| A1 |
To appraise the impact of the implementation of pamphlet and video at outpatient pediatric clinics based inside hospital units.
(160 parent-child pairs). |
The pediatric outpatient clinics were randomized into two groups (the control group - standard care, and intervention group - review of pamphlets and videos).
Materials: Pamphlet and educational video. |
Control Group - the parents who attended this clinic did not receive any kind of educational material.
Intervention Group - the parents of the children who attended the clinic, as part of this group, reviewed a pamphlet and a video about dealing with pain during the procedure of vaccination.
Two months after the first vaccination, they returned, and, at that time, no attention was attracted to either the pamphlets or the video. |
The parents who were in the intervention group increased the use of interventions for the management of pain, but there was no reduction in the level of child pain within this group. |
| A2 |
Appraise the level of pain shown by new-borns during vaccinations against Hepatitis B, in the facilitated position and the classic position for restraint.
60 newborns. |
The newborns were randomly placed in one of two groups (a control group with standard care, and an intervention group using the facilitated position). Materials: facilitated folding position. |
Control Group - vaccination carried out in the upright position;
Intervention Group - vaccination carried out in the facilitated folding position |
The pain intensity scores among the lactating babies in the intervention group were lower than in the control group.
While 50% of the lactating babies in the treatment group did not show pain, 93.4% of the lactating babies in the control group showed intense pain. |
| A3 |
Assess the usability and efficacy, regarding the acquisition of knowledge, based on the pamphlet and video shown to parents of newborns.
33 mothers, some of whom accompanied by their partners. |
Appraisal of usability of the materials; individual and group interviews; and knowledge tests.
Materials - pamphlet and video; a knowledge text with 10 true-false questions. |
Three groups of interviews were carried out, divided into three distinct phases: baseline (general questions about pain experienced during infant vaccination), review of the pamphlet, and review of the video.
A moderator facilitated the discussion using an interview outline and then recorded what was said.
Next, an instrument was applied for the appraisal of information regarding health issues, and also a knowledge test including 10 questions about the understanding and adequacy of information, applied after the pamphlet and the video were reviewed |
The parents were very receptive and open to learning about strategies for pain management. They also wanted access to educational tools and reported that the credibility of the information was very important.
Most of the parents reported that they understood all the information in the pamphlet and on the video.
The mean number of correct answers increased, from the base situation to the post-pamphlet situation and from there to the post-video situation.
All the parents reported that they planned to take action, based on the information included in the pamphlet and in the video. |
| A4 |
Examine a computerized programme for parental training, "Bear Essentials", to improve parents' awareness and to train them to help to relieve their anguish on the immunization of preschool children.
(90 parent-child pairs) |
The parent-child pairs were randomly distributed in three groups (Control Group, with standard care; Intervention Group 1 - distraction; and Intervention Group 2 - training and distraction).
Materials: children's films; programme for parental training - "Bear Essentials." |
Control Group: no training or distraction of any kind;
Intervention Group 1 - no training; distraction with children's films;
Intervention Group 2 - Parental training through the "Bear Essentials" programme, and distraction with children's films |
The parents subjected to training had significantly higher scores than the others, showing a better level of knowledge, greater involvement, and encouragement of distraction.
The children whose parents participated in the training programme got more involved in distractions and deep breathing. On the other hand, no differences were observed with regard to the children's pain. |
| A5 |
Provide more solid conclusions about the efficacy and the mechanisms of distraction, as a way to control pain during early childhood 99 children. |
The children were randomly placed in three groups (a control group with standard care; Intervention Group 1, with distraction directed by the research assistant, and Intervention Group 2, with distractions directed by the parents).
Materials: toys. |
Control Group: the parents interacted with the children, but without any training or distraction of any kind;
Intervention Group 1 - The parents hold the child while the assistant distracts the child using a toy;
Intervention Group 2 - The parents hold the child and encourage the use of the toy. |
The level of distraction was significantly higher in the two intervention groups, rather than the control group.
However, there was no difference in the pain experienced by the children, between the two groups. |
