Armed conflict, peace, and occupational therapy in Colombia: paths and challenges ¹

Abstract

Colombia experiences a long-running armed conflict, with more than nine million registered victims and profound damage to people, communities, and society. The article covers three topics. First, a brief contextualization of the Colombian armed conflict and some of its impacts. Secondly, based on documentary sources, it attempts to trace how Colombian occupational therapy has approached the armed conflict. It identifies three stages: prudent indifference, slow awakening, and recognition of ethical-political responsibility. Finally, it presents some challenges for the professional contribution to peacebuilding in Colombia, such as expanding and strengthening the profession to reach the territories most affected by the conflict, improving occupational therapists’ training and practice to respond to the complexity of the country's situation, and reflecting on the objectives and ethical implications of professional actions for the victims, ex-combatants or communities affected by the conflict.

Keywords:
Armed Conflicts; Professional Practice; Human Rights Abuses; Social Occupational Therapy

Resumen

Colombia vive un conflicto armado de larga duración, con más de nueve millones de víctimas registradas y daños profundos en la vida de personas, comunidades y en la sociedad misma. El artículo abarca tres temas: primero, una breve contextualización sobre el conflicto armado colombiano y algunos de sus impactos. En la segunda parte, a partir de fuentes documentales, se intentan trazar los recorridos de la aproximación de la terapia ocupacional colombiana al conflicto armado. Se identifican tres momentos: prudente indiferencia, despertar lento y reconocimiento de la responsabilidad ético-política. Finalmente, se presentan algunos desafíos para contribuir como profesión a la construcción de paz en Colombia, entre ellos, la expansión y el fortalecimiento de la profesión para llegar a los territorios más afectados por el conflicto; el mejoramiento de la formación y de la práctica para responder a la complejidad de la situación del país, y la reflexión sobre los objetivos y las implicaciones éticas de las acciones profesionales con víctimas, excombatientes o comunidades afectadas por el conflicto.

Palabras-clave:
Conflictos Armados; Práctica Profesional; Violaciones a los Derechos Humanos; Terapia Ocupacional Social

Resumo

Colômbia vive um conflito armado de longa duração, com mais de nove milhões de vítimas registradas e profundos danos na vida das pessoas, comunidades e na sociedade. Este estudo abrange três tópicos: primeiro, uma breve contextualização do conflito armado colombiano e alguns de seus impactos. Na segunda parte, a partir de fontes documentais, tenta-se traçar as rotas das aproximações da terapia ocupacional colombiana ao conflito armado e identificam-se três momentos: prudente indiferença, despertar lento e reconhecimento da responsabilidade ético-política. Por fim, apresentam-se alguns desafios sobre a contribuição profissional para a construção da paz na Colômbia, entre eles, a expansão e fortalecimento da profissão para chegar até os territórios mais afetados pelo conflito, o aprimoramento da formação de terapeutas ocupacionais e da prática para responder à complexidade da situação do país e a reflexão sobre os objetivos e as implicações éticas da ação profissional com vítimas, ex-combatentes ou comunidades afetadas pelo conflito.

Palavras-chave:
Conflitos Armados; Prática Profissional; Violações dos Direitos Humanos; Terapia Ocupacional Social

Introduction

This article refers to the processes and reflections on armed conflict and peacebuilding as Colombian occupational therapists. It will cover three topics: first, a brief contextualization of the Colombian armed conflict; second, some paths for our professional approach to the conflict; and finally, some ideas that I consider important for contributing to peacebuilding in Colombia.

A Necessary Contextualization

The Commission for the Clarification of the Truth, an institution created by the Peace Agreement between the Colombian Government and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia’s (FARC-EP) guerrilla, proposes the historical contextualization illustrated in Figure 1.

Figure 1
Proposal for the periodization of the Colombian armed conflict by the Truth Commission.

Although this periodization is not free from controversy, it allows us to have the keys to understanding a complex process. One of them is its long duration, of at least 60 years. Even so, we can say that Colombia has a history of successive civil wars related to land distribution, power relations between elites and less favored social classes, violence to resolve political or ideological disputes, and the development of strategies for the social control of populations, among other elements (Fajardo, 2015;González, 2016; Sánchez, 2001).

Some milestones in that history are, first, the creation of the guerrillas in Colombia in the 1960s: the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC-EP) in 1965, the National Liberation Army (ELN) in 1962, the People's Army of Liberation (EPL) in 1967 and the April 19 Movement (M-19) in 1970 (Grupo de Memoria Histórica, 2013).

Then, in the 1980s, paramilitary groups were created as a response by civilians to fight the guerrillas. These groups were born under an anti-communist ideology and, sometimes, were allies of the State military forces (Grupo de Memoria Histórica, 2013).

In 1990, the peace agreement between the State and the M-19, which, in addition to the demobilization of this guerrilla, led to the reform of the Colombian Constitution in 1991 (Comisión de la Verdad, 2022e). Between 2003 and 2006, more than 30,000 paramilitaries of the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC) were demobilized.

In 2012, talks between the Government and the FARC-EP began, leading to the signing of the Peace Agreement in November 2016 (Comisión de la Verdad, 2022e). Finally, President Gustavo Petro’s government is advancing on the Total Peace proposal, seeking to move forward with talks with the ELN guerrilla, suspended in 2018, and with other illegal groups.

In addition to these facts, I want to highlight the most recent periods, especially the conflict recrudescence, barely twenty years ago, strongly influencing the current social situation. In this regard, the Comisión de la Verdad (2022d) reports that 75% of the victims of the conflict occurred between 1996 and 2008, the majority being civilians² .

According to official sources, Colombia has 9,379,858 victims (Unidad para la Atención y Reparación Integral a las Víctimas, 2022), nearly 20% of the country's population. However, it is important to clarify that before the 1990s, the country did not systematically record victims (Comisión de la Verdad, 2022d , 2022f).The official records distinguish 15 victimizing acts³ . I will focus on two examples: forced displacement and forced recruitment.

Colombia currently has more than 8,300,000 victims of forced displacement. The Final Report of the Commission refers to:

Forced displacement, in fact, is the form of violence that has impacted the largest number of victims in the history of armed conflict. As of January 2022, the RUV [Single Record of Victims] reported 8,510,295 people forcibly displaced from their homes. In 2022, this is equivalent to almost the entire population of a country like Switzerland, a little more than the population of Paraguay and almost twice that of Panama. This statistic in Colombia means that approximately one in six people have had to leave home due to violence. (Comisión de la Verdad, 2022g, p. 111)

As Figure 2 shows, most forced displacements occurred in the late 1990s and peaked between 2001 and 2003.

Figure 2
Victims of forced displacement and land dispossession in Colombia (1985 - 2019).

Most victims of forced displacement are impoverished people; women, peasants, and Black or Indigenous peoples. For them, leaving their territory is losing their community, culture, customs, ways of life, and subsistence. Most of them arrived, even today, to cities where the ways of life are different and frequently hostile. Many people have suffered several forced displacements, to the point of being unable to settle anywhere and fleeing war or armed actors for most of their lives (Comisión de la Verdad, 2022a; 2022f; 2022h). Thus, beyond the often insufficient or inadequate institutional responses, the victims frequently lack social support networks or face many difficulties building them. After all, “it was about winning the war by controlling the social fabric” (Comisión de la Verdad, 2022d, p. 123).

Another victimizing example is forced recruitment. I am speaking, especially, of processes in which girls and boys were separated from their families to form part of guerrillas or paramilitary groups. However, also, children and youth who, after arriving at State institutions -because they managed to escape from the illegal groups or were rescued by the State in military operations- were used as informants for the military forces or even handed over to paramilitaries groups (Comisión de la Verdad, 2022h). Although this State practice has become illegal since the late 1990s⁴ , it allows us to see how State-institutions sometimes become spaces for re-victimization. In fact, reports from the United Nations System on the human rights situation in Colombia speak of the ongoing and systematic use of boys and girls as informants for the military forces in the last twenty years (Comisión de la Verdad, 2022h).

Figure 3 shows the number of victims of different events between 1985 and 2018. Forced recruitment, in gray, reaches the highest values and, like displacement, peaked in the early 2000s.

Figure 3
Victims of homicide, forced disappearance, kidnapping, and forced recruitment in Colombia (1985 - 2019).

Additionally, frequently the families of boys and girls who were recruited or at risk of being recruited had to flee their territories, either to avoid recruitment or because a boy or girl fled and returned home so that the whole family became persecuted. For this reason, the two situations often converge (Comisión de la Verdad, 2022g, 2022h). In some cases, these boys and girls were seduced or tricked into joining illegal groups; others were forcibly taken from their homes or handed over by their families to guerrillas or paramilitaries. Most lived in rural areas, were part of impoverished families, and had no other alternative (Comisión de la Verdad, 2022g, 2022h). It is a common story that, in the same family, one of the children was in a guerrilla and another in a paramilitary group or the army.

Forced recruitment allowed -and even currently allows- illegal groups to have cheap labor for housework, carrying messages, or scraping coca leaves. Sometimes, boys and girls receive training and are forced to kill, recruit other minors, care for kidnapped people, etc. (Comisión de la Verdad, 2022h). Thus, for example, those who remained in the illegal groups and managed to survive at the beginning of the 21st century, today are adults whose lives are marked by that history. Their culture, community, and rules of coexistence are those of the illegal group. These situations not only have a psychosocial impact⁵ on their lives but also on individuals, families, communities, and even populations excluded from their daily micro-social environments, from the places that society generally expects them to occupy (i.e., the school), who face difficulties for their social integration in the territories or the communities of arrival and for whom coherent social responses are required.

Paths in our Professional Approach to Armed Conflict

Speaking of the paths of occupational therapists in Colombia facing the reality of a country in conflict, I identify three stages. It should be clarified that this is only a proposal that emerged as I explored from some sources and, therefore, requires further study.

I call the first stage prudent indifference. The opening of occupational therapy school programs in Colombia occurred in the second half of the sixties, the same decade in which the guerrillas were founded. The justification for establishing rehabilitation programs at the National University of Colombia, where the first occupational therapy program in the country was created, already spoke of the high demand for services derived from violence (Rodríguez et al., 2016a). However, at that time, the first national occupational therapy conferences and articles published in the Revista Acción / Ocupación Humana (Action / Human Occupation Journal)⁶ , did not reference occupational therapists’ experiences working with victims or armed actors nor account for reflections on the conflict or our role in this reality.

I speak of prudent indifference because times were too difficult, and taking a position could have been dangerous. In addition, armed confrontations were more frequent in rural areas, while the growth of the cities and poverty lines were fed by internal migration due to the conflict. The internal enemy discourse, the communism threat, the numerous human rights violations, and the country’s alignment with the United States policies, among other factors, created an atmosphere of suspicion, fear, and silencing (Ahumada, 2007; Marín, 2017).

Finally, I consider that the biomedical approach in working with people with physical and mental disabilities and the classification of the programs as rehabilitation technicians (Rodríguez et al., 2016a; Zapata, 1994) also limited and justified other struggles as priorities for the Colombian occupational therapy.

The second stage is, for me, a slow awakening. Since the mid-1980s, due to terrorist attacks by drug cartels and internal migration resulting from forced displacement, it was too difficult to be indifferent to the reality in cities. Some articles in the Human Occupation Journal already spoke of occupational therapists’ participation as members of interdisciplinary teams, with communities victims of forced displacement in urban territories (Rodríguez, 1989, 1995; Gómez et al., 1999). Additionally, the effects of the conflict on the mental health of individuals and communities began to be discussed as a topic of interest and work for occupational therapists (Méndez, 1999; Peñas, 2000; Santacruz, 2006; Tobón, 2004); likewise, calls were made to the profession to respond to the effects of violence and the social reality of the country (Caicedo, 1997a; 1997b; González, 2000; Rozo, 2006; Troncoso, 1991).

In the late 1990s, the work of Patricia Cuéllar is exemplary. She “participated as an occupational therapist in the interdisciplinary team that guided the occupational conversion of former Sandinista guerrillas into members of the regular armed forces or State or government officials” (Cuéllar, 2000, p. 24) in Nicaragua in the 1980s. She later returned to the country to finish her professional training at the National University of Colombia, where she completed a proposal for the reinsertion of ex-combatants as her capstone project (Cuéllar, 1999; 2000). This proposal arose while a peace negotiation process with the FARC-EP was underway, which ended unsuccessfully in 2002⁷ .

The Realizing Occupational Performance model (Trujillo, 1995), proposed by a group of professors from the National University of Colombia, and its use in different fields opened doors to getting involved with complex social realities, such as the demobilization of illegal armed groups (Cuéllar, 1999; 2000), the neoliberal reforms of the State and their influence on workers⁸ (Cerón, 1997), among others. These were isolated experiences initially, but they multiplied and challenged our knowledge.

The intensification of war at the beginning of the 21st century seems to coincide with a general decrease in research on armed conflict (Fernández & Duarte, 2021). However, at the same time, the reality forced the State to recognize the numerous human rights violations that were taking place and to demand that, just as it invested in the war, measures be taken to repair the damage. Some of the norms that today’s institutional programs are based on emerged from this, having occupational therapists among victim care teams⁹ .

With this background and with a new opening of peace talks with the FARC-EP in 2012, an atmosphere of hope opened the space for numerous social mobilizations around the construction of peace, the recognition of the existence of a conflict, with all its complexity, and its effects on people's lives.

Research (Albarracín & Contreras, 2017; Fernández, 2019; Fernández & Duarte, 2021; Gómez et al., 2017; Jiménez et al., 2019; Peñas et al., 2015, 2016; Rodríguez et al., 2016b; Satizabal et al., 2021; Uribe et al., 2016), academic practices (Larrota et al., 2015), conversations¹⁰ , reflections (Caballero, 2016; Castillo & Varón, 2016; García, 2019; Melo & García, 2021; Olarte, 2016; Ospina, 2019; Rodríguez, 2016; Rojas, 2017; Rubio, 2016; Talero, 2019), university extension projects and actions with the participation of occupational therapists (Hernández et al., 2016; Rojas et al., 2020; Universidad del Valle, 2021), contributions to the work of the Truth Commission (Fernández et al., 2021; Jiménez et al., 2020), in addition to the work of occupational therapists in political settings (Cerón, 2019), direct service to victims (Cerón, 2016; García et al., 2019; Larrota, 2016; Larrota et al., 2015; Sepúlveda & Valbuena, 2019), ex-combatants (Satizabal & Aguilar, 2019), and accompaniment to communities (Chasoy, 2016; Vega et al., 2019), among other experiences that I indeed could not trace, is what I call the recognition of our ethical and political responsibility with the armed conflict and its consequences.

Despite the suspension and setbacks in compliance with the Peace Agreement in recent years, I believe that strong seeds of social conscience remain.

About some Current Challenges

Even in this atmosphere of hope, we are going through a challenging time. The recognition of the effects of our conflict has also been helpful for this.

For example, in Figure 4, the map on the left shows in colors the territories affected by the conflict between 1986 and 2015. Despite all being affected, red and pink areas show the most affected territories. Meanwhile, the map on the right shows the distribution of occupational therapist training programs in the country. In addition to being few, only twelve so far, they are concentrated in the main cities and do not reach the territories most affected by the conflict.

Figure 4
Typology of municipalities and regions affected by the armed conflict (1986-2015) versus spatial distribution of undergraduate courses in occupational therapy in Colombia. Sources:Salas-Salazar, 2016 (left); Duarte, 2019 (right)¹¹ .

Although we do not have precise data, the available information shows that, in the distribution of occupational therapists in the country, the situation is similar to that of the academic programs (Duarte, 2019).

In addition to the necessary academic-professional expansion and the strengthening of the profession to have political incidence and occupy our role as occupational therapists in Colombia’s peacebuilding, we have other challenges from my point of view.

One of them is understanding the conflict’s complexity, its consequences on people's lives, and peacebuilding as a renewed form of coexistence and repair of the social fabric. To face it, we need improvements in professional training that allow equally complex understandings and approaches, as well as reflective practices, dialogues, and questions in Colombia and abroad. This is essential to strengthen and stress professional action and institutional policies and programs.

For example, it is worth asking ourselves, what are the purposes of therapeutic-occupational actions when working with victims, communities affected by war, or ex-combatants? Accordingly, which approaches or perspectives are relevant? The approaches probably differ if the objective is to reduce the psychosocial impact, facilitate inclusion (educational, labor, etc.), or restore/guarantee access to rights and citizenship. Likewise, the theoretical and methodological referents that will enable to address the accomplishment of one objective will differ. These approaches are not exclusive but refer to different forms of professional action.

Other dialogues and reflections on the ethical implications of actions with affected individuals, communities, or actors involved in the conflict are necessary. These echo questions about the fragility of the processes of insertion and establishment of social ties today (Souza & Lussi, 2022) and about the medicalization of social life (Malfitano, 2016); also, the political, institutional, and economic interests and the processes of normalization, reproduction of the status quo or adaptation that underlie some interventions and programs (Galheigo, 2016; Palacios, 2017).

All the above leads us to the discussions about the social function of the occupational therapist that founded the construction of Brazilian social occupational therapy (Lopes, 2016). Given the magnitude of the challenge posed by the construction of peace in Colombia and assuming the urgency of solving the structural causes that determine the persistence of the conflict, as proposed by the Peace Agreement, questioning our role as a profession and professionals is relevant and a priority.

Acknowledgements

I thank the organization of the V International Symposium on Social Occupational Therapy for the invitation, for all the affection received in Brazil, and, especially, for considering our processes in Colombia. I also appreciate the exchanges with my colleague Yeny Quintero, who currently works with young ex-combatants in Colombia.

• 1
  This text is based on the author’s speech presented on November 11th, 2022, in the V Social Occupational Therapy International Symposia, UFSCar, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
• 2
  According to the Comisión de la Verdad (2022c), close to 90% of the victims of the Colombian armed conflict are civilians.
• 3
  Lockdown; psychological personal injuries; bodily injuries; loss of movable and immovable properties; forced abandonment or dispossession of land; involvement of children and adolescents in activities related to armed groups; torture; kidnapping; antipersonnel mines, unexploded ordnance and improvised explosive devices; homicide; forced displacement; forced disappearance; crimes against freedom and sexual integrity during armed conflicts; threat; terrorist act / attacks / combats / confrontations / siege (Unidad para la Atención y Reparación Integral a las Víctimas, 2022).
• 4
  In Colombia, Law 418/1997 already prohibited the recruitment of minors under 18 years of age and created provisions for the protection and care of children who were victims of the conflict. Subsequently, the Childhood and Adolescence Code (Law 1098/2006) established the State's duty to protect minors in the conflict (Congreso de la República de Colombia, 1997, 2006).
• 5
  Defined by the Comisión de la Verdad (2022c) as: “Emotional, behavioral and thought consequences generated in people, families, communities and in society due to the conflict. From the psychosocial point of view, these impacts can be manifested through traumas, crises, and mourning and must be addressed as part of the reconstruction of the social fabric”.
• 6
  Occupational therapy scientific journal of the Colombian Association / College of Occupational Therapy. At first, the name of the journal was Accion (Action), but in 1987 it changed to Ocupacion Humana (Human Occupation).
• 7
  Process known as the Dialogues in Caguan or El Caguan, between 1999 and 2002. This process not only failed, but the conflict in this period intensified (Comisión de la Verdad, 2022i).
• 8
  At the National University of Colombia, especially the "Occupational Performance Reorganization Program", directed by Professor Martha Torres Carvajal, whose target audience were workers laid off in the 1990s in the "modernization process" of the State. This program was the main reference of Cuéllar's (1999; 2000) proposal.
• 9
  Mainly, the Victims Law (Law 1448/2011), as well as the decisions of the Constitutional Court in the development of said law (Congreso de la República de Colombia, 2011).
• 10
  In the XVI Colombian Congress of Occupational Therapy, held in the same year of the signing of the Peace Agreement with the FARC-EP, one of the main topics was the post-agreement scenario. Also in 2016 and later, in 2019, it was the central theme of the occupational therapist day celebrations in Colombia.
• 11
  The map does not include the program of the María Cano University Foundation, reopened in 2022, in Medellín.
• How to cite: Duarte-Cuervo, C. (2023). Armed conflict, peace, and occupational therapy in Colombia: paths and challenges. Cadernos Brasileiros de Terapia Ocupacional, 31(spe), e3514. https://doi.org/10.1590/2526-8910.ctoAO273435142

• Funding Source

  This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001.

Referencias

• Ahumada, M. A. (2007). El enemigo interno en Colombia. Quito: Abya-Yala.
• Albarracín, L. Á., & Contreras, K. A. (2017). La fuerza de las mujeres: un estudio de las estrategias de resiliencia y la transformación en la ocupación humana de mujeres víctimas del conflicto armado en Colombia. Revista Ocupación Humana, 17(1), 25-38. http://dx.doi.org/10.25214/25907816.154
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.25214/25907816.154
• Caballero, A. C. (2016). La Terapia Ocupacional en la garantía del derecho a la reparación integral de las niñas y los niños víctimas de desplazamiento forzado. In S. Simó, A. Guajardo, F. C. Oliver, S. M. Galheigo & S. García (Eds.), Terapias ocupacionales desde el sur: derechos humanos, ciudadanía y participación (pp. 489-504). Santiago de Chile: Usach.
• Caicedo, M. E. (1997a). El terapeuta ocupacional y la rehabilitación en salud mental: “Habría que pensar más en términos de salud que en términos de enfermedad. Revista Ocupación Humana, 7(1), 13-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.25214/25907816.1220
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.25214/25907816.1220
• Caicedo, M. E. (1997b). Perfil de formación del futuro profesional terapeuta ocupacional. Revista Ocupación Humana, 7(2), 64-68. http://dx.doi.org/10.25214/25907816.1246
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.25214/25907816.1246
• Castillo, J. P., & Varón, V. (2016). Postacuerdo: reflexiones desde el desempeño ocupacional realizante. In C. Duarte (Ed.), 50 años ocupando contextos, transformando vidas. Memorias del XVI Congreso Colombiano de Terapia Ocupacional (p. 135). Bogotá: Colegio Colombiano de Terapia Ocupacional. https://doi.org/10.25214/25393766.congresoXVI
  » https://doi.org/10.25214/25393766.congresoXVI
• Cerón, A. Y. (1997). Aproximación del programa de reorganización del desempeño ocupacional en mujeres trabajadoras a una perspectiva de género (Trabalho de conclusão de curso). Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá.
• Cerón, A. Y. (2016). Conflicto armado y violencia contra las mujeres: una mirada desde la Terapia Ocupacional. In C. Duarte (ed.), 50 años ocupando contextos, transformando vidas. Memorias del XVI Congreso Colombiano de Terapia Ocupacional (pp. 64-65). Bogotá: Colegio Colombiano de Terapia Ocupacional. https://doi.org/10.25214/25393766.congresoXVI
  » https://doi.org/10.25214/25393766.congresoXVI
• Cerón, A. Y. (2019). Entrevista a Ángela Yasmith Cerón Lasprilla. Revista Ocupación Humana, 19(2), 120-131. http://dx.doi.org/10.25214/25907816.869
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.25214/25907816.869
• Chasoy, M. C. (2016). Terapia ocupacional y acompañamiento a familias. In C. Duarte (ed.), 50 años ocupando contextos, transformando vidas. Memorias del XVI Congreso Colombiano de Terapia Ocupacional (pp. 169-170). Bogotá: Colegio Colombiano de Terapia Ocupacional. https://doi.org/10.25214/25393766.congresoXVI
  » https://doi.org/10.25214/25393766.congresoXVI
• Comisión de la Verdad (2022g). Hay futuro si hay verdad: Informe final de la Comisión para el Esclarecimiento de la Verdad, la Convivencia y la No Repetición Tomo 5. Sufrir la guerra y rehacer la vida: impactos, afrontamientos y resistencias. Bogotá: Comisión de la Verdad.
• Comisión de la Verdad (2022h). Hay futuro si hay verdad: Informe final de la Comisión para el Esclarecimiento de la Verdad, la Convivencia y la No Repetición Tomo 8. No es un mal menor. Niñas, niños y adolescentes en el conflicto armado. Bogotá: Comisión de la Verdad.
• Comisión de la Verdad (2022i). Lineamientos técnico-políticos Hay futuro si hay verdad. Legado Comisión de la Verdad. Recuperado el 25 de janeiro de 2023, de https://www.comisiondelaverdad.co/lineamientos-tecnico-politicos
  » https://www.comisiondelaverdad.co/lineamientos-tecnico-politicos
• Comisión de la Verdad. (2022a). Desplazamiento Forzado. Trazar las líneas de una geografía del desplazamiento forzado Hay futuro si hay verdad. Legado Comisión de la Verdad. Recuperado el 25 de janeiro de 2023, de https://www.comisiondelaverdad.co/violacion-derechos-humanos-y-derecho-internacional-humanitario/desplazamiento-forzado
  » https://www.comisiondelaverdad.co/violacion-derechos-humanos-y-derecho-internacional-humanitario/desplazamiento-forzado
• Comisión de la Verdad. (2022b). El Caguán Hay futuro si hay verdad. Legado Comisión de la Verdad. Recuperado el 25 de janeiro de 2023, de https://www.comisiondelaverdad.co/el-caguan
  » https://www.comisiondelaverdad.co/el-caguan
• Comisión de la Verdad. (2022c). Glosario Recuperado el 25 de janeiro de 2023, de https://web.comisiondelaverdad.co/transparencia/informacion-de-interes/glosario/impactos-psicosociales
  » https://web.comisiondelaverdad.co/transparencia/informacion-de-interes/glosario/impactos-psicosociales
• Comisión de la Verdad. (2022d). Hay futuro si hay verdad: Informe final de la Comisión para el Esclarecimiento de la Verdad, la Convivencia y la No Repetición. Tomo 2. Hallazgos y recomendaciones de la Comisión de la Verdad de Colombia. Bogotá: Comisión de la Verdad.
• Comisión de la Verdad. (2022e). Hay futuro si hay verdad: Informe final de la Comisión para el Esclarecimiento de la Verdad, la Convivencia y la No Repetición. Tomo 3. No matarás. Relato histórico del conflicto armado interno en Colombia. Bogotá: Comisión de la Verdad.
• Comisión de la Verdad. (2022f). Hay futuro si hay verdad: Informe final de la Comisión para el Esclarecimiento de la Verdad, la Convivencia y la No Repetición. Tomo 4. Hasta la guerra tiene límites: violaciones de los derechos humanos, infracciones al derecho internacional humanitario y responsabilidades colectivas. Bogotá: Comisión de la Verdad.
• Congreso de la República de Colombia. (1997, 26 de decembro). Ley 418 de 1997. Por la cual se consagran unos instrumentos para la búsqueda de la convivencia, la eficacia de la justicia y se dictan otras disposiciones. Diario Oficial n.º 43.201. Recuperado el 25 de janeiro de 2023, de http://www.secretariasenado.gov.co/senado/basedoc/ley_0418_1997.html
  » http://www.secretariasenado.gov.co/senado/basedoc/ley_0418_1997.html
• Congreso de la República de Colombia. (2006, 8 de novembro). Ley 1098 de 2006. Por la cual se expide el Código de la Infancia y la Adolescencia. Diario Oficial n.º 46.446. Recuperado el 25 de janeiro de 2023, de http://www.secretariasenado.gov.co/senado/basedoc/ley_1098_2006.html
  » http://www.secretariasenado.gov.co/senado/basedoc/ley_1098_2006.html
• Congreso de la República de Colombia. (2011, 10 de junho). Ley 1448 de 2011. Por la cual se dictan medidas de atención, asistencia y reparación integral a las víctimas del conflicto armado interno y se dictan otras disposiciones. Diario Oficial n.º 48.096. Recuperado el 25 de janeiro de 2023, de http://www.secretariasenado.gov.co/senado/basedoc/ley_1098_2006.html
  » http://www.secretariasenado.gov.co/senado/basedoc/ley_1098_2006.html
• Cuéllar, P. (1999). De la reinserción al reencuentro: una mirada desde la Terapia Ocupacional (Trabalho de conclusão de curso). Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá.
• Cuéllar, P. (2000). Una propuesta de atención sociolaboral para exguerrilleros. Revista Ocupación Humana, 8(3), 24-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.25214/25907816.158
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.25214/25907816.158
• Duarte, C. (2019). Terapia Ocupacional entre culturas: una reflexión desde la diversidad colombiana. World Federation of Occupational Therapists Bulletin, (75). 83-89. https://doi.org/10.1080/14473828.2019.1657758
  » https://doi.org/10.1080/14473828.2019.1657758
• Fajardo, D. (2015). Estudio sobre los orígenes del conflicto social armado, razones de su persistencia y sus efectos más profundos en la sociedad colombiana. Espacio Crítico.
• Fernández, A. (2019). Conflicto armado en Colombia: aproximaciones desde la Revista Ocupación Humana, 1999 a 2019. Revista Ocupación Humana, 19(2), 8-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.25214/25907816.833
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.25214/25907816.833
• Fernández, A., & Duarte, C. (2021). Discapacidad y conflicto armado: aproximaciones desde la Universidad Nacional de Colombia. In A. Fernández, C. Duarte & D. Munévar (Eds.), Discapacidad, conflicto armado y construcción de paz (pp. 51-79). Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
• Fernández, A., Duarte, C., & Munévar, D. I. (Eds.). (2021). Discapacidad, conflicto armado y construcción de paz. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
• Galheigo, S. M. (2016). Terapia ocupacional social: uma síntese histórica acerca da constituição de um campo de saber y prática. In R. E. Lopes & A. P. S. Malfitano (Orgs.), Terapia Ocupacional Social: desenhos teóricos e contornos práticos (pp. 49-68). São Carlos: EdUFSCar
• García, S. (2019). Algunas reflexiones bogotanas sobre el conflicto armado colombiano. Revista Ocupación Humana, 19(2), 38-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.25214/25907816.864
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.25214/25907816.864
• García, S., Moreno, J. A., & Puerto, Y. A. (2019). Bailando, pintando y escribiendo: aportes de la Terapia Ocupacional a la reconciliación. World Federation of Occupational Therapists Bulletin, 75(2), 94-97. https://doi.irg/10.1080/14473828.2019.1647977
  » https://doi.org/ https://doi.irg/10.1080/14473828.2019.1647977
• Gómez, A. M., Peñas, O. L., & Parra, E. I. (2017). Experiencias de terapia ocupacional para la paz: aportes desde las regiones colombianas. Revista de Salud Pública, 19(5), 664-670. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/rsap.V19n5.6248
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/rsap.V19n5.6248
• Gómez, M., Torres, S. E., & Rodríguez, M. T. (1999). Caracterización del comportamiento ocupacional de personas desplazadas por la violencia. Revista Ocupación Humana, 8(2), 13-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.25214/25907816.483
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.25214/25907816.483
• González, F. (2016). Poder y violencia en Colombia Bogotá: Odecofi/Cinep.
• González, M. (2000). Editorial. Revista Ocupación Humana, 8(4), 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.25214/25907816.516
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.25214/25907816.516
• Grupo de Memoria Histórica. (2013). Informe general. ¡Basta ya! Colombia: memorias de guerra y dignidad. Bogotá: Centro Nacional de Memoria Histórica.
• Hernández, M. A., Pulido, M. A., Olivera, J. P., & Ramírez, J. K. (2016). Cultivando sueños, sembrando esperanzas. In C. Duarte (ed.), 50 años ocupando contextos, transformando vidas. Memorias del XVI Congreso Colombiano de Terapia Ocupacional (p. 32). Bogotá: Colegio Colombiano de Terapia Ocupacional. https://doi.org/10.25214/25393766.congresoXVI
  » https://doi.org/10.25214/25393766.congresoXVI
• Jiménez, N. A., Rojas, C. P., Tunjo, M. L., Navas, A., & Ospina, A. (2020). Documento Comisión de la Verdad. Afectaciones profesionales por el conflicto armado colombiano. Relatos ocupacionales. Bogotá: Colegio Colombiano de Terapia Ocupacional.
• Jiménez, N. A., Tunjo, M. L., Espitia, E. J., Pinzón, J. J., & Ramírez, L. M. (2019). Transformaciones ocupacionales en la implementación del acuerdo de paz en un espacio territorial de capacitación y reincorporación para excombatientes: un estudio de caso. Revista Ocupación Humana, 19(2), 51-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.25214/25907816.23
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.25214/25907816.23
• Larrota, Ó. J. (2016). Terapia Ocupacional en ambientes de formación musical: una experiencia dignificante para niños, niñas y adolescentes con discapacidad, víctimas del conflicto armado en Colombia. In C. Duarte (ed.), 50 años ocupando contextos, transformando vidas. Memorias del XVI Congreso Colombiano de Terapia Ocupacional (p. 134). Bogotá: Colegio Colombiano de Terapia Ocupacional. https://doi.org/10.25214/25393766.congresoXVI
  » https://doi.org/10.25214/25393766.congresoXVI
• Larrota, Ó. J., Castro, E. S., Aguía, K., Navas, M. C., & Ruiz, M. M. (2015). Estrategias de enseñanza aprendizaje en ambientes musicales. Enfoque para niños, niñas y adolescentes con discapacidad víctimas del conflicto armado colombiano. Bogotá: Editorial Universidad del Rosario.
• Lopes, R. E. (2016). Cidadania, direitos e terapia ocupacional social. In R. E. Lopes & A. P. S. Malfitano (Orgs.), Terapia Ocupacional Social: desenhos teóricos e contornos práticos (pp. 29-48). São Carlos: EdUFSCar.
• Malfitano, A. P. S. (2016). Contexto social y atuação social. Generalizaçoes e especificidades na terapia ocupacional. In R. E. Lopes & A. P. S. Malfitano (Orgs.), Terapia Ocupacional Social: desenhos teóricos e contornos práticos (pp. 117-33). São Carlos: EdUFSCar.
• Marín, M. P. (2017). Las violaciones de derechos humanos en Colombia durante los años 80 del siglo XX: acercamiento a su comprensión histórica desde la degradación y el fortalecimiento de la defensa. Anuario de Historia Regional y de las Fronteras (Bucaramanga), 22(1), 113-135. http://dx.doi.org/10.18273/revanu.v22n1-2017005
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.18273/revanu.v22n1-2017005
• Melo, C., & García, S. (2021). Recreando vidas en el Wayco. In A. Fernández, C. Duarte & D. Munévar (Eds.), Discapacidad, conflicto armado y construcción de paz (pp. 157-170). Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
• Méndez, J. A. (1999). La promoción de la salud y la prevención de la enfermedad un reto para terapia ocupacional. Revista Ocupación Humana, 8(2), 49-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.25214/25907816.506
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.25214/25907816.506
• Olarte, Y. A. (2016). Arte y ocupación: intervención psicosocial para la curación simbólica y la reconstrucción de tejido social en Colombia. In C. Duarte (ed.), 50 años ocupando contextos, transformando vidas. Memorias del XVI Congreso Colombiano de Terapia Ocupacional (p. 133). Bogotá: Colegio Colombiano de Terapia Ocupacional. https://doi.org/10.25214/25393766.congresoXVI
  » https://doi.org/10.25214/25393766.congresoXVI
• Ospina, A. J. (2019). Terapia Ocupacional en el tiempo histórico del Acuerdo de Paz: posibilidades y retos para ampliar nuestros campos de acción. Revista Ocupación Humana, 19(2), 25-37. http://dx.doi.org/10.25214/25907816.863
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.25214/25907816.863
• Palacios, M. (2017). Reflexiones sobre las prácticas comunitarias: aproximación a una Terapia Ocupacional del Sur. Revista Ocupación Humana, 17(1), 73-88. http://dx.doi.org/10.25214/25907816.157
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.25214/25907816.157
• Peñas, O. L. (2000). La salud mental en Colombia: una revisión de su situación. Revista Ocupación Humana, 8(3), 55-69. http://dx.doi.org/10.25214/25907816.513
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.25214/25907816.513
• Peñas, O. L., Gómez, A. M., & Parra, E. I. (2015). Participación de terapia ocupacional en contextos de conflicto armado y postconflicto. Revista de Salud Pública, 17(4), 612-625. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/rsap.v17n4.53047
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/rsap.v17n4.53047
• Peñas, O. L., Gómez, A. M., Parra, E. I., Rivera, C. J., & Ovalle, C. M. (2016). Terapia ocupacional en la normatividad colombiana relacionada con conflicto armado. Revista de la Facultad de Medicina, 64(4), 707-714. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/revfacmed.v64n4.53446
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/revfacmed.v64n4.53446
• Rodríguez, L., Camargo, N., & Escobar, X. (2016a). Terapia Ocupacional: una perspectiva histórica desde la Universidad Nacional de Colombia (1966-1989). Revista Ocupación Humana, 16(2), 26-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.25214/25907816.132
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.25214/25907816.132
• Rodríguez, M. (2016). Repensar la ocupación desde la perspectiva de la cultura en los retos del post-acuerdo. In C. Duarte (ed.), 50 años ocupando contextos, transformando vidas. Memorias del XVI Congreso Colombiano de Terapia Ocupacional (pp. 128-129). Bogotá: Colegio Colombiano de Terapia Ocupacional. https://doi.org/10.25214/25393766.congresoXVI
  » https://doi.org/10.25214/25393766.congresoXVI
• Rodríguez, M. T. (1989). Competencias ocupacionales y desarrollo comunitario: un modelo operativo. Revista Ocupación Humana, 3(1), 45-58.
• Rodríguez, M. T. (1995). Estrategias de apoyo social a la tercera edad. Revista Ocupación Humana, 6(2), 39-48.
• Rodríguez, P. A., Rivera, C. J., Bermúdez, M. A., Cetina, K. T., Cubillos, C. H., Gómez, C. L., Gutiérrez, E. N., Medina, K. D., Moreno, J. A., Ovalle, C. M., Gómez, A. M., & Peñas, O. L. (2016b). Terapia Ocupacional en tiempos de paz: escenarios profesionales y propuestas de actuación en conflictos armados y postconflicto. In C. Duarte (ed.), 50 años ocupando contextos, transformando vidas. Memorias del XVI Congreso Colombiano de Terapia Ocupacional (pp. 66-67). Bogotá: Colegio Colombiano de Terapia Ocupacional. https://doi.org/10.25214/25393766.congresoXVI
  » https://doi.org/10.25214/25393766.congresoXVI
• Rojas, C. P. (2017). Terapia Ocupacional en el posacuerdo. Retos para una profesión que se transforma. Revista Ocupación Humana, 17(1), 3-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.25214/25907816.150
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.25214/25907816.150
• Rojas, C. P., Sánchez, P. A., Ramos, L. D., & Herrera, D. G. (2020). Terapia Ocupacional en la ruralidad: una experiencia en La Macarena, Meta. Revista Ocupación Humana, 19(2), 86-102. http://dx.doi.org/10.25214/25907816.866
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.25214/25907816.866
• Rozo, C. M. (2006). Editorial. Revista Ocupación Humana, 11(3-4), 1-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.25214/25907816.79
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.25214/25907816.79
• Rubio, S. X. (2016). Para una práctica basada en la ocupación en el actual contexto colombiano. In C. Duarte (ed.), 5050 años ocupando contextos, transformando vidas. Memorias del XVI Congreso Colombiano de Terapia Ocupacional (pp. 130-131). Bogotá: Colegio Colombiano de Terapia Ocupacional. https://doi.org/10.25214/25393766.congresoXVI
  » https://doi.org/10.25214/25393766.congresoXVI
• Salas-Salazar, L. G. (2016). Conflicto armado y configuración territorial: elementos para la consolidación de la paz en Colombia. Bitácora Urbano Territorial, 26(2), 45-57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/bitacora.v26n2.5760
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/bitacora.v26n2.5760
• Sánchez, G. (2001). Memorias de un país en guerra. Bogotá: Planeta.
• Santacruz, M. L. (2006). Calidad de vida, un reto para el terapeuta ocupacional en salud mental comunitaria. Revista Ocupación Humana, 11(3 y 4), 33-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.25214/25907816.86
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.25214/25907816.86
• Satizabal, M., & Aguilar, A. (2020). Aportes desde la universidad pública a la construcción de paz: prácticas formativas de Terapia Ocupacional y Fonoaudiología con un grupo de personas en proceso de reincorporación en Cali, Colombia. Revista Ocupación Humana, 19(2), 73-85. http://dx.doi.org/10.25214/25907816.865
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.25214/25907816.865
• Satizabal, M., Pava, N. A., & Guerrero, B. E. (2021). Revisión documental crítica sobre conflicto armado y discapacidad: ¿uma relación realmente visible? In A. Fernández, C. Duarte & D. Munévar (eds.), Discapacidad, conflicto armado y construcción de paz (pp. 81-112). Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
• Sepúlveda, E. I., & Valbuena, A. M. (2019). Logros y retos de la atención integral de personas con discapacidad víctimas del conflicto armado: aprendizajes de un proyecto de cooperación. Revista Ocupación Humana, 19(2), 103-119. http://dx.doi.org/10.25214/25907816.867
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.25214/25907816.867
• Souza, M. B. C. A., & Lussi, I. A. O. (2022). Terapia Ocupacional e trabalho informal: reflexões para a prática. Cadernos Brasileiros de Terapia Ocupacional, 30, e2901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2526-8910.ctoAO21902901
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2526-8910.ctoAO21902901
• Talero, P. (2019). El posconflicto como punto de encuentro para las transformaciones ocupacionales en Colombia. Revista Ocupación Humana, 19(2), 3-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.25214/25907816.862
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.25214/25907816.862
• Tobón, M. (2004). Una postura ética para la paz: más allá del quehacer profesional. Revista Ocupación Humana, 10(3-4), 43-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.25214/25907816.213
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.25214/25907816.213
• Troncoso, G. L. (1991). Compromiso del estudiante de terapia ocupacional frente a la problemática nacional. Revista Ocupación Humana, 4(2), 41-43.
• Trujillo, A. (1995). Desempeño ocupacional realizante: un modelo sobre propósitos de la terapia ocupacional. Revista Ocupación Humana, 6(2), 11-22.
• Unidad para la Atención y Reparación Integral a las Víctimas - UARIV. (2022, 10 de novembro). Víctimas conflicto armado Unidad para las Víctimas. Recuperado el 25 de janeiro de 2023, de https://www.unidadvictimas.gov.co/es/registro-unico-de-victimas-ruv/37394
  » https://www.unidadvictimas.gov.co/es/registro-unico-de-victimas-ruv/37394
• Universidad del Valle (2021). Programa Institucional de Paz / Instituto de Investigación e Intervención para la Paz Universidad del Valle. Recuperado el 25 de janeiro de 2023, de http://programapaz.univalle.edu.co/acerca-de/16-acerca-de/1-home
  » http://programapaz.univalle.edu.co/acerca-de/16-acerca-de/1-home
• Uribe, J. J., Rubio, S. X., Rojas, C. P., & Méndez, J. (2016). Salvar a los muchachos: ocupación humana en Bogotá. In S. Simó, A. Guajardo, F. C. Oliver, S. M. Galheigo & S. García (eds.), Terapias ocupacionales desde el sur. Derechos humanos, ciudadanía y participación (pp. 471-487). Santiago de Chile: USACH.
• Vega, R. R., Rojas, C. P., & Bedoya, I. C. (2019). Salud sin fronteras - Plan comunitario de salud rural. Bogotá: Universidad Javeriana, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Universidad de la Salle.
• Zapata, M. V. (1994). Orientación en la formación universitaria de terapeutas ocupacionales em Colombia. In Grupo Ocupación y Realización Humana (Eds.), Terapia Ocupacional y Universidad (pp. 11-18). Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia.

Edited by

Guest Editor

Profa. Dra. Rosângela Gomes da Mota de Souza

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  10 July 2023
• Date of issue
  2023

History

• Received
  25 Jan 2023
• Reviewed
  31 Jan 2023
• Accepted
  25 Apr 2023