Good practices in the rearing and maintenance of zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) in Brazilian laboratories

Kütter, Mateus Tavares; Barcellos, Leonardo José Gil; Boyle, Robert Tew; Marins, Luis Fernando; Silveira, Tony

doi:10.1590/1809-6891v24e-74134E

Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Brasil

Ciência Animal Brasileira

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Brasil

Español English

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Veterinary Medicine / Review • Ciênc. anim. bras. 24 • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-6891v24e-74134E copy

Good practices in the rearing and maintenance of zebrafish (Danio rerio) in Brazilian laboratories

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) is a management quality control system that encompasses the organizational process and conditions under which non-clinical health and environmental studies are carried out. According to the World Health Organization, GLP must contain five topics: resources, characterization, rules, results, and quality control. This work aims to address a review according to WHO standards of implementing Good Laboratory Practices in zebrafish (Danio rerio) vivariums. Considering that the promotion of one health (animal, human, and environmental) associated with an education plan, protocols, and records are fundamental to guarantee the safety and integrity of employees, animals, and the environment as well as reliability in the results generated. In a way, Brazil still needs improvements related to the well-being of aquatic organisms (national laws, international agreements, corporate programs, and others), especially concerning its use in research and technological development. In this way, the implementation of GLPs provides valuable guidance for improving animal welfare and worker safety, facilitating the standardization of research.

Keywords
Danio rerio ; standardization; welfare; regulatory guidelines; legislation

Graphical abstract

Good practices in the rearing and maintenance of zebrafish (Danio rerio) in Brazilian laboratories

Stoking density	Reference
*Adults*
In large-scale recirculating systems, families of sibling adult fish are kept in serial tanks at densities of 5 fish/L	¹⁴14 Brand M, Granato M, Nüsslein-Volhard C. Keeping and raising zebrafish. In: Dahm R and Nüsslein-Volhard C. Zebrafish: A Practical Approach. London: IRL Press; 2002. p. 7-37.
Maintenance: 5 fish/L	¹⁵15 Matthews M, Trevarrow B, Matthews J. A virtual tour of the Guide for zebrafish users. Lab Animal. 2002;31(3):34-40.
Reproduction, a couple overnight in 1.5 L, or 6 fish in 2.3 L
Recirculation system with biofilter, with regular water exchange, good diet and water quality: 5 fish/L	⁵⁶56 Vargesson NA. Zebrafish. In: S. Barnett. Manual of Animal Technology. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2007. p. 78-84.
For reproduction purposes, it is better to have less fish per tank: 2-3 fish/L
Static tank: 1-2 fish/L
25 fish in 45 L tank	⁵⁷57 Westerfield, M. The zebrafish book. A guide for the laboratory use of zebrafish (Danio rerio). 4th ed. Eugene: University of Oregon Press; 2000.
Reproduction in static tank: 2-8 fish in 2 L tank	⁵⁸58 Lawrence C. Advances in Zebrafish Husbandry and Management. In: Detrich III HW, Westerfield M, Zon LI. Methods in Cell Biology. Vol 104. Oxford: Academic Press; 2011. p. 430-452.
6-7 fish/L	⁴¹41 Avdesh A, Chen M, Martin-Iverson MT, Mondal A, Ong D, Rainey-Smith S, Taddei K, Lardelli M., Groth DM, Verdile G, Martins RN. Regular Care and Maintenance of a Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Laboratory: An Introduction. Journal of Visualized Experiments. 2012;69:e4196. https://doi.org/10.3791/4196. https://doi.org/10.3791/4196...
5 fish/L in 10 L tank	⁵⁹59 Geisler R, Borel N, Ferg M, Maier JV, Strähle U. Maintenance of Zebrafish Lines at the European Zebrafish Resource Center. Zebrafish. 2016;13(S1):S19-S23. https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2015.1205. https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2015.1205...
4-10 fish/L	⁴⁷47 Aleström P, D’Angelo L, Midtlyng PJ, Schorderet DF, Schulte-Merker S, Sohm F, Warner S. Zebrafish: Housing and Husbandry Recommendations. Laboratory Animals. 2020;54(3):213-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/0023677219869037. https://doi.org/10.1177/0023677219869037...
*Juveniles*
Growing: 5 fish/L	¹⁵15 Matthews M, Trevarrow B, Matthews J. A virtual tour of the Guide for zebrafish users. Lab Animal. 2002;31(3):34-40.
*Larvae*
250 larvae 5-10 dpf/L	⁴⁷47 Aleström P, D’Angelo L, Midtlyng PJ, Schorderet DF, Schulte-Merker S, Sohm F, Warner S. Zebrafish: Housing and Husbandry Recommendations. Laboratory Animals. 2020;54(3):213-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/0023677219869037. https://doi.org/10.1177/0023677219869037...
20 larvae in 400 ml until the juvenile stage	¹⁵15 Matthews M, Trevarrow B, Matthews J. A virtual tour of the Guide for zebrafish users. Lab Animal. 2002;31(3):34-40.
*Eggs and embryos*
20 eggs/embryos in 100 ml of water	¹⁵15 Matthews M, Trevarrow B, Matthews J. A virtual tour of the Guide for zebrafish users. Lab Animal. 2002;31(3):34-40.
100 embryos in 35 ml using Petri dish of 9 cm diameter	⁴⁷47 Aleström P, D’Angelo L, Midtlyng PJ, Schorderet DF, Schulte-Merker S, Sohm F, Warner S. Zebrafish: Housing and Husbandry Recommendations. Laboratory Animals. 2020;54(3):213-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/0023677219869037. https://doi.org/10.1177/0023677219869037...

Group	Disease agent	Infection/infestation	Clinical signs	Zoonotic risk	Reference
Bacteria	Aeromonas salmonicida masoucida	Coelomic cavity	Erratic swimming; superficial swimming; tachypnea; high mortality rate	-	⁷⁶76 Borges AC, Pereira N, Franco M, Vale L, Pereira M, Cunha MV, Amaro A, Albuquerque T, Rebelo M. Implementation of a Zebrafish Health Program in a Research Facility: A 4-Year Retrospective Study. Zebrafish. 2016;13(S1):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2015.1230. https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2015.1230... ;¹⁰⁷107 Lin B, Chen S, Cao Z, Lin Y, Mo D, Zhang H, Gu J, Dong M, Liu Z, Xu A. Acute Phase Response in Zebrafish upon Aeromonas salmonicida and Staphylococcus aureus Infection: Striking Similarities and Obvious Differences with Mammals. Molecular Immunology. 2007;44(4):295-301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2006.03.001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2006.03... ;¹⁷⁵175 Igbinosa IH, Igumbor EU, Aghdasi F, Tom M, Okoh AI. Emerging Aeromonas species infections and their significance in public health. The Scientific World Journal. 2012:625023. https://doi.org/10.1100/2012/625023. https://doi.org/10.1100/2012/625023...
	Aeromonas hydrophila	Coelomic cavity	Distension and hemorrhages in the coelomic cavity	+	⁷⁶76 Borges AC, Pereira N, Franco M, Vale L, Pereira M, Cunha MV, Amaro A, Albuquerque T, Rebelo M. Implementation of a Zebrafish Health Program in a Research Facility: A 4-Year Retrospective Study. Zebrafish. 2016;13(S1):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2015.1230. https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2015.1230... ;⁹²92 Marancik D, Collins J, Afema J, Lawrence C. Exploring the Advantages and Limitations of Sampling Methods Commonly Used in Research Facilities for Zebrafish Health Inspections. Laboratory Animals. 2020;54(4):373-385. https://doi.org/10.1177/0023677219864616. https://doi.org/10.1177/0023677219864616... ;¹³⁴134 Chandrarathna HPSU, Nikapitiya C, Dananjaya SHS, Wijerathne CUB, Wimalasena SHMP, Kwun HJ, Heo GJ, Lee J, Zoysa MD. Outcome of Co-Infection with Opportunistic and Multidrug Resistant Aeromonas hydrophila and A. veronii in Zebrafish: Identification, Characterization, Pathogenicity and Immune Responses. Fish and Shellfish Immunology. 2018;80:573-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2018.06.049. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2018.06.04... ;¹⁵¹151 Rodríguez I, Novoa B, Figueras A. Immune response of zebrafish (Danio rerio) against a newly isolated bacterial pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish & Shellfish Immunology. 2008;25(3):239-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2008.05.002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2008.05.00...
	Aeromonas sobria	Coelomic cavity; skin ulcers	Petechial hemorrhages in the skin; muscle and fins; distension of coelomic cavity	+	⁷⁶76 Borges AC, Pereira N, Franco M, Vale L, Pereira M, Cunha MV, Amaro A, Albuquerque T, Rebelo M. Implementation of a Zebrafish Health Program in a Research Facility: A 4-Year Retrospective Study. Zebrafish. 2016;13(S1):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2015.1230. https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2015.1230... ;¹³³133 Hossain S, Silva BCJ, Dahanayake PS, Heo GJ. Characterization of Virulence Properties and Multi-Drug Resistance Profiles in Motile Aeromonas spp. Isolated from Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Letters in Applied Microbiology. 2018;67(6):598-605. https://doi.org/10.1111/lam.13075. https://doi.org/10.1111/lam.13075... ;¹⁵²152 Zheng F, Asim M, Lan J, Zhao L, Wei S, Chen N, Liu X, Zhou Y, Lin L. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of mannose receptor in zebra fish (Danio rerio) during infection with Aeromonas sobria. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2015;16(5):10997-11012. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms160510997. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms160510997...
	Aeromonas veronii	Multiple organs	Hemorrhages and severe injuries on the surface of the body; distension of the coelomic cavity	+	⁹²92 Marancik D, Collins J, Afema J, Lawrence C. Exploring the Advantages and Limitations of Sampling Methods Commonly Used in Research Facilities for Zebrafish Health Inspections. Laboratory Animals. 2020;54(4):373-385. https://doi.org/10.1177/0023677219864616. https://doi.org/10.1177/0023677219864616... ;¹³⁴134 Chandrarathna HPSU, Nikapitiya C, Dananjaya SHS, Wijerathne CUB, Wimalasena SHMP, Kwun HJ, Heo GJ, Lee J, Zoysa MD. Outcome of Co-Infection with Opportunistic and Multidrug Resistant Aeromonas hydrophila and A. veronii in Zebrafish: Identification, Characterization, Pathogenicity and Immune Responses. Fish and Shellfish Immunology. 2018;80:573-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2018.06.049. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2018.06.04...
	Staphilococcus aureus	Multiple organs	Distension of the coelomic cavity; perianal edema; growth of the initial lesion that served as a gateway for infection; superficial swimming; tachypnea; high mortality rates	+	¹⁰⁷107 Lin B, Chen S, Cao Z, Lin Y, Mo D, Zhang H, Gu J, Dong M, Liu Z, Xu A. Acute Phase Response in Zebrafish upon Aeromonas salmonicida and Staphylococcus aureus Infection: Striking Similarities and Obvious Differences with Mammals. Molecular Immunology. 2007;44(4):295-301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2006.03.001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2006.03...
	Plesiomonas shigelloides	Coelomic cavity	Erratic swimming; lesions on the body surface; exophthalmy	+	⁷⁶76 Borges AC, Pereira N, Franco M, Vale L, Pereira M, Cunha MV, Amaro A, Albuquerque T, Rebelo M. Implementation of a Zebrafish Health Program in a Research Facility: A 4-Year Retrospective Study. Zebrafish. 2016;13(S1):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2015.1230. https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2015.1230... ;⁹²92 Marancik D, Collins J, Afema J, Lawrence C. Exploring the Advantages and Limitations of Sampling Methods Commonly Used in Research Facilities for Zebrafish Health Inspections. Laboratory Animals. 2020;54(4):373-385. https://doi.org/10.1177/0023677219864616. https://doi.org/10.1177/0023677219864616...
	Pseudomonas spp.	Multiple organs	Septicemia with distension of the coelomic cavity; skin ulcers; dyspnoea; mortality	+	⁹²92 Marancik D, Collins J, Afema J, Lawrence C. Exploring the Advantages and Limitations of Sampling Methods Commonly Used in Research Facilities for Zebrafish Health Inspections. Laboratory Animals. 2020;54(4):373-385. https://doi.org/10.1177/0023677219864616. https://doi.org/10.1177/0023677219864616... ;¹⁵³153 Hawke JP, Kent M, Rogge M, Baumgartner W, Wiles J, Shelley J, Savolainen LC, Wagner R, Murray K, Peterson TS. Edwardsiellosis caused by Edwardsiella ictaluri in laboratory populations of Zebrafish Danio rerio. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health. 2013;25(3):171-83. https://doi.org/10.1080/08997659.2013.782226. https://doi.org/10.1080/08997659.2013.78...
	Pseudomonas fluorescens	Skin ulcers	Septicemia with distension of the coelomic cavity; skin ulcers; dyspnoea; death	+ (rare)	⁷⁶76 Borges AC, Pereira N, Franco M, Vale L, Pereira M, Cunha MV, Amaro A, Albuquerque T, Rebelo M. Implementation of a Zebrafish Health Program in a Research Facility: A 4-Year Retrospective Study. Zebrafish. 2016;13(S1):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2015.1230. https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2015.1230... ;¹⁵³153 Hawke JP, Kent M, Rogge M, Baumgartner W, Wiles J, Shelley J, Savolainen LC, Wagner R, Murray K, Peterson TS. Edwardsiellosis caused by Edwardsiella ictaluri in laboratory populations of Zebrafish Danio rerio. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health. 2013;25(3):171-83. https://doi.org/10.1080/08997659.2013.782226. https://doi.org/10.1080/08997659.2013.78... ;¹⁵⁴154 Scales BS, Dickson RP, Lipuma JJ, Huffnagle GB. Microbiology, genomics, and clinical significance of the Pseudomonas fluorescens species complex, an unappreciated colonizer of humans. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 2014; 27(4):927-48. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00044-14. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00044-14...
	Shewanella putrefaciens	Coelomic cavity; skin ulcers	Skin ulcers	+	⁷⁶76 Borges AC, Pereira N, Franco M, Vale L, Pereira M, Cunha MV, Amaro A, Albuquerque T, Rebelo M. Implementation of a Zebrafish Health Program in a Research Facility: A 4-Year Retrospective Study. Zebrafish. 2016;13(S1):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2015.1230. https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2015.1230...
	Vibrio alginolyticus	Skin	Skin ulcers	+	⁷⁶76 Borges AC, Pereira N, Franco M, Vale L, Pereira M, Cunha MV, Amaro A, Albuquerque T, Rebelo M. Implementation of a Zebrafish Health Program in a Research Facility: A 4-Year Retrospective Study. Zebrafish. 2016;13(S1):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2015.1230. https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2015.1230...
	Vibrio metschnikovii	Coelomic cavity; skin	Skin ulcers	+	⁷⁶76 Borges AC, Pereira N, Franco M, Vale L, Pereira M, Cunha MV, Amaro A, Albuquerque T, Rebelo M. Implementation of a Zebrafish Health Program in a Research Facility: A 4-Year Retrospective Study. Zebrafish. 2016;13(S1):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2015.1230. https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2015.1230...
	Vibrio parahaemolyticus	Coelomic cavity; swim bladder	Spinal curvature; internal hemorrhages with distension of the coelomic cavity	+	⁷⁶76 Borges AC, Pereira N, Franco M, Vale L, Pereira M, Cunha MV, Amaro A, Albuquerque T, Rebelo M. Implementation of a Zebrafish Health Program in a Research Facility: A 4-Year Retrospective Study. Zebrafish. 2016;13(S1):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2015.1230. https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2015.1230... ;¹⁴⁵145 Zhang Q, Dong X, Chen B, Zhang Y, Zu Y, Li W. Zebrafish as a Useful Model for Zoonotic Vibrio parahaemolyticus Pathogenicity in Fish and Human. Developmental and Comparative Immunology. 2016;55:159-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dci.2015.10.021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dci.2015.10.02...
	Vibrio cholerae	Intestine	Pale feces; diarrhea; lethargy; weight loss; aquarium water becomes cloudy over the course of the infection as a result of mucus increase in the feces	+	¹⁰⁹109 Runft DL, Mitchell KC, Abuaita BH, Allen JP, Bajer S, Ginsburg K, Neely MN, Withey JH. Zebrafish as a Natural Host Model for Vibrio cholerae Colonization and Transmission. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2014;80(5):1710-1717. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.03580-13. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.03580-13... ;¹¹⁰110 Mitchell, KC, Breen P, Britton S, Neely MN, Withey JH. Quantifying Vibrio cholerae Enterotoxicity in a Zebrafish Infection Model. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2017;83(16):e00783-17. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00783-17. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00783-17...
	Vibrio vulnificus	Coelomic cavity	Distension of coelomic cavity with hemorrhage septicemia	+	⁷⁶76 Borges AC, Pereira N, Franco M, Vale L, Pereira M, Cunha MV, Amaro A, Albuquerque T, Rebelo M. Implementation of a Zebrafish Health Program in a Research Facility: A 4-Year Retrospective Study. Zebrafish. 2016;13(S1):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2015.1230. https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2015.1230... ;¹⁷⁶176 Li S, Jiang C, Chen H, Zhang L, Ke L, Chen X, Lin C. Pre-injection of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) tnfb Polyclonal Antibody Decreases the Mortality of Vibrio vulnificus Infected Zebrafish. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2021;8:article 741242,1-9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.741242. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.74124...
	Edwardsiella ictaluri	Multiple organs; skin	Hemorrhages on body surface near eyes, operculum, fin base and ventral surface; skin ulcers	-	¹⁰⁴104 Kent ML, Sanders JL, Spagnoli S, Al-Samarrie CE, Murray KN. Review of Diseases and Health Management in Zebrafish Danio rerio (Hamilton 1822) in Research Facilities. Journal of Fish Diseases. 2020;43(6):637-650. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.13165. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.13165... ;¹⁵³153 Hawke JP, Kent M, Rogge M, Baumgartner W, Wiles J, Shelley J, Savolainen LC, Wagner R, Murray K, Peterson TS. Edwardsiellosis caused by Edwardsiella ictaluri in laboratory populations of Zebrafish Danio rerio. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health. 2013;25(3):171-83. https://doi.org/10.1080/08997659.2013.782226. https://doi.org/10.1080/08997659.2013.78...
	Edwardsiella tarda	Multiple organs	Mortality of embryos and larvae up to 8 dpf; embryos and larvae show whitish color and lethargy; high mortality rates in adults; petechial hemorrhages; discoloration of the initial injury that served as a gateway for infection; lethargy; superficial swimming; distention of the coelomic cavity; perianal edema	+	¹⁰⁶106 Pressley ME, Phelan PE, Witten PE, Mellon MT, Kim CH. Pathogenesis and Inflammatory Response to Edwardsiella tarda Infection in the Zebrafish. Developmental and Comparative Immunology. 2005;29(6):501-513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dci.2004.10.007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dci.2004.10.00...
	Flavobacterium columnare	Skin; gills	Loss of pigmentation and scale near dorsal fin (saddleback lesion); high mortality	-	¹⁵⁵155 Moyer TR, Hunnicutt DW. Susceptibility of zebra fish Danio rerio to infection by Flavobacterium columnare and F. johnsoniae. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 2007;76:39-44. https://doi.org/10.3354/DAO076039. https://doi.org/10.3354/DAO076039...
	Mycobacterium abscessus	Multiple organs	Subclinical signs; low mortality; illness/death when in a stressful environment with poor water quality	+	⁸⁶86 Collymore C, Crim MJ, Lieggi C. Recommendations for Health Monitoring and Reporting for Zebrafish Research Facilities. Zebrafish. 2016;13(S1):S138-S148. https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2015.1210. https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2015.1210... ;⁹²92 Marancik D, Collins J, Afema J, Lawrence C. Exploring the Advantages and Limitations of Sampling Methods Commonly Used in Research Facilities for Zebrafish Health Inspections. Laboratory Animals. 2020;54(4):373-385. https://doi.org/10.1177/0023677219864616. https://doi.org/10.1177/0023677219864616... ;¹⁰³103 Esmail MY, Astrofsky KM, Lawrence C, Serluca FC. The Biology and Management of the Zebrafish. In: Fox JG, Anderson LC, Otto GM, Pritchett-Corning KR, Whary MT. Laboratory Animal Medicine. 3rd ed. London: Academic Press - Elsevier Inc.; 2015. p.1015-1062. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409527-4.00020-1. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409527... ;¹⁵⁶156 Fogelson SB, Camus AC, Walter Lorenz W, Vasireddy R, Vasireddy S, Smith T, Brown-Elliott BA, Wallace Jr RJ, Hasan NA, Reischl U, Sanchez S. Variation among human, veterinary and environmental Mycobacterium chelonae-abscessus complex isolates observed using core genome phylogenomic analysis, targeted gene comparison, and anti-microbial susceptibility patterns. PLoS One. 2019;14(3):e0214274. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214274. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.021...
	Mycobacterium chelonae	Multiple organs	Subclinical signs; low mortality; illness/death when in a stressful environment with poor water quality	+	⁹²92 Marancik D, Collins J, Afema J, Lawrence C. Exploring the Advantages and Limitations of Sampling Methods Commonly Used in Research Facilities for Zebrafish Health Inspections. Laboratory Animals. 2020;54(4):373-385. https://doi.org/10.1177/0023677219864616. https://doi.org/10.1177/0023677219864616... ;¹⁰³103 Esmail MY, Astrofsky KM, Lawrence C, Serluca FC. The Biology and Management of the Zebrafish. In: Fox JG, Anderson LC, Otto GM, Pritchett-Corning KR, Whary MT. Laboratory Animal Medicine. 3rd ed. London: Academic Press - Elsevier Inc.; 2015. p.1015-1062. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409527-4.00020-1. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409527... ;¹⁰⁴104 Kent ML, Sanders JL, Spagnoli S, Al-Samarrie CE, Murray KN. Review of Diseases and Health Management in Zebrafish Danio rerio (Hamilton 1822) in Research Facilities. Journal of Fish Diseases. 2020;43(6):637-650. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.13165. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.13165... ;¹⁵⁶156 Fogelson SB, Camus AC, Walter Lorenz W, Vasireddy R, Vasireddy S, Smith T, Brown-Elliott BA, Wallace Jr RJ, Hasan NA, Reischl U, Sanchez S. Variation among human, veterinary and environmental Mycobacterium chelonae-abscessus complex isolates observed using core genome phylogenomic analysis, targeted gene comparison, and anti-microbial susceptibility patterns. PLoS One. 2019;14(3):e0214274. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214274. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.021... ;¹⁵⁷157 Shah MK, Sebti A, Kiehn TE, Massarella SA, Sepkowitz KA. Mycobacterium haemophilum in Immuno compromised Patients. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2001;33(3):330-337. https://doi.org/10.1086/321894https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/33/3/330/277298. https://doi.org/10.1086/321894https://ac... ;¹⁵⁸158 Crim MJ, Lawrence C, Livingston RS, Rakitin A, Hurley SJ, Riley LK. Comparison of antemortem and environmental samples for zebrafish health monitoring and quarantine. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science. 2017;56(4):412-424. PMCID: PMC5517331.
	Mycobacterium fortuitum	Multiple organs	Subclinical signs; low mortality; illness/death when in a stressful environment with poor water quality	+	⁸⁶86 Collymore C, Crim MJ, Lieggi C. Recommendations for Health Monitoring and Reporting for Zebrafish Research Facilities. Zebrafish. 2016;13(S1):S138-S148. https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2015.1210. https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2015.1210... ;⁹²92 Marancik D, Collins J, Afema J, Lawrence C. Exploring the Advantages and Limitations of Sampling Methods Commonly Used in Research Facilities for Zebrafish Health Inspections. Laboratory Animals. 2020;54(4):373-385. https://doi.org/10.1177/0023677219864616. https://doi.org/10.1177/0023677219864616... ;¹⁰³103 Esmail MY, Astrofsky KM, Lawrence C, Serluca FC. The Biology and Management of the Zebrafish. In: Fox JG, Anderson LC, Otto GM, Pritchett-Corning KR, Whary MT. Laboratory Animal Medicine. 3rd ed. London: Academic Press - Elsevier Inc.; 2015. p.1015-1062. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409527-4.00020-1. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409527... ;¹⁵⁶156 Fogelson SB, Camus AC, Walter Lorenz W, Vasireddy R, Vasireddy S, Smith T, Brown-Elliott BA, Wallace Jr RJ, Hasan NA, Reischl U, Sanchez S. Variation among human, veterinary and environmental Mycobacterium chelonae-abscessus complex isolates observed using core genome phylogenomic analysis, targeted gene comparison, and anti-microbial susceptibility patterns. PLoS One. 2019;14(3):e0214274. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214274. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.021... ;¹⁵⁸158 Crim MJ, Lawrence C, Livingston RS, Rakitin A, Hurley SJ, Riley LK. Comparison of antemortem and environmental samples for zebrafish health monitoring and quarantine. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science. 2017;56(4):412-424. PMCID: PMC5517331.
	Mycobacterium peregrinum	Multiple organs	Subclinical signs; low mortality; illness/death when in a stressful environment with poor water quality	-	⁸⁶86 Collymore C, Crim MJ, Lieggi C. Recommendations for Health Monitoring and Reporting for Zebrafish Research Facilities. Zebrafish. 2016;13(S1):S138-S148. https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2015.1210. https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2015.1210... ;¹⁰³103 Esmail MY, Astrofsky KM, Lawrence C, Serluca FC. The Biology and Management of the Zebrafish. In: Fox JG, Anderson LC, Otto GM, Pritchett-Corning KR, Whary MT. Laboratory Animal Medicine. 3rd ed. London: Academic Press - Elsevier Inc.; 2015. p.1015-1062. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409527-4.00020-1. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409527... ;¹⁵⁸158 Crim MJ, Lawrence C, Livingston RS, Rakitin A, Hurley SJ, Riley LK. Comparison of antemortem and environmental samples for zebrafish health monitoring and quarantine. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science. 2017;56(4):412-424. PMCID: PMC5517331.
	Mycobacterium haemophilum	Multiple organs	Lethargy; severe wasting; outbreaks with high mortality; muscular and skeletal deformities	+	⁸⁶86 Collymore C, Crim MJ, Lieggi C. Recommendations for Health Monitoring and Reporting for Zebrafish Research Facilities. Zebrafish. 2016;13(S1):S138-S148. https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2015.1210. https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2015.1210... ;⁹²92 Marancik D, Collins J, Afema J, Lawrence C. Exploring the Advantages and Limitations of Sampling Methods Commonly Used in Research Facilities for Zebrafish Health Inspections. Laboratory Animals. 2020;54(4):373-385. https://doi.org/10.1177/0023677219864616. https://doi.org/10.1177/0023677219864616... ;¹⁰³103 Esmail MY, Astrofsky KM, Lawrence C, Serluca FC. The Biology and Management of the Zebrafish. In: Fox JG, Anderson LC, Otto GM, Pritchett-Corning KR, Whary MT. Laboratory Animal Medicine. 3rd ed. London: Academic Press - Elsevier Inc.; 2015. p.1015-1062. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409527-4.00020-1. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409527... ;¹⁰⁴104 Kent ML, Sanders JL, Spagnoli S, Al-Samarrie CE, Murray KN. Review of Diseases and Health Management in Zebrafish Danio rerio (Hamilton 1822) in Research Facilities. Journal of Fish Diseases. 2020;43(6):637-650. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.13165. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.13165... ;¹⁵⁷157 Shah MK, Sebti A, Kiehn TE, Massarella SA, Sepkowitz KA. Mycobacterium haemophilum in Immuno compromised Patients. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2001;33(3):330-337. https://doi.org/10.1086/321894https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/33/3/330/277298. https://doi.org/10.1086/321894https://ac...
	Mycobacterium marinum	Multiple organs	Distension of the coelomic cavity; outbreaks with high mortality; muscle and skeletal deformities	+	⁸⁶86 Collymore C, Crim MJ, Lieggi C. Recommendations for Health Monitoring and Reporting for Zebrafish Research Facilities. Zebrafish. 2016;13(S1):S138-S148. https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2015.1210. https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2015.1210... ;⁹²92 Marancik D, Collins J, Afema J, Lawrence C. Exploring the Advantages and Limitations of Sampling Methods Commonly Used in Research Facilities for Zebrafish Health Inspections. Laboratory Animals. 2020;54(4):373-385. https://doi.org/10.1177/0023677219864616. https://doi.org/10.1177/0023677219864616... ;¹⁰³103 Esmail MY, Astrofsky KM, Lawrence C, Serluca FC. The Biology and Management of the Zebrafish. In: Fox JG, Anderson LC, Otto GM, Pritchett-Corning KR, Whary MT. Laboratory Animal Medicine. 3rd ed. London: Academic Press - Elsevier Inc.; 2015. p.1015-1062. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409527-4.00020-1. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409527... ;¹⁰⁴104 Kent ML, Sanders JL, Spagnoli S, Al-Samarrie CE, Murray KN. Review of Diseases and Health Management in Zebrafish Danio rerio (Hamilton 1822) in Research Facilities. Journal of Fish Diseases. 2020;43(6):637-650. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.13165. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.13165...
	Mycobacterium saopaulense	Multiple organs	Signs not reported in the bibliography	+	⁸⁶86 Collymore C, Crim MJ, Lieggi C. Recommendations for Health Monitoring and Reporting for Zebrafish Research Facilities. Zebrafish. 2016;13(S1):S138-S148. https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2015.1210. https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2015.1210... ;¹⁵⁶156 Fogelson SB, Camus AC, Walter Lorenz W, Vasireddy R, Vasireddy S, Smith T, Brown-Elliott BA, Wallace Jr RJ, Hasan NA, Reischl U, Sanchez S. Variation among human, veterinary and environmental Mycobacterium chelonae-abscessus complex isolates observed using core genome phylogenomic analysis, targeted gene comparison, and anti-microbial susceptibility patterns. PLoS One. 2019;14(3):e0214274. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214274. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.021...
Ciliate	Coleps sp.	Whole body of embryos and larvae	Embryos and larvae up to ~7 dpf are preyed; low hatching rates and high mortality rates in larviculture	-	¹⁵⁹159 Cosma CL, Swaim LE, Volkman H, Ramakrishnan L, Davis JM. Zebrafish and frog models of Mycobacterium marinum infection. Current Protocols in Microbiology. 2006;10B.2(Supplement3):10B.2.1-10B.2.33. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471729256.mc10b02s3. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471729256.mc10b... ;¹⁶⁰160 Linbo TL. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) husbandry and colony maintenance at the Northwest Fisheries Science Center. U.S. Dept. Commer., NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-NWFSC-100; 2009. 62p. https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/3645. https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view...
	Ichthyophthirius multifiliis	Body surface; gills	Whitish nodules on the surface of the skin and gills; increased mucus production; dyspnoea; loss of balance; anorexia; lethargy; death	-	¹⁶¹161 Casebolt DB, Speare DJ, Horney BS. Care and Use of Fish as Laboratory Animals: Current State of Knowledge. Laboratory Animal Science. 1998;48(2):124-36. PMID: 10090003.;¹⁶²162 Jørgensen LG. Infection and immunity against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Fish & Shellfish Immunology. 2016;1(57):335-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2016.08.042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2016.08.04... ;¹⁶³163 Alavinia SJ, Mirzargar SS, Rahmati-Holasoo H, Mousavi HE. The in vitro and in vivo effect of tannic acid on Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in zebrafish (Danio rerio) to treat ichthyophthiriasis. Jounal of Fish Diseases. 2018;41(12):1793-1802. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.12886. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.12886...
	Tetrahymena sp.	Whole body of larvae	~30 days old larvae are preyed on by the ciliate; mass mortality of larvae	-	¹⁶⁴164 Astrofsky KM, Schech JM, Sheppard BJ, Obenschain CA, Chin AM, Kacergis MC, Laver ER, Bartholomew JL, Fox JG. High Mortality Due to Tetrahymena sp. Infection in Laboratory-Maintained Zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio). Comparative Medicine. 2002;52(4):363-367. PMID: 12211282.
	Trichodina spp.	Body surface; gills	Dermatitis and dyspnoea with gill inflammation; usually outbreaks related to increased water temperature	-	⁸⁶86 Collymore C, Crim MJ, Lieggi C. Recommendations for Health Monitoring and Reporting for Zebrafish Research Facilities. Zebrafish. 2016;13(S1):S138-S148. https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2015.1210. https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2015.1210... ;¹⁶¹161 Casebolt DB, Speare DJ, Horney BS. Care and Use of Fish as Laboratory Animals: Current State of Knowledge. Laboratory Animal Science. 1998;48(2):124-36. PMID: 10090003.
Dinoflagellate	Piscinoodinium pillulare	Body surface; gills	Skin with a "velvety" appearance; skin discomfort/itching, represented by animals rubbing against objects or the walls of the aquarium; excess skin mucus; lethargy; dyspnoea; superficial swimming; skin darkening; petechial hemorrhages; outbreaks with high lethality	-	⁸⁸88 Kent ML, Sanders JL. Important Parasites of Zebrafish in Research Facilities. In: Cartner SC, Eisen JS, Farmer SC, Guillemin KJ, Kent ML, Sanders GE. The Zebrafish in Biomedical Research - Biology, Husbandry, Diseases, and Research Applications [Internet]. 1st ed. London: Elsevier Academic Press; 2020. p. 479-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812431-4.00040-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-8124...
Oomycete	Saprolegnia brachydanis	Body surface; gills	Growth of thin white filamentous hyphae that accumulate on the surface of the body and on the gills forming a cotton-like mass	-	⁸⁶86 Collymore C, Crim MJ, Lieggi C. Recommendations for Health Monitoring and Reporting for Zebrafish Research Facilities. Zebrafish. 2016;13(S1):S138-S148. https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2015.1210. https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2015.1210... ;¹⁰³103 Esmail MY, Astrofsky KM, Lawrence C, Serluca FC. The Biology and Management of the Zebrafish. In: Fox JG, Anderson LC, Otto GM, Pritchett-Corning KR, Whary MT. Laboratory Animal Medicine. 3rd ed. London: Academic Press - Elsevier Inc.; 2015. p.1015-1062. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409527-4.00020-1. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409527...
Oomycete	Saprolegnia ferax	Body surface; gills	Idem S. brachydanis	-	⁸⁶86 Collymore C, Crim MJ, Lieggi C. Recommendations for Health Monitoring and Reporting for Zebrafish Research Facilities. Zebrafish. 2016;13(S1):S138-S148. https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2015.1210. https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2015.1210... ;¹⁰³103 Esmail MY, Astrofsky KM, Lawrence C, Serluca FC. The Biology and Management of the Zebrafish. In: Fox JG, Anderson LC, Otto GM, Pritchett-Corning KR, Whary MT. Laboratory Animal Medicine. 3rd ed. London: Academic Press - Elsevier Inc.; 2015. p.1015-1062. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409527-4.00020-1. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409527...
Myxozoa	Myxidium streisingeri	Mesonephric ducts; kidney lumen	Subclinical condition	-	⁸⁸88 Kent ML, Sanders JL. Important Parasites of Zebrafish in Research Facilities. In: Cartner SC, Eisen JS, Farmer SC, Guillemin KJ, Kent ML, Sanders GE. The Zebrafish in Biomedical Research - Biology, Husbandry, Diseases, and Research Applications [Internet]. 1st ed. London: Elsevier Academic Press; 2020. p. 479-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812431-4.00040-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-8124... ;¹⁰⁴104 Kent ML, Sanders JL, Spagnoli S, Al-Samarrie CE, Murray KN. Review of Diseases and Health Management in Zebrafish Danio rerio (Hamilton 1822) in Research Facilities. Journal of Fish Diseases. 2020;43(6):637-650. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.13165. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.13165... ;¹⁶⁵165 Whipps CM, Murray KN, Kent ML. Occurrence of a myxozoan parasite Myxidium streisingeri n. sp. in laboratory zebrafish Danio rerio. Journal of Parasitology. 2015;101(1):86-90. https://doi.org/10.1645/14-613.1. https://doi.org/10.1645/14-613.1...
Microsporidia	Pleistophora hyphessobryconis	Primarily in skeletal muscle but also in kidney; spleen; intestine; and ovary	Muscle necrosis and deformation, emaciation, lethargy; predominant subclinical conditions	-	⁸⁶86 Collymore C, Crim MJ, Lieggi C. Recommendations for Health Monitoring and Reporting for Zebrafish Research Facilities. Zebrafish. 2016;13(S1):S138-S148. https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2015.1210. https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2015.1210... ;⁸⁸88 Kent ML, Sanders JL. Important Parasites of Zebrafish in Research Facilities. In: Cartner SC, Eisen JS, Farmer SC, Guillemin KJ, Kent ML, Sanders GE. The Zebrafish in Biomedical Research - Biology, Husbandry, Diseases, and Research Applications [Internet]. 1st ed. London: Elsevier Academic Press; 2020. p. 479-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812431-4.00040-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-8124... ;¹⁰³103 Esmail MY, Astrofsky KM, Lawrence C, Serluca FC. The Biology and Management of the Zebrafish. In: Fox JG, Anderson LC, Otto GM, Pritchett-Corning KR, Whary MT. Laboratory Animal Medicine. 3rd ed. London: Academic Press - Elsevier Inc.; 2015. p.1015-1062. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409527-4.00020-1. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409527...
Microsporidia	Pseudoloma neurophilia	Generally nerves; spinal cord; and hindbrain, but also in skeletal muscle; esophagus; kidney; and ovary	Emaciation; lordosis; scoliosis; muscle necrosis; reduced growth; reproductive deficit; predominant subclinical conditions; wasting unrelated to anorexia; stress-related illness	-	⁸⁶86 Collymore C, Crim MJ, Lieggi C. Recommendations for Health Monitoring and Reporting for Zebrafish Research Facilities. Zebrafish. 2016;13(S1):S138-S148. https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2015.1210. https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2015.1210... ;⁹²92 Marancik D, Collins J, Afema J, Lawrence C. Exploring the Advantages and Limitations of Sampling Methods Commonly Used in Research Facilities for Zebrafish Health Inspections. Laboratory Animals. 2020;54(4):373-385. https://doi.org/10.1177/0023677219864616. https://doi.org/10.1177/0023677219864616... ;¹⁰³103 Esmail MY, Astrofsky KM, Lawrence C, Serluca FC. The Biology and Management of the Zebrafish. In: Fox JG, Anderson LC, Otto GM, Pritchett-Corning KR, Whary MT. Laboratory Animal Medicine. 3rd ed. London: Academic Press - Elsevier Inc.; 2015. p.1015-1062. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409527-4.00020-1. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409527... ;¹⁰⁴104 Kent ML, Sanders JL, Spagnoli S, Al-Samarrie CE, Murray KN. Review of Diseases and Health Management in Zebrafish Danio rerio (Hamilton 1822) in Research Facilities. Journal of Fish Diseases. 2020;43(6):637-650. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.13165. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.13165... ;¹⁵⁸158 Crim MJ, Lawrence C, Livingston RS, Rakitin A, Hurley SJ, Riley LK. Comparison of antemortem and environmental samples for zebrafish health monitoring and quarantine. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science. 2017;56(4):412-424. PMCID: PMC5517331.;¹⁶⁶166 Sanders JL, Peterson TS, Kent ML. Early Development and Tissue Distribution of Pseudoloma neurophilia in the Zebrafish, Danio rerio. The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 2014;61(3):238-46. https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12101. https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12101... ;¹⁶⁷167 Caballero-Huertas M, Soto M, Ribas L. Reviewing Pseudoloma neurophilia infections in the popular zebrafish model. Reviews in Aquaculture. 2021;13(4):1816-27. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12545. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12545...
Monogenea	Gyrodactylus spp.	Body surface; gills	Dermatitis and dyspnoea with gill inflammation; usually outbreaks related to increased water temperature	-	¹⁶¹161 Casebolt DB, Speare DJ, Horney BS. Care and Use of Fish as Laboratory Animals: Current State of Knowledge. Laboratory Animal Science. 1998;48(2):124-36. PMID: 10090003.
Digenea	Clinostomum sp.	Muscles	Twisted swimming; lateral curvature of the spine; yellowish lumps under the skin	+	⁸⁹89 Silveira T, Kütter MT, Martins CMG, Marins LF, Boyle RT, Campos VF, Remião MH. First record of Clinostomum sp. (Digenea: Clinostomidae) in Danio rerio (Actinopterygii: Cyprinidae) and the implication of using zebrafish from pet stores on research. Zebrafish. 2021;18(2):139-148. https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2020.1950. https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2020.1950...
	Transversotrema patialense	Skin	Subclinical condition; local lesions at the parasite's adhesion points were found only in experimental infections	-	⁸⁸88 Kent ML, Sanders JL. Important Parasites of Zebrafish in Research Facilities. In: Cartner SC, Eisen JS, Farmer SC, Guillemin KJ, Kent ML, Sanders GE. The Zebrafish in Biomedical Research - Biology, Husbandry, Diseases, and Research Applications [Internet]. 1st ed. London: Elsevier Academic Press; 2020. p. 479-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812431-4.00040-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-8124...
	Centrocestus formosanus	Gills	Respiratory abnormalities; subclinical condition	+	¹²⁵125 Pace A, Dipineto L, Aceto S, Censullo MC, Valoroso MC, Varriale L, Rinaldi L, Menna LF, Fioretti A, Borrelli L. Diagnosis of Centrocestus formosanus Infection in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) in Italy: A Window to a New Globalization-Derived Invasive Microorganism. Animals. 2020;10(3):456. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10030456. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10030456... ;¹⁶⁸168 Ortega C, Fajardo R, Enríquez R. Trematode Centrocestus formosanus infection and distribution in ornamental fishes in Mexico. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health. 2009;21(1):18-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/H07-022.1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/H07-022.1... ;¹⁶⁹169 Wanlop A, Wongsawad C, Prattapong P, Wongsawad P, Chontananarth T, Chai JY. Prevalence of Centrocestus formosanus metacercariae in ornamental fish from Chiang Mai, Thailand, with molecular approach using ITS2. Korean Journal of Parasitology. 2017;55(4):445-449. https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.4.445. https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.4.44... ;¹⁷⁰170 Iaria C, Migliore S, Macri D, Bivona M, Capparucci F, Gaglio G, Marino F. Evidence of Centrocestus formosanus (Nishigori, 1924) in Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Zebrafish. 2019;16(6):522-526. https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2019.1744. https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2019.1744...
Nematode	Pseudocapillaria tomentosa	Intestine	Emaciation; lumps in the belly	-	⁹²92 Marancik D, Collins J, Afema J, Lawrence C. Exploring the Advantages and Limitations of Sampling Methods Commonly Used in Research Facilities for Zebrafish Health Inspections. Laboratory Animals. 2020;54(4):373-385. https://doi.org/10.1177/0023677219864616. https://doi.org/10.1177/0023677219864616... ;¹⁰⁴104 Kent ML, Sanders JL, Spagnoli S, Al-Samarrie CE, Murray KN. Review of Diseases and Health Management in Zebrafish Danio rerio (Hamilton 1822) in Research Facilities. Journal of Fish Diseases. 2020;43(6):637-650. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.13165. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.13165... ;¹⁵⁸158 Crim MJ, Lawrence C, Livingston RS, Rakitin A, Hurley SJ, Riley LK. Comparison of antemortem and environmental samples for zebrafish health monitoring and quarantine. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science. 2017;56(4):412-424. PMCID: PMC5517331.;¹⁷¹171 Kent ML, Bishop-Stewart JK, Matthews JL, Spitsbergen JM. Pseudocapillaria tomentosa, a nematode pathogen, and associated neoplasms of zebrafish (Danio rerio) kept in research colonies. Comparative Medicine. 2002;52(4):354-358. PMID: 12211280.;¹⁷²172 Maley D, Laird AS, Rinkwitz S, Becker TS. A simple and efficient protocol for the treatment of zebrafish colonies infected with parasitic nematodes. Zebrafish. 2013;10(3):447-450. https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2013.0868. https://doi.org/10.1089/zeb.2013.0868...
Virus	Red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV)	Central nervous system	Erratic swimming; light opaque spot with a creamy appearance on the back of the head; high lethality of adults	-	¹⁰⁴104 Kent ML, Sanders JL, Spagnoli S, Al-Samarrie CE, Murray KN. Review of Diseases and Health Management in Zebrafish Danio rerio (Hamilton 1822) in Research Facilities. Journal of Fish Diseases. 2020;43(6):637-650. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.13165. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.13165... ;¹⁷³173 Binesh CP. Mortality due to viral nervous necrosis in zebrafish Danio rerio and goldfish Carassius auratus. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 2013;104(3):257-260. https://doi.org/10.3354/dao02605. https://doi.org/10.3354/dao02605...
Virus	Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV)	Spleen and kidney	Lethargy; loss of appetite; abnormal swimming; distention of the coelomic cavity; tachypnea; pale gills; petechial hemorrhages at the base of the fins; death	-	¹⁰⁴104 Kent ML, Sanders JL, Spagnoli S, Al-Samarrie CE, Murray KN. Review of Diseases and Health Management in Zebrafish Danio rerio (Hamilton 1822) in Research Facilities. Journal of Fish Diseases. 2020;43(6):637-650. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.13165. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.13165... ;¹⁷⁴174 Bermúdez R, Losada AP, de Azevedo AM, Guerra-Varela J, Pérez-Fernández D, Sánchez L, Padrós F, Nowak B, Quiroga MI. First description of a natural infection with spleen and kidney necrosis virus in zebrafish. Journal of Fish Diseases. 2018;41(8):1283-1294. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.12822. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.12822...

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[1] *Corresponding author: kutter.m.t@gmail.com