Em busca de mecanismos sintéticos sobre como os atributos biológicos mediam as respostas das espécies às mudanças climáticas

Borges, Fábio Júlio Alves; Loyola, Rafael

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Sumário

Thematic Review • Biota Neotrop. 21 (3) • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2021-1204 copiar

Em busca de mecanismos sintéticos sobre como os atributos biológicos mediam as respostas das espécies às mudanças climáticas

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Resumo:

A mudança climática provavelmente será o maior desafio enfrentado pelas espécies neste século e a capacidade das espécies em lidar com a mudança climática depende de seus próprios atributos de história de vida, ecológicos e evolutivos. Entender como esses atributos mediam as respostas das espécies é extremamente útil para identificar espécies que são mais vulneráveis ou sujeitas ao risco de extinção. Aqui, realizamos uma revisão da literatura com foco na descrição de como quatro atributos comumente usados em avaliações de vulnerabilidade (tamanho da ninhada, amplitude da dieta, capacidade de dispersão e tolerância climática) podem realmente determinar a vulnerabilidade das espécies. Também retratamos os possíveis mecanismos que explicam como esses atributos governam as respostas das espécies à mudança climática. A literatura sugere diferentes mecanismos operando para os atributos avaliados. O mecanismo de resposta à mudança climática difere entre as espécies que habitam as regiões tropicais e temperadas: enquanto as espécies das regiões temperadas podem responder positivamente ao aumento da temperatura, as espécies tropicais podem ser severamente afetadas. Como os ectotérmicos dependem da temperatura ambiente, eles são mais sensíveis e apresentam mecanismos de resposta diferentes dos endotérmicos.

Palavras-chave:
Aquecimento global; risco de extinção; fenologia; fisiologia; atributos das espécies

Pattern	Mechanism	Reference	Taxon	Location
In temperate and boreal regions, temperature increase may favour larger clutches	In cold regions, temperature increase leads to abundance of feeding resources	Jarvinen, 1996Jarvinen A (1996) Correlation between egg size and clutch size in the Pied Flycatcher Bicedula hypoleuca in cold and warm summers. Ibis 138:620-623	Bird	Finland
		Przybylo et al., 2000Przybylo R, Sheldon BC, Merila J (2000) Climatic effects on breeding and morphology: evidence for phenotypic plasticity. Journal of Animal Ecology 69:395-403	Bird	Sweden
		Moller, 2002Møller AP (2002) North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) effects of climate on the relative importance of first and second clutches in a migratory passerine bird. Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 71:201-210	Bird	Denmark
		Husek and Adamik, 2008Husek J, Adamík P (2008) Long-term trends in the timing of breeding and brood size in the Red-Backed Shrike Lanius collurio in the Czech Republic, 1964-2004. Journal of Ornithology 149:97-103. doi: 10.1007/s10336-007-0222-5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-007-0222-...	Bird	Czech Republic
In the tropics, temperature increase and rainfall decrease may shorten reproductive season, decreasing the number of reproduction attempts and consequently reproductive success	In the tropics, reproductive season is longer and species may have more clutches with fewer eggs to spread predation risk, which is high.	Skutch, 1949Skutch AF (1949) DO TROPICAL BIRDS REAR AS MANY YOUNG AS THEY CAN NOURISH? Ibis 91:430-455	Bird	Central America
		Cody, 1966Cody ML (1966) A general theory of clutch size. Evolution 20:174-184	Bird	Global
		Slagsvold, 1984Skutch AF (1949) DO TROPICAL BIRDS REAR AS MANY YOUNG AS THEY CAN NOURISH? Ibis 91:430-455	Bird	Norway
		Kulesza, 1990Kulesza G (1990) An analysis of clutch-size in New World passerine birds. Ibis 132:407-422	Bird	Americas
		Martin, 1995Martin TE (1995) Avian Life History Evolution in Relation to Nest Sites, Nest Predation, and Food. Ecological Monographs 65:101-127	Bird	North America
		Martin, 2000Martin TE, Martin PR, Olson CR, et al (2000) Parental Care and Clutch Sizes in North and South American Birds. Science 287:1482-1485	Bird	America
		Farnsworth and Simons, 2001Farnsworth GL, Simons TR (2001) How many baskets? Clutch sizes that maximise annual fecundity of multiple-brooded birds. The Auk 118:973-982	Bird	Theoretical model
		Griebeler et al., 2010Griebeler EM, Caprano T, Bohning-Gaese K (2010) Evolution of avian clutch size along latitudinal gradients: do seasonality , nest predation or breeding season length matter? Journal of Evolutionary Biology 23:888-901. doi: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.01958.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010...	Bird	Theoretical model
Aridity may lead to reduction of clutch size	Lack of water may jeopardise egg production	Grant et al., 2000Grant PR, Grant BR, Keller LF, Petren K (2000) Effects of El Nino events on Darwin’s finch productivity. Ecology 81:2442-2457. doi: 10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[2442:EOENOE]2.0.CO;2 https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2000)0...	Bird	Galápagos islands
Aridity may lead to reduction of clutch size	Lack of water may jeopardise egg production	Coe and Rotenberry, 2003Coe SJ, Rotenberry JT (2003) WATER AVAILABILITY AFFECTS CLUTCH SIZE IN A DESERT SPARROW. Ecology 84:3240-3249	Bird	Mojave desert
In the tropics, temperature increase may reduce viability of the first eggs	Temperatures higher than 24-26ºC induce embryonic development before incubation	Deeming and Ferguson, 1992Deeming DC, Ferguson MWJ (1992) Physiological effects of incubation temperature on embryonic development in reptiles and birds. Egg incubation: its effects on embryonic development in birds and reptiles (eds DC Deeming & MWJ Ferguson), pp. 147±173. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.	Bird and reptile	Theoretical model
		Stoleson, 1999Stoleson SH (1999) The importance of the early onset of incubation for the maintenance of egg viability. Pages 600-613 in NJ Adams and RH Slotow (editors). Proceedings of the 22nd International Ornithological Congress. BirdLife South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa	Bird	Venezuela
		Stoleson and Beissinger, 1999Stoleson SH, Beissinger SR (1999) Egg viability as a constraint on hatching synchrony at high ambient temperatures. Journal of Animal Ecology 68:951-962	Bird	Venezuela

Pattern	Mechanism	Reference	Taxon	Location
Climate change may alter resource availability to species in the environment.	Generalists may increase the diversity of ingested items to include new options when their preferred resources are scarce	Folks et al. 2014Folks DJ, Gann K, Fulbright TE, et al (2014) Drought but not population density influences dietary niche breadth in white-tailed deer in a semiarid environment. Ecosphere 5:1-15. doi: 10.1890/ES14-00196.1 https://doi.org/10.1890/ES14-00196.1...	Mammal	Texas, USA
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		Robinson et al. 2018Robinson H, Thayer J, Sydeman WJ, Weise M (2018) Changes in California sea lion diet during a period of substantial climate variability. Marine Biology 165:1-12. doi: 10.1007/s00227-018-3424-x https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-018-3424-...	Mammal	California, USA
		Rubolini et al. 2003Rubolini D, Pirovano A, Borghi S (2003) Influence of seasonality, temperature and rainfall on the winter diet of the long-eared owl, Asio otus. Folia Zoologica 52:67-76	Bird	Northern Italy
		Bojarska and Selva 2012Bojarska K, Selva N (2012) Spatial patterns in brown bear Ursus arctos diet: the role of geographical and environmental factors. Mammal Review 42:120-143. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2907.2011.00192.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2907.2011...	Mammal	Holarctic
	There might be population decline when preferred food items are scarce	Pearce-Higgins et al. 2010Pearce-Higgins JW (2010) Using diet to assess the sensitivity of northern and upland birds to climate change. Climate Research 45:119-130. doi: 10.3354/cr00920 https://doi.org/10.3354/cr00920...	Bird	United Kingdom
		Fancourt et al. 2018Fancourt BA, Hawkins CE, Nicol SC (2018) Mechanisms of climate-change-induced species decline: spatial, temporal and long-term variation in the diet of an endangered marsupial carnivore, the eastern quoll. Wildlife Research 45:737-750. doi: 10.1071/WR18063 https://doi.org/10.1071/WR18063...	Mammal	Tasmania
		Víkingsson et al. 2014Víkingsson GA, Elvarsson BÞ, Ólafsdóttir D, et al (2014) Recent changes in the diet composition of common minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) in Icelandic waters. A consequence of climate change? Marine Biology Research 10:138-152. doi: 10.1080/17451000.2013.793812 https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2013.79...	Aquatic mammal	Iceland coast
Climate change may force species to alter their phenology and distribution	Species with more flexible diets can change their phenology more easily to follow modifications induced by the climate.	Altermatt 2010Altermatt F (2010) Tell me what you eat and I’ll tell you when you fly: Diet can predict phenological changes in response to climate change. Ecology Letters 13:1475-1484. doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01534.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010...	Lepidoptera	Central Europe
	Generalist species can easily change their distribution areas following climate change	Braschler and Hill 2007Braschler B, Hill JK (2007) Role of larval host plants in the climate-driven range expansion of the butterfly Polygonia c-album. Journal of Animal Ecology 76:415-423. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2007.01217.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2007...	Lepidoptera	Great Britain
		Angert et al. 2011Angert AL, Crozier LG, Rissler LJ, et al (2011) Do species’ traits predict recent shifts at expanding range edges? Ecology Letters 14:677-689. doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01620.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011...	Bird	North America
Alter omnivore diets	In higher temperatures, animals increase herbivory to maximise energy intake	Floeter et al. 2005Floeter SR, Behrens MD, Ferreira CEL, et al (2005) Geographical gradients of marine herbivorous fishes: patterns and processes. Marine Biology 147:1435-1447. doi: 10.1007/s00227-005-0027-0 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-005-0027-...	Sea fish	Atlantic ocean
		Boersma et al. 2016Boersma M, Mathew KA, Niehoff B, et al (2016) Temperature driven changes in the diet preference of omnivorous copepods: no more meat when it’s hot? Ecology Letters 19:45-53. doi: 10.1111/ele.12541 https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12541...	Copepoda	North Sea
		Carreira et al. 2016Carreira BM, Segurado P, Orizaola G, et al (2016) Warm vegetarians? Heat waves and diet shifts in tadpoles. Ecological Monographs 97:2964-2974. doi: 10.1002/ecy.1541 https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.1541...	Tadpole	Iberian Peninsula
		Espinoza et al. 2004Espinoza RE, Wiens JJ, Tracy CR (2004) Recurrent evolution of herbivory in small, cold-climate lizards: Breaking the ecophysiological rules of reptilian herbivory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101:16819-16824. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0401226101 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0401226101...	Reptile	South America
		Clarke and O'Connor 2014Clarke A, O’Connor MI (2014) Diet and body temperature in mammals and birds. Global Ecology and Biogeography 23:1000-1008. doi: 10.1111/geb.12185 https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12185...	Bird and mammal	Global

Effect	Pattern	Mechanism	Reference	Taxon	Location
Direct	Affecting decision to disperse	Increasing/ stimuating dispersion	Battisti et al. 2006Battisti A, Stastny M, Buffo E, Larsson S (2006) A rapid altitudinal range expansion in the pine processionary moth produced by the 2003 climatic anomaly. Global Change Biology 12:662-671. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01124.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006...	Moth	Europe
			Cormont et al. 2011Cormont A, Malinowska AH, Kostenko O, et al (2011) Effect of local weather on butterfly flight behaviour, movement, and colonisation: significance for dispersal under climate change. Biodiversity and Conservation 20:483-503. doi: 10.1007/s10531-010-9960-4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-010-9960-...	Butterfly	Netherlands
			Roche et al. 2012Roche EA, Gratto-Trevor CL, Goossen JP, White CL (2012) FLOODING AFFECTS DISPERSAL DECISIONS IN PIPING PLOVERS (CHARADRIUS MELODUS) IN PRAIRIE CANADA. The Auk 129:296-306. doi: 10.1525/auk.2012.11196 https://doi.org/10.1525/auk.2012.11196...	Bird	Canada
			Møller et al. 2006Møller AP, Flensted-Jensen E, Mardal W (2006) Dispersal and climate change: a case study of the Arctic tern Sterna paradisaea. Global Change Biology 12:2005-2013. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01216.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006...	Bird	Denmark
			Pärn et al. 2012Pärn H, Ringsby TH, Jensen H, Saether B-E (2012) Spatial heterogeneity in the effects of climate and density-dependence on dispersal in a house sparrow metapopulation. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279:144-152. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2011.0673 https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0673...	Bird	Norway
			Delattre et al. 2013Delattre T, Baguette M, Burel F, et al (2013) Interactive effects of landscape and weather on dispersal. Oikos 122:1576-1585. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2013.00123.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2013...	Butterfly	France
		Decreasing/ inhibiting dispersion	Schwartz et al. 2009Schwartz MK, Copeland JP, Anderson NJ, et al (2009) Wolverine Gene Flow across a Narrow Climatic Niche. Ecology 90:3222-3232	Mammal	USA
			Massot et al. 2008Massot M, Clobert J, Ferrière R (2008) Climate warming, dispersal inhibition and extinction risk. Global Change Biology 14:461-469. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01514.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007...	Lizzard	France
			Bullock et al. 2012Bullock JM, White SM, Prudhomme C, et al (2012) Modelling spread of British wind-dispersed plants under future wind speeds in a changing climate. Journal of Ecology 100:104-115. doi:10.1111/j.1365 2745.2011.01910.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365 2745.2011...	Plant	Great Britain
Indirect	Changing the distribution area	Higher dispersal ability, higher probability of tracking suitable environmental conditions	Pöyry et al. 2009Pöyry J, Luoto M, Heikkinen R, et al (2009) Species traits explain recent range shifts of Finnish butterflies. Global Change Biology 15:732-743. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01789.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008...	Butterfly	Finland
			Angert et al. 2011Angert AL, Crozier LG, Rissler LJ, et al (2011) Do species’ traits predict recent shifts at expanding range edges? Ecology Letters 14:677-689. doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01620.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011...	Plant	Switzerland
			Hill et al. 2002Hill JK, Thomas CD, Fox R, et al (2002) Responses of butterflies to twentieth century climate warming: implications for future ranges. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 269:2163-2171. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2002.2134 https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.2134...	Butterfly	Great Britain
			Warren et al. 2001Warren MS, Hill JK, Thomas JA, et al (2001) Rapid responses of British butterflies to opposing forces of climate and habitat change. Nature 414:65-69	Butterfly	Great Britain
			Krause et al. 2015Krause CM, Cobb NS, Pennington DD (2015) Range Shifts Under Future Scenarios of Climate Change: Dispersal Ability Matters for Colorado Plateau Endemic Plants. Natural Areas Journal 35:428-438. doi: 10.3375/043.035.0306 https://doi.org/10.3375/043.035.0306...	Plant	USA
			Methorst et al. 2017Methorst J, Böhning-Gaese K, Khaliq I, Hof C (2017) A framework integrating physiology, dispersal and land-use to project species ranges under climate change. Journal of Avian Biology 48:1532-1548. doi: 10.1111/jav.01299 https://doi.org/10.1111/jav.01299...	Bird	Palearctic
			Williams and Blois 2018Williams JE, Blois JL (2018) Range shifts in response to past and future climate change: Can climate velocities and species’ dispersal capabilities explain variation in mammalian range shifts? Journal of Biogeography 45:2175-2189. doi: 10.1111/jbi.13395 https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.13395...	Mammal	North America
	Changing phenological responses	Short-distance migrants respond more quickly to climate change than long-distance migrants.	Butler 2003Butler CJ (2003) The disproportionate effect of global warming on the arrival dates of short-distance migratory birds in North America. Ibis 145:484-495	Bird	North America
			Swanson and Palmer 2009Swanson DL, Palmer JS (2009) Spring migration phenology of birds in the Northern Prairie region is correlated with local climate change. Journal of Field Ornithology 80:351-363. doi: 10.1111/j.1557-9263.2009.00241.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1557-9263.2009...	Bird	USA
			Tryjanowski et al. 2002Tryjanowski P, Kuzniak S, Sparks TIM (2002) Earlier arrival of some farmland migrants in western Poland. Ibis 144:62-68	Bird	Poland
			Tøttrup et al. 2010Tøttrup AP, Rainio K, Coppack T, et al (2010) Local Temperature Fine-Tunes the Timing of Spring Migration in Birds. Integrative and Comparative Biology 50:293-304. doi: 10.1093/icb/icq028 https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icq028...	Bird	Europe
			Hurlbert and Liang 2012Hurlbert AH, Liang Z (2012) Spatiotemporal Variation in Avian Migration Phenology: Citizen Science Reveals Effects of Climate Change. PLoS ONE 7:e31662. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031662 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.003...	Bird	North America
			Rubolini et al. 2010Rubolini D, Saino N, Møller AP (2010) Migratory behaviour constrains the phenological response of birds to climate change. Climate Research 42:45-55. doi: 10.3354/cr00862 https://doi.org/10.3354/cr00862...	Bird	Germany
			Végvári et al. 2010Végvári Z, Bókony V, Barta Z, Kovács G (2010) Life history predicts advancement of avian spring migration in response to climate change. Global Change Biology 16:1-11. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01876.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009...	Bird	Europe
			Rubolini et al. 2007Rubolini D, Møller AP, Rainio K, Lehikoinen E (2007) Intraspecific consistency and geographic variability in temporal trends of spring migration phenology among european bird species. Climate Research 35:135-146. doi: 10.3354/cr00720 https://doi.org/10.3354/cr00720...	Bird	Europe
			Thorup et al. 2007Thorup K, Tøttrup AP, Rahbek C (2007) Patterns of phenological changes in migratory birds. Oecologia 151:697-703. doi: 10.1007/s00442-006-0608-8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-006-0608-...	Bird	Europe

Pattern	Mechanisms	Reference	Taxon	Location
Species from tropical regions are more vulnerable to climatic change than species from temperate regions	Species from tropical regions have narrower thermic tolerance and live in environments where the temperature is close to their upper thermal limit	Deutsch et al. 2008Deutsch CA, Tewksbury JJ, Huey RB, et al (2008) Impacts of climate warming on terrestrial ectotherms across latitude. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105:6668-6672. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0709472105 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0709472105...	Ectotherms	Global
		Tewksbury et al. 2008Tewksbury JJ, Huey RB, Deutsch CA (2008) Putting the Heat on Tropical Animals The Scale of Prediction. Science 320:1296-1297. doi: 10.1126/science.1159328 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1159328...	Lizard	Global
		Huey et al. 2009Huey RB, Deutsch CA, Tewksbury JJ, et al (2009) Why tropical forest lizards are vulnerable to climate warming. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276:1939-1948. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2008.19 https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.19...	Lizard	Neotropics
		Sunday et al. 2012Sunday JM, Bates AE, Dulvy NK (2012) Thermal tolerance and the global redistribution of animals. Nature Climate Change 2:686-690. doi: 10.1038/nclimate1539 https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1539...	Ectotherms	Global
		Huey et al. 2012Huey RB, Kearney MR, Krockenberger A, et al (2012) Predicting organismal vulnerability to climate warming: roles of behaviour, physiology and adaptation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367:1665-1679. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0005 https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0005...	Ectotherms and endotherms	Global
		Diamond et al. 2012Diamond SE, Sorger DM, Hulcr J, et al (2012) Who likes it hot? A global analysis of the climatic, ecological, and evolutionary determinants of warming tolerance in ants. Global Change Biology 18:448-456. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02542.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011...	Ant	Global
		Hoffmann et al. 2013Hoffmann AA, Chown SL, Clusella-Trullas S (2013) Upper thermal limits in terrestrial ectotherms: How constrained are they? Functional Ecology 27:934-949. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2012.02036.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2012...	Ectotherms	Global
		Khaliq et al. 2014Khaliq I, Hof C, Prinzinger R, et al (2014) Global variation in thermal tolerances and vulnerability of endotherms to climate change. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281:20141097. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2014.1097 https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1097...	Bird and mammal	Global
		Caldwell et al. 2015Caldwell AJ, While GM, Beeton NJ, Wapstra E (2015) Potential for thermal tolerance to mediate climate change effects on three members of a cool temperate lizard genus, Niveoscincus. Journal of Thermal Biology 52:14-23. doi: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2015.05.002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2015....	Lizard	Tasmania
Species from temperate regions are less vulnerable and may benefit from climate change	Species present broader thermic tolerance and live in environments where the temperature is far from their upper limits	Massot et al. 2008Massot M, Clobert J, Ferrière R (2008) Climate warming, dispersal inhibition and extinction risk. Global Change Biology 14:461-469. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01514.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007...	Ectotherms	Global
		Angert et al. 2011Angert AL, Crozier LG, Rissler LJ, et al (2011) Do species’ traits predict recent shifts at expanding range edges? Ecology Letters 14:677-689. doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01620.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011...	Ectotherms	Global
		Hill et al. 2002Hill JK, Thomas CD, Fox R, et al (2002) Responses of butterflies to twentieth century climate warming: implications for future ranges. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 269:2163-2171. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2002.2134 https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.2134...	Ectotherms and endotherms	Global
		Khaliq et al. 2014Khaliq I, Hof C, Prinzinger R, et al (2014) Global variation in thermal tolerances and vulnerability of endotherms to climate change. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281:20141097. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2014.1097 https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1097...	Bird and mammal	Global
		Caldwell et al. 2015Caldwell AJ, While GM, Beeton NJ, Wapstra E (2015) Potential for thermal tolerance to mediate climate change effects on three members of a cool temperate lizard genus, Niveoscincus. Journal of Thermal Biology 52:14-23. doi: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2015.05.002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2015....	Lizard	Tasmania
		Carrascal et al. 2016Carrascal LM, Villén-Pérez S, Palomino D (2016) Preferred temperature and thermal breadth of birds wintering in peninsular Spain: the limited effect of temperature on species distribution. PeerJ 4:e2156. doi: 10.7717/peerj.2156 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2156...	Bird	Spain
Ectotherms are more vulnerable to climate change than endotherms	Ectotherms present higher niche conservatism and lower capacity to adjust their physiology	Addo-Bediako et al. 2000Addo-Bediako A, Chown SL, Gaston KJ (2000) Thermal tolerance, climatic variability and latitude. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 267:739-745	Insect	Global
		Massot et al. 2008Massot M, Clobert J, Ferrière R (2008) Climate warming, dispersal inhibition and extinction risk. Global Change Biology 14:461-469. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01514.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007...	Ectotherms	Global
		Sinervo et al. 2010Sinervo B, Méndez-de-la-Cruz F, Miles DB, et al (2010) Erosion of lizard diversity by climate change and altered thermal niches. Science 328:894-899. doi: 10.1126/science.1184695 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1184695...	Lizard	Mexico
		Khaliq et al. 2015Khaliq I, Fritz SA, Prinzinger R, et al (2015) Global variation in thermal physiology of birds and mammals: evidence for phylogenetic niche conservatism only in the tropics. Journal of Biogeography 42:2187-2196. doi: 10.1111/jbi.12573 https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12573...	Bird and mammal	Global
		Khaliq et al. 2017Khaliq I, Böhning-Gaese K, Pfenninger M, et al (2017) The influence of thermal tolerances on geographical ranges of endotherms. Global Ecology and Biogeography 26:650-668. doi: 10.1111/geb.12575 https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12575...	Bird and mammal	Global

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[1] *Corresponding author: fabiojaborges@gmail.com