Performance of maize hybrids as a function of spatial arrangements during second growth season under irrigation

Graffitti, Matheus Santos; Umburanas, Renan Caldas; Fontana, Daniele Cristina; Pilau, Felipe Gustavo; Reichardt, Klaus; Dourado Neto, Durval

doi:10.1590/1678-4499.20200498

Matheus Santos Graffitti

Universidade de São Paulo – Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” – Programa de Pós-graduação em Fitotecnia – Piracicaba (SP), Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9464-949X

Renan Caldas Umburanas ^**Corresponding author: rumbu@alumni.usp.br

Universidade de São Paulo – Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” – Programa de Pós-graduação em Fitotecnia – Piracicaba (SP), Brazil.

Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste – Centro Educacional de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico de Guarapuava – Programa de Pós-graduação em Agronomia – Guarapuava (PR), Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4112-3598

Daniele Cristina Fontana

Universidade de São Paulo – Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” – Programa de Pós-graduação em Fitotecnia – Piracicaba (SP), Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4285-6299

Felipe Gustavo Pilau

Universidade de São Paulo – Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” – Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas – Piracicaba (SP), Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1370-5352

Klaus Reichardt

Universidade de São Paulo – Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” – Programa de Pós-graduação em Fitotecnia – Piracicaba (SP), Brazil.

Universidade de São Paulo – Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura – Laboratório de Física de Solos – Piracicaba (SP), Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7729-3882

Durval Dourado Neto

Universidade de São Paulo – Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” – Programa de Pós-graduação em Fitotecnia – Piracicaba (SP), Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8452-8288

*Corresponding author: rumbu@alumni.usp.br

Section Editor: Alberto Cargnelutti Filho

AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTION

Conceptualization: Graffitti M. S., Umburanas R. C., Dourado Neto D. and Pilau F. G.; Methodology: Graffitti M. S., Umburanas R. C., Dourado Neto D. and Pilau F. G.; Investigation: Graffitti M. S. and Fontana, D. C.; Writing – Original Draft: Graffitti M. S., Umburanas R. C., Fontana D. C., Reichardt K. and Dourado Neto D.; Writing – Review and Editing: Umburanas R. C. and Fontana D. C.; Funding Acquisition: Graffitti M. S. and Dourado Neto D.; Resources: Graffitti M. S., Umburanas R. C. and Fontana, D. C.; Supervision: Umburanas R. C., Reichardt K., Dourado Neto D. and Pilau F. G.

Variable	Stalk diameter			Plant height			Ear height
Variable	V₁₃	V₁₇	R₁	V₁₃	V₁₇	R₁	R₁
Row spacing (RS)	^ and 0.014	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.213	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.319	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.255	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.160	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.232	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.745
Plant density (D)	^ and 0.000	^ and 0.000	^ and 0.000	^ and 0.000	^ and 0.002	^ and 0.004	^ and 0.000
Hybrid (H)	^ and 0.000	^ and 0.000	^ and 0.001	^ and 0.000	^ and 0.000	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.190	^ and 0.000
D × RS	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.063	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.669	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.639	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.732	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.667	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.689	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.567
D × H	^* * significant by F-test at 1% and 5% respectively; bold values are p ≤ 0.05. 0.028	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.307	^* * significant by F-test at 1% and 5% respectively; bold values are p ≤ 0.05. 0.026	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.888	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.655	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.750	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.670
RS × H	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.478	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.418	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.331	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.619	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.255	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.314	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.844
RS × D × H	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.822	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.871	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.808	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.980	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.917	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.552	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.480

Variable	SPAD index - evaluated in days after leaf emission
(p-value)	1	16	24	33	46	81
Row spacing (RS)	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.280	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.719	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.483	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.5225	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.485	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.058
Plant de^ns ns nonsignificant; ity (D)	^ and 0.001	*^ * significant by F-test at 1% and 5% respectively; bold values are p ≤ 0.05. 0.013**	^ and 0.000	^ and 0.000	^ and 0.001	^ and 0.001
Hybrid (H)	^ and 0.000	^ and 0.000	^ and 0.000	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.1978	^ and 0.000	^ and 0.001
D × RS	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.185	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.105	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.182	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.4681	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.144	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.949
D × H	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.127	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.105	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.299	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.3133	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.159	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.298
RS × H	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.575	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.144	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.508	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.0694	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.353	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.609
RS × D × H	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.517	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.585	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.977	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.423	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.390	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.422
	LAI - evaluated in days after emergence
(p-value)	23	28	42	59	76	108
Row spacing (RS)	^* * significant by F-test at 1% and 5% respectively; bold values are p ≤ 0.05. 0.0298	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.735	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.240	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.656	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.235	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.160
Plant de^ns ns nonsignificant; ity (D)	^ and 0.005	^ and 0.000	^ and 0.000	^ and 0.000	^ and 0.000	^ and 0.001
Hybrid (H)	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.190	^ and 0.000	^ and 0.000	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.394	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.899	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.838
D × RS	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.771	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.601	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.812	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.561	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.690	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.245
D × H	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.173	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.117	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.713	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.626	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.099	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.121
RS × H	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.312	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.589	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.675	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.874	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.899	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.391
RS × D × H	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.457	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.845	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.910	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.637	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.067	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.919
	PAR_AR - evaluated in days after emergence
(p-value)			37	58	76	101
Row spacing (RS)			^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.281	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.081	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.271	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.056
Plant de^ns ns nonsignificant; ity (D)			^ and 0.000	^ and 0.000	^ and 0.000	^ and 0.000
Hybrid (H)			*^ * significant by F-test at 1% and 5% respectively; bold values are p ≤ 0.05. 0.018**	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.632	^ and 0.001	^ and 0.003
D × RS			^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.544	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.969	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.405	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.057
D × H			^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.222	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.278	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.726	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.080
RS × H			^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.089	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.080	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.517	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.711
RS × D × H			^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.479	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.603	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.906	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.296

Variable	Yield	MTG	GA	HI	DM	EA	GR	RE
Row spacing (RS)	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.958	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.365	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.266	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.090	*^ * significant by F-test at 1% and 5% respectively; bold values are p ≤ 0.05. 0.042**	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.767	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.805	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.956
Plant de^ns ns nonsignificant; ity(D)	^ and < .001	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.425	^ and < .001	^ and 0.003	^ and < .001	^ and < .001	^ and < .001	^ and 0.002
Hybrid	^ and < .001	*^ * significant by F-test at 1% and 5% respectively; bold values are p ≤ 0.05. 0.028**	^ and 0.004	^ and < .001	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.313	^ and < .001	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.150	^ and < .001
RS × D	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.838	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.407	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.740	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.613	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.735	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.750	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.784	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.641
RS × H	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.241	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.727	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.699	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.060	*^ * significant by F-test at 1% and 5% respectively; bold values are p ≤ 0.05. 0.023**	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.968	*^ * significant by F-test at 1% and 5% respectively; bold values are p ≤ 0.05. 0.049**	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.852
D × H	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.942	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.519	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.811	<0.001	^ and 0.003	^ and < .001	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.060	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.975
RS × D × H	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.521	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.617	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.255	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.262	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.208	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.375	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.214	^ns ns nonsignificant; 0.764

[1] *Corresponding author: rumbu@alumni.usp.br

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Performance of maize hybrids as a function of spatial arrangements during second growth season under irrigation

ABSTRACT