<i>Pseudomonas syringae</i> causing bacterial canker on apple trees in Brazil

In March 2016, wilt and shoot blight were observed on five-year-old apple trees (Malus domestica) cultivar Maxi Gala in a commercial orchard in São Joaquim city, state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Isolation on culture media, biolog, biochemical, LOPAT tests, and whole genome sequencing were performed. Koch’s postulates were fulfilled on apple stems, leaves and fruits. The taxonomic position of a representative strain was determined by in silicoDNA-DNA hybridization using the Genome-to-Genome Distance Calculator which showed 93.9% similarity with Pseudomonas syringae. Results of biolog and biochemical tests did not match those expected for pv. papulans, morsprunorum or syringae. To our knowledge this is the first report of P. syringae causing bacterial canker in commercial apple orchards in Brazil.

Key words
bacterial canker; bacterial ooze; blister bark; blister spot; blossom blast; internal necrosis

Authorship

Leonardo Araujo ^**Corresponding author: leonardoaraujo@epagri.sc.gov.br

Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária e Extensão Rural de Santa Catarina – Departamento de Fitopatologia – São Joaquim (SC), Brazil.Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária e Extensão Rural de Santa CatarinaBrazilSão Joaquim, SC, BrazilEmpresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária e Extensão Rural de Santa Catarina – Departamento de Fitopatologia – São Joaquim (SC), Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4793-4751

Yuliet Franco Cardoza

Agronômica – Departamento de Fitopatologia – Laboratório de Diagnóstico Fitossanitário e Consultoria – Porto Alegre (RS), Brazil.AgronômicaBrazilPorto Alegre, RS, BrazilAgronômica – Departamento de Fitopatologia – Laboratório de Diagnóstico Fitossanitário e Consultoria – Porto Alegre (RS), Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7357-0640

Valmir Duarte

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0086-3677

Marcelo Gravina de Moraes

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul – Faculdade de Agronomia – Departamento de Fitossanidade – Porto Alegre (RS), BrazilUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulBrazilPorto Alegre, RS, BrazilUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul – Faculdade de Agronomia – Departamento de Fitossanidade – Porto Alegre (RS), Brazil

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2233-9326

*Corresponding author: leonardoaraujo@epagri.sc.gov.br

Section Editor: Fabrício de Ávila Rodrigues

AUTHOR’S CONTRIBUTION

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Identification of bacterial symptoms in apple orchard and Koch’s postulates were performed by L. Araujo. Isolation on culture media, biochemical and LOPAT tests were performed by Y. F. Cardoza and V. Duarte. The taxonomic positioning of the strain using Genome-to-Genome Distance Calculator by in silico DNA-DNA was performed by M. G. Moraes. The first draft of the manuscript was written by L. Araujo and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Figures

Figures (2)

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Figure 1
Symptoms of bacterial shoot (a, b, c and e) and signs of Pseudomonas syringae presence (d, f and g) on apple trees cultivar Maxi Gala. Wilt and blight in stem and shoots (a and b). Canker and lenticels with bacterial exudation (c and d). Internal necrotic tissues in longitudinal stem sections(e). Macro and microscopic exudation of bacterial ooze (f and g). Scale bar: 100 μm.

Thumbnail

Figure 2
Disease symptoms (a, b, d, e, f, g and h) and bacterial signs (c) in apple leaves (a), plants (b to g) and fruit (h) at 4 (a and h), 10 (b to d) and 30 (e to g) days after inoculation (dai) with Pseudomonas syringae. Necrosis in leaves from Gala apple plants, where the bacterium was inoculated by scissors-clipping (a). The cultivar Gala used as the scion showed symptoms of wilting, whereas the rootstock Marubakaido was healthy with intense sprouting (double arrow) (b and e). Shoot from inoculated apple plants showing a bacterial exudation droplet (asterisk) (c). Inoculated areas (arrowheads) showed internal necrotic tissues (arrow) in longitudinal stem sections (d and f). Blight in apple plants (f and g). Decay in inoculated immature apple fruits of cultivars Braeburn (B), Pink Lady (PL), Fuji (F) and Kinkas (K) (h).

Figure 1 Symptoms of bacterial shoot (a, b, c and e) and signs of Pseudomonas syringae presence (d, f and g) on apple trees cultivar Maxi Gala. Wilt and blight in stem and shoots (a and b). Canker and lenticels with bacterial exudation (c and d). Internal necrotic tissues in longitudinal stem sections(e). Macro and microscopic exudation of bacterial ooze (f and g). Scale bar: 100 μm.

Figure 2 Disease symptoms (a, b, d, e, f, g and h) and bacterial signs (c) in apple leaves (a), plants (b to g) and fruit (h) at 4 (a and h), 10 (b to d) and 30 (e to g) days after inoculation (dai) with Pseudomonas syringae. Necrosis in leaves from Gala apple plants, where the bacterium was inoculated by scissors-clipping (a). The cultivar Gala used as the scion showed symptoms of wilting, whereas the rootstock Marubakaido was healthy with intense sprouting (double arrow) (b and e). Shoot from inoculated apple plants showing a bacterial exudation droplet (asterisk) (c). Inoculated areas (arrowheads) showed internal necrotic tissues (arrow) in longitudinal stem sections (d and f). Blight in apple plants (f and g). Decay in inoculated immature apple fruits of cultivars Braeburn (B), Pink Lady (PL), Fuji (F) and Kinkas (K) (h).

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Este documento possui uma errata:

10.1590/1678-4499.v79n4.Errata

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<i>Pseudomonas syringae</i> causing bacterial canker on apple trees in Brazil

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[1] *Corresponding author: leonardoaraujo@epagri.sc.gov.br