Hoogervorst-Schilp et al.1010 Hoogervorst-Schilp J, van Boekel RL, de Blok C, Steegers MA, Spreeuwenberg P, Wagner C. Postoperative pain assessment in hospitalised patients: National survey and secondary data analysis. Int J Nurs Stud. 2016;63:124-31.
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Retrospective study n = 3,895 participants |
To examine compliance with postoperative pain assessment in patients after the implementation of a national safety program. |
In 12% of the patients, during the postoperative period, pain was measured 3 times a day, all 3 full days after surgery. In 53% of patients, pain was measured once a day for the same period. Compliance was higher in general hospitals compared to tertiary and academic teaching hospitals. |
Van Hecke et al.1111 Van Hecke A, Van Lancker A, De Clercq B, De Meyere C, Dequeker S, Devulder J. Pain intensity in hospitalized adults: a multilevel analysis of barriers and facilitators of pain management. Nurs Res. 2016;65(4):290-300.
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Cross-sectional study n = 351 patients and 304 nurses |
To assess pain intensity and examine its association with patient, nurse, and related to the barriers/facilitators system for pain management. |
The mean pain for all patients on all nurse wards was 2.2. A significant independent association was found between higher pain intensity and younger age. |
Peng et al.1212 Peng LH, Jing JY, Qin P P, Su M. A Multi-centered cross-sectional study of disease burden of pain of inpatients in Southwest China. Chin Med J (Engl). 2016;129(8):936-41.
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Cross-sectional study n = 2,293 participants |
To clarify the epidemiological characteristics of pain and related factors in hospitalized patients in southwestern China. |
The incidence of pain was 57.4% in all hospitalized patients at rest, with 62.1% being acute pain and 37.9% being persistent and chronic. Among surgical patients, 90.8% complained of acute pain during rest and 97.1% during motion, occurring predominantly (95.2%) at surgical areas. Age, lower schooling level, surgery, and smoking history were factors associated with increased duration and severity of postoperative pain as well as non-surgical pain. |
Mikan et al.1313 Mikan F, Wada M, Yamada M, Takahashi A, Onishi H, Ishida M, Sato K, Shimizu S, Matoba M, Miyashita M. The association between pain and quality of life for patients with cancer in an outpatient clinic, an inpatient oncology ward, and inpatient palliative care units. Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 2016;33(8):782-90.
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Cross-sectional study n = 404 participants |
To clarify the association between pain and QoL of Japanese patients using a cancer-specific QoL scale in three settings: an outpatient oncology service, an oncology nurse ward, and palliative care hospitalization units. |
The results show that pain has an association with QoL, having moderate influence on aspects such as physical functioning, fatigue, insomnia, dyspnea, and on emotional functioning. The association with pain was lower for patients in the palliative care unit compared to outpatients and patients hospitalized in the nurse ward. |
Wang et al.1414 Wang WY, Ho ST, Wu SL, Chu CM, Sung CS, Wang KY, Liang CY. Trends in clinically significant pain prevalence among hospitalized cancer patients at an academic hospital in Taiwan: a retrospective cohort study. Medicine. 2016;95(1):e2099.
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Retrospective cohort study n = 88,133 pain scores |
To characterize the trends of CSP among cancer patients and examine their differences in prevalence in repeat hospitalizations. |
There was a downward trend from the 1st to the 18th hospitaliza-tion. There was a robust decrease in the prevalence of CSP from the 1st to the 5th hospitalization. The prevalence of worse pain intensity was significantly higher during the 1st than during the 5th hospitalization. |
Porta-Sales et al.1515 Porta-Sales J, Nabal-Vicuna M, Vallano A, Espinosa J, Planas-Domingo J, Verger-Fransoy E, Julià-Torras J, Serna J, Pascual-López A, Rodríguez D, Grimau I, Morlans G, Sala-Rovira C, Calsina-Berna A, Borras-Andrés JM, Gomez-Batiste X. Have we improved pain control in cancer patients? A multicenter study of ambulatory and hospitalized cancer patients. J Palliat Med. 2015;18(11):923-32.
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Cross-sectional study n = 1,064 participants |
To evaluate the frequency, type, and characteristics of cancer pain in adult patients, including hospitalized and outpatients. |
The frequency of pain was 55.3%. Pain was less frequent in outpatients (41.6%) than hospitalized patients (64.7%), although the median duration of pain was longer in outpatients (20 versus 6 weeks). |
Jabusch et al.1616 Jabusch KM, Lewthwaite BJ, Mandzuk LL, Schnell-Hoehn KN, Wheeler BJ. The pain experience of inpatients in a teaching hospital: revisiting a strategic priority. Pain Manag Nurs. 2015;16(1):69-76.
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Cross-sectional study n = 88 participants |
To quantify the prevalence of pain among adult hospitalized patients and the degree to which pain interferes with daily activities. |
The prevalence of pain was 70.4%, and the mean intensity was 3.76. The pain interference in daily activities mean score was 4.56. The most frequently identifed area of pain was the lower extremities (28%). |
Valkering et al.1717 Valkering K P, van Bergen CJ, Buijze GA, Nagel PH, Tuinebreijer WE, Breederveld RS. Pain experience and functional outcome of inpatient versus outpatient anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, an equivalence randomized controlled trial with 12 months follow-up. Knee. 2015;22(2):111-6.
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Randomized controlled clinical trial n = 46 participants |
To investigate the effect of hospitalization versus outpatient care after ACL reconstruction on functional outcome, postoperative pain experience, and readmission rate. |
Outpatient care after ACL reconstruction produces postoperative pain experience and functional outcomes comparable to hospitalized care and is a safe option. A simple analgesic protocol proves to be sufficient. No readmissions related to pain were recorded. |
Ambrogi et al.1818 Ambrogi V, Tezebas du Montcel S, Collin E, Coutaux A, Bourgeois P, Bourdillon F. Care-related pain in hospitalized patients: severity and patient perception of management. Eur J Pain. 2015;19(3):313-21.
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Cross-sectional study n = 938 participants |
To assess the prevalence, characteristics, management, and determine factors linked to the severity of CRP in a Paris teaching hospital. |
59% of patients reported pain in the previous 24 h and 58% experienced CRP in the previous 15 days. In addition, 37% of procedures resulted in severe pain. Severity of CRP was associated with long hospitalization, non-vascular invasive punctures, catheterization, mobilization, radiological examination or pain (previous 24 h) due to surgery or treatment. Only half of the patients received information about the painful procedure and treatment for pain was delivered in less than a quarter of the cases. |
Bernhofer et al.1919 Bernhofer EI, Masina VM, Sorrell J, Modic MB. The pain experience of patients hospitalized with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterol Nurs. 2017;40(3):200-7.
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Qualitative phenomenological study n = 16 participants |
To develop an understanding of the unique pain experience in hospitalized patients with an admission diagnosis of IBD and related care or surgery. |
Hospitalized IBD patients feel discredited and misunderstood, have a desire to dispel the stigma of chronic pain and “neediness” associated with the disease, feel frustration and constant pain, have a need for a caregiver with knowledge and comprehension about the disease in addition to reporting that the nurse is like a connection between the patient and the doctor. |
Dequeker et al.2020 Dequeker S, Van Lancker A, Van Hecke A. Hospitalized patients’ vs. nurses’ assessments of pain intensity and barriers to pain management. J Adv Nurs. 2017;74(1):160-71.
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Cross-sectional study n = 35 nurses and 351 patients |
To assess agreement between nurses and hospitalized patients regarding pain intensity and patient-related barriers for the management of pain. |
At the individual level, moderate agreement in the assessment of pain intensity was found between patients and nurses, being higher for patients with mild pain and with severe pain compared to no pain and moderate pain. A higher level of agreement was also found when nurses used a validated scale to assess pain intensity compared to nurses using only experience. |
Erol et al.2121 Erol O, Unsar S, Yacan L, Pelin M, Kurt S, Erdogan B. Pain experiences of patients with advanced cancer: A qualitative descriptive study. Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2018;33(1):28-34.
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Qualitative descriptive study n = 16 participants |
To explore the pain experiences of patients with advanced cancer and how they cope with pain, and to present insight into pain management done by nurses’ approaches from the patients’ perspective. |
Advanced cancer patients with pain experienced anxiety, abandonment, hopelessness, and many restrictions in daily life, as well as inability to cope with pain. Almost half of the patients were not satisfied with the nurses’ care regarding pain and pain management. |
Işlekdemir and Kaya2222 İşlekdemir B, Kaya N. Efect of family presence on pain and anxiety during invasive nursing procedures in an emergency department: a randomized controlled experimental study. Int Emerg Nurs. 2016;24:39-45.
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Randomized controlled clinical trial n = 138 participants |
To determine the effects of family presence on pain and anxiety levels during invasive nursing procedures. |
The experimental and control group members did not differ regarding pain and anxiety scores during the intervention, concluding that family presence has no influence during invasive nursing procedures. |
Harada, Tamura and Ota2323 Harada S, Tamura F, Ota S. The prevalence of neuropathic pain in terminally ill patients with cancer admitted to a palliative care unit. Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 2016;33(6):594-8.
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Prospective observational study n = 220 participants |
To determine the prevalence of NP in cancer patients receiving palliative care. |
The prevalence of NP in terminal cancer patients in Japanese palliative care units was 18.6%. As for the cause, in 78% of patients NP was due to tumor growth, in 14.6% to chemotherapy, and in 4.9% to radiotherapy. |
Bellido-Vallejo et al.2424 Bellido-Vallejo JC, Rodríguez-Torres MC, López-Medina IM, Pancorbo-Hidalgo PL. Psychometric testing of the Spanish version of the pain level outcome scale in hospitalized patients with acute pain. Int J Nurs Knowl. 2015;27(1):10-6.
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Longitudinal observational validation study n = 73 participants |
To evaluate the psychometric properties and sensitivity for measuring change in pain level of the Spanish version of the PLO when assessing acute pain in hospitalized patients. |
The study provides evidence of reliability, validity and sensitivity to the Spanish version of the PLO which was shown to be a well-structured multidimensional instrument to evaluate pain intensity and associated behavioral, emotional and physical aspects. |
Rosa, Mendoza and Pontin2525 Rosa F F, Mendoza MA, Pontin JC. Epidemiological profile and outcomes in postoperative neuromuscular escoliosis. Coluna/Columna. 2020;19(1):26-9.
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Descriptive study n = 50 participants |
To trace the epidemiology profile and identify the in-hospital outcomes of patients undergoing surgical correction of neuromuscular scoliosis. |
The average length of stay was 10.8 days and 52% of patients had some complication, such as constipation. Surgical site infection was present in 12% of the sample, 42% had moderate to severe pain and 2% did not meet the proposed mobility goals. |
Fermiano et al.2626 Fermiano NTC, Cavenaghi OM, Correia JR, Brito MVCD, Ferreira LL. Avaliação dos níveis álgicos de pacientes críticos em terapia intensiva, antes, durante e após sessão de fisioterapia respiratória: um estudo piloto. Sci Med. 2017;27(2):ID26647.
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Pilot intervention study n = 22 participants |
To evaluate pain levels in adult ICU patients who are sedated, under invasive mechanical ventilation, before, during and after a respiratory physiotherapy intervention. |
There were no significant differences in hemodynamic variables and pain assessment of the critically ill patients at any of the evaluated time points. |
Panazzolo et al.2727 Panazzolo PS, Siqueira FD, Portella M P, Stumm EMF, Colet CD. Pain evaluation at the post-anesthetic care unit of a tertiary hospital. Rev Dor. 2017;18(1):38-42.
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Cross-sectional study n = 336 participants |
To evaluate the use of analgesics in the immediate postoperative period of patients assisted in a post-anesthesia recovery room, according to the type of surgery performed. |
A total of 42.8% of the patients used some type of analgesic. The most used class of drugs was the opioid analgesics, specially fentanyl and remifentanil for surgeries with general anesthesia and morphine (0.2mg) for subarachnoid anesthesia. |
Bertoncello et al.2828 Bertoncello KCG, Xavier LB, Nascimento ERPD, Amante LN. Dor aguda na emergência: avaliação e controle com o instrumento de MacCafery e Beebe. J Health Sci. 2016;18(4):251-6.
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Descriptive cross-sectional study n = 24 participants |
To comprehend the evolution of acute pain in patients admitted to the Emergency Unit of a Teaching Hospital in the South of Brazil, using the vNRS, as well as to evaluate and control the patient’s acute pain, using the instrument proposed by McCaffery and Beebe. |
In the first evaluation, 62.5% of patients presented severe pain and 37.5% moderate pain. In the second evaluation, there was a predominance of moderate pain (54.17%) and an important increase of patients who scored mild pain (33.3%). The instrument helped the nurse to register the occurrences and evolution related to pain. However, weaknesses were observed in its use. |
Sousa-Muñoz et al.2929 Sousa-Muñoz RL, Rocha GES, Garcia BB, Maia AD. Dor e adequação analgésica em pacientes hospitalizados. Medicina (Ribeirão Preto). 2015;48(6):539-48.
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Cross-sectional observational study n = 115 participants |
To evaluate the prevalence of pain and the adequacy of analgesic therapy administered to patients in a university hospital, as well as to assess the agreement between self-report of pain and data recorded in medical records regarding pain manifestations. |
It was verifed that 52.2% of patients had severe pain and 33.9% had moderate pain. In only 39.1% and 36.1% of the medical records, at the time of admission and hospitalization development, respectively, information on pain was recorded. A negative pain management index was found in 82.6% of the patients. Inappropriate prescription was observed in 78.3% of patients. Non-opioid analgesics and non-hormonal anti-inflammatory drugs were used in 87.8% of the patients, while opioids were used in only 14.7%. |