)	3	4.4
Primates	Cebidae	Black capuchin monkey (Sapajus nigritus)	1	1.5
Lagomorpha	Leporidae	Tapeti (Sylvilagus brasiliensis)	1	1.5
Cingulata	Dasypodidae	Nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus)	1	1.5
Accipitriformes	Accipitridae	Roadside hawk (Rupornis magnirostris)	6	8.8
		White hawk (Leucopternis sp.)	1	1.5
Falconiformes	Falconidae	Collared forest falcon (Micrastur semitorquatus)	3	4.4
Cariamiformes	Cariamidae	Red legged siriema (Cariama cristata)	1	1.5
Squamata	Teiidae	Tupinambis (Tupinambis sp.)	6	8.8
Total			68	100.0

Variable	B	S.E.	Wald	df	P
Moon phase (categorical variable)	-0.927	0.795	1.358	1	0.244
Index (continuous variable)	-0.251	0.211	1.417	1	0.234
Temperature (continuous variable)	-0.226	0.134	2.864	1	0.091
Precipitation (continuous variable)	0.022	0.050	0.202	1	0.653

Bait success (number of captures or thefts)
Species captured (effort in trap-nights)	Sardine + Bacon (36)	Bacon (10)	Roast chicken (47)	Live chicks (323)	Dead chick (25)	Live quail 562
Ocelots	0	0	0	1.85 (6)	0	1.6 (9)
Other carnivores	0	0	0	0.31 (1)^Y	4.0 (1)^T	-
Domestic dogs	0	10.0 (1)	0	0	0	0.17 (1)
Big-eared opossums	0	0	4.25 (2)	2.47 (8)	8.0 (2)	2.49 (14)
Hawks (4 spp.)	0	0	0	1.85 (6)	4.0 (1)	0.53 (3)
Tupinambis	0	0	0	0	0	1.06 (6)
Others	0	10.0 (1)	4.25 (2)	0	4.0 (1)	0.53 (3)
Total captures	0	20.0 (2)	8.51 (4)	6.5 (21)	20.0 (5)	6.4 (36)
Thefts	5.5 (2)	0	4.25 (2)	3.09 (10)	4.0 (1)	1.6 (9)

	Variables measured	Mean (± SD)	Range
Animals that received single dose (n = 10)	Body weight (kg)	10.08 (2.30)	7.0 - 15.5
	Zoletil ™ dose (mg/kg)	10.30 (1.88)	7.74 - 14.28
	Cataleptic anesthesia (min)	136.0 (57.43)	50 - 210
	Incapacity (min)*	257.2 (59.16)	170 - 350
	Minimum rectal temperature (°C)	36.98 (0.85)	36.1 - 38.9
	Maximum rectal temperature (°C)	38.96 (0.77)	38.1 – 40.5
Animals that received supplement dose (n = 3)	Body weight (kg)	9.3	6.8 – 11.0
	1rst Zoletil ™ dose (mg/kg)	10.4	10.0 – 10.9
	2nd Zoletil ™ dose (mg/kg)	2.9	1.0 – 5.1
	Interval between injections (min)	16.6	12 – 24
	Cataleptic anesthesia (min)^a	28.0	25 -31
	Incapacity (min)^a	156.6	90 – 220
	Minimum rectal temperature^b (°C)	37.5	37.2 – 37.9
	Maximum rectal temperature^b (°C)	38.8	38.1 - 39.5

Complication	Frequency	In field treatment
Hypothermia - (rectal temperature below 37.0 °C)	5	Paw bandage, cotton blanket, emergency blanket, car´s hot air
Hyperthermia - (rectal temperature above 40.0 °C)	4	3 lowed spontaneously during anesthesia, 1 was cooled with water in paws and flank
Dehydration - (mild loss of cutaneous elasticity)	4	Subcutaneous saline solution (30 to 60 ml/animal)
Excessive salivation	3	0.01mg/kg subcutaneous atropine sulfate
Muscle tremors	1	Avoid sound stimulus

Item (quantity)	Approximate cost (2012 US$)
Vehicle	50,000.00
Experienced Field Veterinarian	12,000.00
Experienced Field Biologist	10,000.00
Field Assistant	1,000.00
Vehicle maintenance (2)	3,500.00
Tomahawk traps (15)	2,500.00
Microchip kit (1)	700.00
Trap extras (wires, canvas, etc) -	100.00
Veterinary items (anesthetics, stethoscope, medications, etc)	1,300.00
Handling equipment (scales, table, etc)	800.00
Daily wage - team maintenance	1,500.00
Fuel (1800lts of Diesel)	2,000.00
Personal protective equipment	100.00
Waterers (26)	36.00
Feeders (46)	80.00
Chick food (35kg)	25.90
Quail food (15kg)	10.40
Chicks (77)	83.70
Quails (73)	114.30
Total	85,850.30

[1] *Corresponding author: Fernando Cesar Cascelli Azevedo, e-mail: fazevedo@ufsj.edu.br

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Captura de jaguatiricas (Leopardus pardalis): armadilhas, iscas, ferimentos, imobilização e custos

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