Effect of feeding crude or treated tung meal (<i>Aleurites fordii</i>) in the diet of <i>Rhamdia quelen</i> on growth, digestive enzymes and biochemical parameters

Pretto, Alexandra; Silva, Leila Picolli da; Corrêia, Viviani; Martinelli, Suziane Ghedini

doi:10.1590/1809-6891v21e-46276

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Recursos Pesqueiros e Engenharia de Pesca • Ciênc. anim. bras. 21 • 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-6891v21e-46276 copy

Effect of feeding crude or treated tung meal (Aleurites fordii) in the diet of Rhamdia quelen on growth, digestive enzymes and biochemical parameters

Efeitos da alimentação de farelo de tungue (Aleurites fordii) bruto ou tratado na dieta de Rhamdia quelen sobre o crescimento, enzimas digestivas e parâmetros bioquímicos

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

This study evaluated the addition of tung (Aleurites fordii) meal to the feed of Rhamdia quelen, as an alternative to animal protein sources. Silver catfish juveniles were fed different diets which included crude tung meal, chemically treated tung meal and a control without tung meal. The chemical treatment was based on the sequential application of acid and alcohol solutions and reduced the phytic acid from 1.63 to 0.61% and condensed tannin content from 0.025 to 0.018%. The nutritional response of fish to these ingredients was evaluated over nine weeks, based on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and biochemical responses. After nine weeks, the diet containing crude tung meal caused reduced growth (weight: -57.9%; total length: -21.09%; specific growth rate: -99.74%). This diet also reduced acid protease and lipase activities, decreased concentrations of glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides in plasma and decreased liver glycogen and glucose concentrations. However, after nine weeks, fish fed with treated tung meal showed higher growth (weight, total length and specific growth rate similar to control) and reduced metabolic changes, possibly due to the removal of antinutrients and toxic substances. At the 32% level of inclusion, the chemically treated tung meal can be considered an alternative protein source for silver catfish.

Keywords:
Agro by-products; Alternative protein; Biochemical parameters; Growth response; Silver catfish

Nutrients	Ingredients¹ 1 FM=Fish meal; MBM=Meat bone meal; CT; Crude tung meal; TT=Treated tung meal; WF=Wheat flour; CG=Corn grain.
Nutrients	FM	MBM	CT	TT	WF	CG
Dry matter	92.63	95.05	89.01	96.92	88.30	89.31
Crude protein	56.41	53.40	24.90	26.69	15.37	7.33
Fat	7.09	14.68	2.98	1.08	3.59	4.89
Ash	28.64	24.84	6.25	6.82	4.07	1.53
NDF² 2 NDF=neutral detergent fibre. ND=not determined.	ND	ND	46.54	56.78	33.06	15.58
Carbohydrate	0.49	2.13	8.34	5.55	32.21	59.98
Calcium	5.09	3.46	0.34	0.25	0.12	0.04
Total phosphorus	2.87	1.97	2.61	1.23	0.95	0.18
Lysine	2.99	3.00	0.97	1.05	0.54	0.22
Methionine	0.99	1.25	0.61	0.56	0.22	0.16
Arginine	2.97	3.54	2.34	2.50	0.96	0.36
Histidine	1.00	1.16	0.25	0.26	0.34	0.20
Isoleucine	1.91	1.63	0.86	0.94	0.46	0.23
Leucine	3.76	3.16	1.50	1.66	0.86	0.98
Phenylalanine	2.08	3.46	1.6	1.65	0.58	0.34
Threonine	2.04	1.75	0.72	0.79	0.41	0.23
Tryptophan	0.39	0.40	ND	ND	0.23	0.05
Valine	2.54	2.22	1.72	1.95	0.64	0.35

Ingredients	Treatments¹ 1 CON=control diet, with protein base consisting of animal meal; CTD = inclusion of crude tung meal in the diet; TTD = inclusion of treated tung meal in the diet.
Ingredients	CON	CTD	TTD
Fish meal	125.0	98.4	97.3
Meat and bone meal	435	350	348
Crude tung meal	-	324.5	-
Treated tung meal	-	-	324.5
Wheat flour	129.5	38	32
Corn grain	162.4	59	29.5
Corn starch	20.4	38	72.1
Soybean oil	40	61.8	66.2
Salt	5	5	5
Vitamin/mineral mixture² 2 Vitamin/mineral (kg product): Folic acid: 300mg; Choline: 100g; Inositol: 10g; Niacin: 9000mg; Pantothenic acid: 3000mg; Biotin: 0.1 mg; Vit.A: 1000000UI; Vit. B1: 1500mg; Vit. B2: 1500mg; Vit. B6: 150mg; Vit. B12: 2000mg; Vit. C: 15g; Vit. D3: 240000UI; Vit. E: 10000mg; Vit. K3: 400mg; Copper: 1000mg; Iron: 6000mg; Iodine: 45mg; Manganese: 8000mg; Selenium: 60mg; Zinc: 14g.	20	20	20
Methionine	5.4	5	5.3
Calcium carbonate	-	0.3	0.1
Inert (sand)	57.3	-	-
Crude protein³ 3 Composition analysed;	33.91	33.84	33.97
Fat³ 3 Composition analysed;	12.45	13.38	13.00
Ash³ 3 Composition analysed;	15.14	13.79	13.82
Neutral detergent fibre³ 3 Composition analysed;	6.62	17.28	19.94
Carbohydrates⁴ 4 Carbohydrate calculated: 100-(crude protein+ash+fat+neutral detergent fiber+moisture).	14.16	8.26	5.39
Digestible energy⁵ 5 Calculated from the formula: Protein5,640,83+fat9,440,88+Carbohydrate4,110,65*1016. (Kcal/Kg)	3070	3048	3063
Calcium⁶ 6 Calculated based on the ingredients analysis.	2.26	3.07	2.30
Total phosphorus⁶ 6 Calculated based on the ingredients analysis.	1.37	1.87	1.40
Ca:P ratio	1.66	1.64	1.64
Lysine⁶ 6 Calculated based on the ingredients analysis.	1.78	1.69	1.70
Methionine⁶ 6 Calculated based on the ingredients analysis.	1.25	1.25	1.26
Arginine⁶ 6 Calculated based on the ingredients analysis.	2.09	2.35	2.37
Histidine⁶ 6 Calculated based on the ingredients analysis.	0.71	0.61	0.60
Isoleucine⁶ 6 Calculated based on the ingredients analysis.	1.04	1.07	1.08
Leucine⁶ 6 Calculated based on the ingredients analysis.	2.11	2.05	2.06
Phenylalanine⁶ 6 Calculated based on the ingredients analysis.	1.89	1.98	1.97
Threonine⁶ 6 Calculated based on the ingredients analysis.	1.11	1.14	1.08
Tryptophan⁶ 6 Calculated based on the ingredients analysis.	0.26	0.20	0.18
Valine⁶ 6 Calculated based on the ingredients analysis.	1.42	1.54	1.68

Antinutrients (%)	Tung meal crude	Tung meal treated
Phenolic compounds	1.23±0.09	1.41±0.08
Total tannins	1.09±0.08	1.21 ±0.10
Condensed tannins	0.025±0.003	0.018±0.002^* * Indicate difference between treated form and crude form of the meal by F test (p < 0.05).
Hydrolysable tannins	1.07±0.08	1.19±0.10
Phytic acid	1.63±0.135	0.61 ±0.07^* * Indicate difference between treated form and crude form of the meal by F test (p < 0.05).
In-vitro digestibility of protein	42.29±4.25	48.01±5.98

Variables	Treatments¹ 1 CON = control diet, with protein base consisting of animal meal; CTD = inclusion of crude tung meal in the diet; TTD = inclusion of treated tung meal in the diet. Letters indicate difference in CTD or TTD treatments in relation to the control by Dunnett's test (p < 0.05).
Variables	CON	CDT	TTD
		Initial
Live weight (g)	22.15±0.24	21.97±0.36	21.72±0.35
Total length (cm)	13.09±0.04	13.03±0.09	13.02±0.07
		Three weeks
Live weight (g)	34.53±0.49	21.27±0.85^a	30.31 ±0.68 ^a^* * Indicate difference between treated form and crude form of the meal by F test (p < 0.05).
Total length (cm)	15.27±0.06	13.39±0.10^a	14.72±0.16^a^* * Indicate difference between treated form and crude form of the meal by F test (p < 0.05).
Specific growth rate (%/day)	2.11 ±0.02	-0.16±0.16^a	1.59±0.04 ^a^* * Indicate difference between treated form and crude form of the meal by F test (p < 0.05).
Feed conversion rate	1.13±0.03	-	1.67±0.14^a
		Six weeks
Live weight (g)	41.00±1.84	21.35±0.54^a	35.28±1.48^a^* * Indicate difference between treated form and crude form of the meal by F test (p < 0.05).
Total length (cm)	16.34±0.22	13.53±0.14^a	15.54±0.21^a^* * Indicate difference between treated form and crude form of the meal by F test (p < 0.05).
Specific growth rate (%/day)	1.46±0.10	-0.069±0.04^a	1.15±0.06^a^* * Indicate difference between treated form and crude form of the meal by F test (p < 0.05).
Feed conversion rate	3.47±0.06	-	4.08±0.78
		Nine weeks
Live weight (g)	52.16±3.49	21.95±0.86^a	43.69±2.46^* * Indicate difference between treated form and crude form of the meal by F test (p < 0.05).
Total length (cm)	17.59±0.29	13.88±0.18^a	16.59±0.32^* * Indicate difference between treated form and crude form of the meal by F test (p < 0.05).
Specific growth rate (%/day)	1.35±0.10	-0.0035±0.06^a	1.10±0.06^* * Indicate difference between treated form and crude form of the meal by F test (p < 0.05).
Feed conversion rate	2.07±0.34	-	2.25±0.25
Survival (%)	98.0±1.9	68.0±16.9^a	100±0.0^* * Indicate difference between treated form and crude form of the meal by F test (p < 0.05).

Variables	Treatments¹ 1 CON = control diet, with protein base consisting of animal meal; CTD = inclusion of crude tung meal in the diet; TTD = inclusion of treated tung meal in the diet.
Variables	CON	CTD	TTD
Amylase (μmol glucose/min/mg protein)	0.33±0.06	0.43±0.03	0.21±0.04^* * Indicate difference between treated form and crude form of the meal by F test (p < 0.05).
Lipase (μg substrate/min/mg protein)² 2 p-nitrophenyl myristate. Letters indicate difference in CTD or TTD treatments in relation to the control by Dunnett's test (p < 0.05).	12.57±0.69	9.52±0.56^a	9.38±0.33^a
Acid protease (μg tyrosine/min/mg protein)	119.9±7.6	97.1±6.4^a	138.9±5.1^* * Indicate difference between treated form and crude form of the meal by F test (p < 0.05).
Trypsin (μmol TAME/min/mg protein)	8.63±0.64	9.05±0.43	7.17±0.41^* * Indicate difference between treated form and crude form of the meal by F test (p < 0.05).
Chymotrypsin (mmol/BTEE/min/mg protein)	6.54±0.41	7.25±0.49	5.48±0.19^* * Indicate difference between treated form and crude form of the meal by F test (p < 0.05).

Variables	Treatments¹ 1 CON = control diet, with protein base consisting of animal meal; CTD = inclusion of crude tung meal in the diet; TTD = inclusion of treated tung meal in the diet. Letters indicate difference in CTD or TTD treatments in relation to the control by Dunnett test (p < 0.05).
Variables	CON	CTD	TTD
Plasmatic parameters
Total protein (g/dL)	3.10±0.07	2.90±0.12	3.13±0.09
Glucose (mg/dL)	55.9±3.7	34.1 ±2.6^a	47.5±2.1^* * Indicate difference between treated form and crude form of the meal by F test (p < 0.05).
Cholesterol (mg/dL)	429.6±56.9	115.3±20.6^a	237.2±89.3
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	172.1 ±8.1	125.6±8.1^a	158.4±17.6
Hepatic parameters
Glycogen (μmol glucose/g)	446.0±34.2	93.1±7.9^a	479.8±73.2^* * Indicate difference between treated form and crude form of the meal by F test (p < 0.05).
Glucose (μmol glucose/g)	379.4±33.2	156.4±13.2^a	430.9±32.8^* * Indicate difference between treated form and crude form of the meal by F test (p < 0.05).
Protein (mg/g)	49.9±4.2	73.7±3.7^a	42.8±1.9^* * Indicate difference between treated form and crude form of the meal by F test (p < 0.05).
ALT (Ul/mg)	35.7±4.4	25.9±2.2	24.7±1.7^a
AST (Ul/mg)	687.9±107.2	838.8±50.8	691.8±25.5^* * Indicate difference between treated form and crude form of the meal by F test (p < 0.05).

	Nutrients (%)
Treatments¹ 1 CON = control diet, with protein base consisting of animal meal; CTD = inclusion of crude tung meal in the diet; TTD = inclusion of treated tung meal in the diet. Letters indicate difference in CTD or TTD treatments in relation to the control by Dunnett's test (p < 0.05).	Dry matter	Ash	Crude protein	Fat
Initial	25.69 ± 0.27	3.34 ±0.16	14.30 ±0.26	8.20 ± 0.40
Nine weeks
CON	26.17±0.76	3.05±0.10	15.47±0.10	9.05±0.57
CTD	26.85±0.60	3.65±0.18^a	15.91 ±0.55	6.76±0.31^a
TTD	28.57±0.87	3.14±0.13^* * Indicate difference between treated form and crude form of the meal by F test (p < 0.05).	15.59±0.34	11.14±0.77^* * Indicate difference between treated form and crude form of the meal by F test (p < 0.05).

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[1] *Correspondent - ale.pretto@yahoo.com.br