Influence of biological and management factors on piglets in the maternity phase

Hideshima, Cristina Satie; Alberton, Geraldo Camilo; Fernandes, Sergio Rodrigo; Donin, Daiane Güllich; Gonsalves, Ray Nascimento; Backes, Ana Paula; Mentges, Félix Daniel Martins; Silva, Alex Junior dos Santos; Farias Júnior, Altair Silveira de

doi:10.1590/1809-6891v22e-67396

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Animal Science • Ciênc. anim. bras. 22 • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-6891v22e-67396 copy

Influence of biological and management factors on piglets in the maternity phase

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The goal of this study was to assess the effects of uniformization management, birth order (BO), birth weight (BiW) and their interactions on the performance of piglets in the maternity phase. Sows (n = 25) and their litters (n = 388 piglets) were distributed into two treatments, namely: UNIF - uniformization of piglets between different litters right after birth; and BIOM - piglets kept up to 12 hours after birth with their biological mothers. In both treatments, the effect of BO was assessed in three groups characterised by BO of 1-6, 7-12, and ≥13. The effect of BiW was assessed in four groups defined as ‘very light’, ‘light’, ‘medium’, and ‘heavy’. The design was completely randomised in a 2×3×4 factorial scheme, totalling 24 treatments with 16 piglets/treatment, on average. Weight gain from birth to 72 hours after birth (WG_72h) was greater in the BIOM treatment. The colostrum intake (CI) was lower in piglets with BO ≥13. In general, piglet performance increased in response to the increase in BiW. There was interaction between uniformization management and BiW with respect to CI related to body weight (CI_BW), which was greater in very light piglets in the UNIF treatment (27.48% BW), and lower in heavy piglets in the BIOM treatment (16.82% BW). It was possible to obtain satisfactory piglet performance by keeping the litters with their biological mothers until 12 hours after birth. The CI expressed on an absolute basis (g) was greater; however, CI expressed on relative basis with respect to body weight (% BW) was lower in heavy piglets.

Keywords:
birth weight; colostrum; hyperprolificity; pig farming; uniformization management; weaning

Factor	Treatment/Group	Criterion^I	Weight range (g)	Piglets (n)
Uniformization management	UNIF	Uniformization of different litters just after birth.		182
Uniformization management	BIOM	Remaining with the biological mothers up to 12 hours after birth.		206
Birth order	1-6	Birth order = 1 to 6		150
	7-12	Birth order = 7 to 12		144
	≥13	Birth order = >13		94
Birth weight	Very light	BiW ≤ BiW_M - 0.66*SD_BiW	≤ 1096	108
	Light	BiW_M - 0.66*SD_BiW < BiW ≤ BiW_M	1097 to 1329	78
	Medium	BiW_M < BiW ≤ BiW_M + 0.66*SD_BiW	1330 to 1563	102
	Heavy	BiW > BiW_M + 0.66*SD_BiW	> 1564	100

Variable^I I BW = birth weight; W24h = weight at 24 hours; WG24h = weight gain up to 24 hours after birth; CI = colostrum intaked; CIBW = colostrum intaked relative to body weight; W72h = weight at 72 hours; WG72h = weight gain up to 72 hours after birth; WW = weaning weight; WGW = weight gain from birth to weaning.	Covariate^II II PO = parity order; LS = litter size.		Fixed effect^III III UM = uniformity management; BOG = birth order; BiWG = birth weight. group.
	PO	LS	UM	BO_G	BiW_G	UM × BO_G	UM × BiW_G	BO_G × BiW_G	UM × BO_G × BiW_G
Model tested
BiW (g)	0.5650	0.0615	0.9113	0.2452	< 0.0001	0.9241	0.3893	0.0777	0.6707
W24h (g)	0.4591	0.0273	0.7558	0.0689	< 0.0001	0.7621	0.8516	0.1266	0.5230
WG_24h (g)	0.6172	0.1631	0.3168	0.2002	0.0180	0.5729	0.0932	0.6118	0.4005
CI (g)	0.6918	0.1191	0.1683	0.0439	< 0.0001	0.6443	0.2392	0.6747	0.3897
CI_BW (% BW)	0.9733	0.3058	0.0845	0.0670	< 0.0001	0.5090	0.0278	0.7416	0.2804
W72h (g)	0.9855	0.0051	0.3462	0.4858	< 0.0001	0.6922	0.3638	0.5340	0.0843
WG_72h (g)	0.9203	0.0502	0.1879	0.7041	< 0.0001	0.6702	0.1343	0.4992	0.0540
WW (g)	0.2111	0.8599	0.6935	0.6902	< 0.0001	0.5262	0.5595	0.6727	0.6432
WG_W (g)	0.2100	0.6532	0.6947	0.7853	< 0.0001	0.5353	0.5655	0.7751	0.7232
Model used
BW (g)			0.3960	0.1008	< 0.0001	0.9336	0.4249	0.0824	0.6539
W24h (g)		0.0352	0.8619	0.0640	< 0.0001	0.7809	0.8499	0.1312	0.5380
WG_24h (g)			0.6106	0.0877	0.0134	0.5995	0.0802	0.6340	0.4752
CI (g)			0.3826	0.0114	< 0.0001	0.6878	0.2256	0.6771	0.4710
CI_BW (% BW)			0.1339	0.0294	< 0.0001	0.5401	0.0268	0.7240	0.3091
W72h (g)		0.0043	0.3357	0.4840	< 0.0001	0.6914	0.3623	0.5308	0.0806
WG_72h (g)			0.0312	0.5941	< 0.0001	0.6278	0.1416	0.5331	0.0565
WW (g)			0.4987	0.7041	< 0.0001	0.5140	0.5945	0.6796	0.6044
WG_W (g)			0.4354	0.8280	< 0.0001	0.5324	0.6182	0.7693	0.6627

Variable^I	Uniformization management^II
Variable^I	UNIF	BIOM
BiW (g)	1307 ± 25	1343 ± 26
W24h (g)	1384 ± 27	1415 ± 27
WG_24h (g)	74 ± 5	68 ± 6
CI (g)	283 ± 7	276 ± 8
CI_BW (% BW)	22.39 ± 0.58	21.09 ± 0.60
W72h (g)	1702 ± 31	1757 ± 33
WG_72h (g)	375 ± 13^b	405 ± 13^a
WW (g)	5668 ± 117	5573 ± 106
WG_W (g)	4345 ± 103	4217 ± 90
MR (%)^* * Assessed using the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test, with p = 0.4615. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the same row differed by the Tukey-Kramer test (p <0.05).	6.59 ± 1.84	4.85 ± 1.50

Variable^I I BiW = birth weight; W24h = weight at 24 hours; WG24h = weight gain up to 24 hours after birth; CI = colostrum intake; CIBW = colostrum intake relative to body weight; W72h = weight at 72 hours; WG72h: weight gain up to 72 hours after birth; WW = weaning weight; WGW = weight gain from birth to weaning; MR = mortality rate.	Birth order
	1-6	7-12	≥ 13
BiW (g)	1338 ± 31	1313 ± 30	1328 ± 32
W24h (g)	1421 ± 32	1385 ± 32	1392 ± 34
WG_24h (g)	79 ± 7	72 ± 7	56 ± 8
CI (g)	291 ± 9^a	280 ± 9^ab	257 ± 10^b
CI_BW (% BW)	22.68 ± 0.72^a	21.87 ± 0.68^ab	19.82 ± 0.77^b
W_72h (g)	1743 ± 39	1712 ± 38	1745 ± 42
WG_72h (g)	396 ± 16	386 ± 14	393 ± 18
WW (g)	5645 ± 128	5555 ± 130	5672 ± 150
WG_W (g)	4297 ± 110	4231 ± 114	4310 ± 133
MR (%)^* * Analysed by the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test, with p = 0.1686. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the same row differed by the Tukey-Kramer test (p <0.05).	4.67 ± 1.73	4.17 ± 1.67	9.57 ± 3.05

Variable^I I BW = birth weight; W24h = weight at 24 hours; WG24h= weight gain up to 24 hours after birth; CI = colostrum intake; CIBW = colostrum intake relative to body weight; W72h = weight at 72 hours; WG72h = weight gain up to 72 hours after birth; WW = weaning weight; WGw = weight gain from birth to weaning; MR = mortality rate.	Birth weight
	Very light	Light	Medium	Heavy
BiW (g)	891 ± 15^d	1204 ± 7^c	1440 ± 6^b	1775 ± 16^a
W24h (g)	944 ± 18^d	1277 ± 14^c	1531 ± 9^b	1843 ± 18^a
WG_24h (g)	52 ± 6^b	73 ± 11^ab	90 ± 8^a	70 ± 9^ab
CI (g)	224 ± 8^b	269 ± 13^b	312 ± 10^a	310 ± 12^a
CI_BW (% BW)	25.10 ± 0.83	22.27 ± 1.03	21.74 ± 0.69	17.61 ± 0.68
W72h (g)	1197 ± 23^d	1584 ± 22^c	1878 ± 18^b	2234 ± 23^a
WG_72h (g)	288 ± 13^c	378 ± 19^b	438 ± 17^a	457 ± 17^a
WW (g)	4413 ± 135^d	5158 ± 120^c	6070 ± 104^b	6719 ± 131^a
WG_W (g)	3494 ± 130^c	3951 ± 119^b	4631 ± 103^a	4940 ± 131^a
MR (%)^* * Analysed by the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test, with p = 0.1931. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the same row differed by the Tukey-Kramer test (p <0.05).	8.33 ± 2.67	7.69 ± 3.04	1.96 ± 1.38	5.00 ± 2.19

Variable^I I CIBW = colostrum intake relative to body weight.	Birth weight	Uniformization^II II UNIF = uniformization between different litters; BIOM = permanence with the biological mothers. Uppercase letters in the same row and lowercase letters in the same column indicate the comparison of means by Tukey-Kramer test (p <0.05).
	Birth weight	UNIF	BIOM
CI_BW (% BW)	Very light	27.48 ± 1.05^Aa	23.01 ± 1.19^Ba
	Light	21.50 ± 1.34^Ab	23.05 ± 1.57^Aa
	Medium	21.06 ± 0.89^Ab	22.39 ± 1.06^Aa
	Heavy	18.73 ± 0.97^Ab	16.82 ± 0.93^Ab

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[1] *Correspondent - cristinahideshima@gmail.com