Variability of physical properties of soil and rice grown under cover crops in crop-livestock integrated system

Trevisan, Rodrigo Gonçalves; Freddi, Onã da Silva; Wruck, Flávio Jesus; Tavanti, Renan Rimoldi; Peres, Fernanda Salles Cunha

doi:10.1590/1678-4499.596

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Soil and Plant Nutrition • Bragantia 76 (1) • Jan-Mar 2017 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4499.596 copy

Variability of physical properties of soil and rice grown under cover crops in crop-livestock integrated system

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The production systems of upland rice culture in Mato Grosso are not consolidated yet while the effects of soil physical properties and their correlation with rice yield in crop-livestock integrated systems are not defined as well. Therefore, this study determined the spatial variability of physical properties of soil and rice cultivated in no-tillage system under different cover crops, using principal components analysis and geostatistics. The experiment was conducted in Santa Carmen, northern Mato Grosso. A regular grid with 100 sample points distributed in an area of 26,400 m² was installed. Soil and rice samples were collected to determine rice variables and soil physical properties. The average rice yield was 1.70 Mg∙ha⁻¹, ranging from 0.70 to 3.12 Mg∙ha⁻¹. The highest yields were observed in consortium with cowpea and brachiaria and were associated with lower incidence of grain spots, despite higher soil density and penetration resistance. The consortium with brachiaria, crotalaria, and sudangrass had lower yields, which was associated with higher incidence of grain spots, despite higher soil macroporosity and total porosity.

Key words
Orysa sativa; soil management; agricultural sustainability

Variable	Descriptive statistic results
	Valor						Coefficient			Prob.
		Mean	Median	Minimum	Maximum	sd	CV (%)	Kurtosis	Ass.	Pr < W	FD
	Plant properties
GY		1.70	1.59	0.70	3.12	0.55	32.2	-0.649	0.395	0.015	TN
HGW		2.68	2.67	2.07	3.30	0.25	9.3	0.026	-0.059	0.918	NO
NT		274	271	200	347	31	11.3	-0.273	0.255	0.272	NO
FP		240	240	164	330	37	15.3	-0.103	0.353	0.106	NO
SS		4.94	5.00	1.00	9.00	1.96	39.6	-0.275	-0.005	0.000	TN
	Soil properties (0 - 0.10 m)
MA1		0.103	0.098	0.047	0.168	0.025	24.5	-0.195	0.378	0.255	NO
MI1		0.354	0.353	0.318	0.390	0.015	4.2	-0.128	0.032	0.958	NO
TP1		0.456	0.458	0.405	0.495	0.020	4.4	-0.416	-0.286	0.304	NO
BD1		1.10	1.10	0.98	1.23	0.05	4.2	0.074	0.029	1.000	NO
PR1		2.10	2.11	1.08	3.46	0.56	26.7	-0.573	0.159	0.207	NO
MWD1		4.47	4.43	3.51	5.32	0.38	8.4	-0.193	-0.202	0.677	NO
GMD1		3.32	3.25	2.03	4.66	0.54	16.2	-0.317	0.031	0.935	NO
	Soil properties (0.10 - 0.20 m)
MA2		0.095	0.090	0.041	0.153	0.025	26.5	-0.454	0.347	0.091	NO
MI2		0.339	0.339	0.304	0.373	0.015	4.5	-0.121	-0.222	0.248	NO
TP2		0.433	0.432	0.397	0.478	0.018	4.1	-0.295	0.309	0.309	NO
BD2		1.13	1.13	1.02	1.26	0.05	4.3	-0.012	-0.027	0.955	NO
PR2		1.85	1.74	0.74	3.64	0.65	35.0	0.355	0.789	0.001	TN

Principal component		PCI	PC2	PC3	PC4	PC5	PC6
Eigenvalue		3.93	3.67	2.13	1.82	1.38	1.12
Explained variance (%)		23.17	21.64	12.58	10.73	8.14	6.61
Variable	Correlation¹ 1 Correlations considered in the interpretation of the main component. The numbers 1 and 2 following the soil properties indicate the 0 - 0.10 m and 0.10 - 0.20 m layers, respectively.
Grain yield		0.52*	-0.29	0.19	0.51*	0.31	-0.04
Hundred-grain weight		0.48	-0.15	0.10	0.39	0.52*	-0.08
Number of tillers		0.25	-0.34	0.58*	0.33	-0.47	0.16
Number of panicles		0.23	-0.35	0.56*	0.40	-0.45	0.07
Severity degree		-0.55*	0.065	-0.06	-0.40	-0.42	-0.12
Macroporosity 1		-0.86*	-0.20	0.22	0.19	0.11	0.11
Microporosity 1		0.47	0.31	0.02	-0.04	0.08	-0.71*
Total porosity 1		-0.73*	-0.06	0.30	0.21	0.21	-0.41
Soil density 1		0.87*	0.14	-0.23	-0.13	-0.13	0.16
Soil resistance 1		0.78*	0.20	-0.11	-0.13	-0.31	-0.20
Mean weight diameter 1		0.18	0.18	0.77*	-0.53*	0.18	0.00
Geometric mean diameter 1		0.16	0.16	0.76*	-0.55*	0.19	0.02
Macroporosity 2		-0.05	0.93*	0.09	0.20	-0.01	0.06
Microporosity 2		-0.11	-0.66*	-0.03	0.00	-0.25	-0.43
Total porosity 2		-0.17	0.71*	0.10	0.28	-0.24	-0.29
Soil density 2		0.15	-0.79*	-0.19	-0.30	0.18	0.01
Soil resistence 2		0.07	-0.80*	0.00	-0.21	-0.08	-0.20

Variable	Fitting parameters
	Model	Co	Co + C	Ao (m)	r²	SQR	SDE		Cross-validation
	Model	Co	Co + C	Ao (m)	r²	SQR	%	Class	a	b	r
PC1	Spherical	0.804	3.352	30.7	0.61	0.70	0.76	AL	0.06	1.00	0.39
PC2	Spherical	1.871	3.335	56.5	0.61	0.696	0.44	ME	0.05	0.77	0.32
PC3	Epp	2.120	2.120	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
PC4	Epp	1.543	1.543	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
PC5	Epp	1.020	1.020	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
PC6	Exponential	0.140	0.632	35.7	0.62	0.016	0.78	AL	0.03	0.63	0.21

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[1] *Corresponding author: onafreddi@gmail.com