Phytase in rations of growing pigs: performance, blood parameters and bone mineral content

Fitase em rações para suínos em crescimento: desempenho, parâmetros sanguíneos e teor de minerais nos ossos

ZOOTECNIA E VETERINÁRIA

Phytase in rations of growing pigs: performance, blood parameters and bone mineral content^*

Fitase em rações para suínos em crescimento: desempenho, parâmetros sanguíneos e teor de minerais nos ossos

Hunaldo Oliveira Silva^I; Elias Tadeu Fialho^II; Rilke Tadeu Fonseca de Freitas^II; José Augusto de Freitas Lima^II; Priscila Rosa Vieira Logato^II; Neudi Artemio Schoulten^III

^IProfessor da Escola Agrotécnica Federal de São Cristóvão – SE

^IIProfessor do Departamento de Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Lavras/UFLA – Caixa Postal 3037 – 37200-000 – Lavras, MG

^IIIProfessor da Escola Agrotécnica Federal de Dois Vizinhos – PR

ABSTRACT

It was intended with the present work to verify the effect of phytase on the performance, bone mineralization and content of plasma urea of swine. 80 swine (30 ± 3.1 kg/LW), crossbred (LD x LW) males and females, allocated to a randomized block design (RBD) with four treatments and five replicates. The treatments consisted of a growing swine diet on the basis of corn, soybean meal and defatted rice bran (DRB) supplemented with four levels of phytase (0, 400, 800 and 1200 FTU/kg) The diet was formulated to meet the requirements of growing swine except for available calcium and phosphorus, the levels of which were 0.64 and 0.25%, respectively. The enzyme phytase utilized was Natuphos 5000. Over the experimental period every eight days, blood of two animals per block was collected through a puncture in the sinus orbital, to determine the plasma urea content. At the final of the experimental period, two animals were slaughtered for collection of the metacarpus bone, aiming to verify the mineral content. The variables analyzed were: daily average weight gain (DAWG), daily average ration consumption (DARC), feed conversion (FC), content of plasma urea, content of ashes, calcium, phosphorus, manganese, zinc and magnesium in the bone. The phytase levels provided a linear improvement (P<0.05) on feed conversion and a quadratic effect on swine's plasma urea content. Phytase promoted a linear increase (P<0.05) on the content of calcium and phosphorus in the swine's metacarpus bone. The level of 750 FTU/kg provided the lowest plasma urea content. It is concluded that the use of the enzyme phytase in growing swine diets improved feed conversion, decreased the plasma urea content and increased the contents of calcium and phosphorus in the bone.

Index terms: Enzyme, minerals, plasma, urea.

RESUMO

Objetivou-se, com o presente trabalho, verificar o efeito da fitase sobre o desempenho, mineralização óssea e teor de uréia no plasma de suínos. Foram utilizados 80 animais com 30 ± (3,1 kg), mestiços (LD x LW), machos e fêmeas, distribuídos em um delineamento em blocos casualisados (DBC) com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de uma ração à base de milho, farelo de soja e farelo de arroz desengordurado (FAD), suplementada com quatro níveis de fitase (0, 400, 800 e 1200 FTU/kg). A ração foi formulada para atender às exigências de suínos em crescimento, exceto para cálcio e fósforo disponíveis, cujos níveis foram 0,64 e 0,25 %, respectivamente. A enzima fitase utilizada foi a Natuphos 5000. Durante o período experimental, a cada sete dias, foi coletado sangue de dois animais por bloco, por meio de uma punção no sinus orbital, para determinar o teor de uréia no plasma. Ao final do período experimental, foram abatidos dois animais por parcela para coleta do osso metacarpo, objetivando verificar o teor de minerais. As variáveis analisadas foram: ganho de peso médio diário (GPMD), consumo de ração médio diário (CRMD), conversão alimentar (CA), teor de uréia no plasma e teor de cinzas, cálcio, fósforo no osso. Os níveis de fitase proporcionaram uma melhoria linear (P<0,05) da conversão alimentar e um efeito quadrático sobre o teor de uréia no plasma dos suínos. A fitase promoveu aumento linear (P<0,05) no teor de cálcio e fósforo no osso metacarpo dos suínos. O nível de 750 FTU/kg proporcionou o menor teor de uréia no plasma. Conclui-se que a utilização da enzima fitase em rações para suínos em crescimento melhorou a conversão alimentar, diminuiu o teor de uréia no plasma e aumentou os teores de cálcio e fósforo no osso.

Termos para indexação: Enzima, minerais, plasma, uréia.

INTRODUCTION

Pigs and poultry feeding is based on ingredients of vegetable origin, especially corn and soybean meal. About two thirds of the phosphorus contents these ingredients are complexed in the phytase acid molecule and therefore cannot be used by monogastric animals because they do not synthesize the phytase enzyme necessary to hydrolyze this complex. The occurrence of phytase as an antinutritional factor for non-ruminants requires phosphorus supplementation with an inorganic source, that is usually expensive, although it is present in the diets in quantities greater than the requirements of the animals. As a consequence, phytase phosphorus, because it is not available, together with the excess of inorganic phosphorus added to the rations, is eliminated in the animal feces.

The phytase enzyme, produced by the microorganism Aspergillus niger, has been used successfully in pig and poultry rations to release part of the phosphorus complexed in the form of phytate and improve the digestibility of the gross protein, amino acids and mineral absorption (MCKNIGHT, 1996). Rice is one of the most produced grains in the world, and is used mainly for human consumption, but because its production cost is generally greater than that of corn, only the beneficiation sub-products are used in animal nutrition.

Defatted rice meal is a sub-product that results from the extraction of the rice meal fat by solvent during edible oil production (DOMENE, 1996). Although it contains significant quantities of phosphorus most of it is unavailable, that justifies assessing the effect of phytase in diets containing these feedstuffs to make nitrogen and phosphorus and other minerals more available for the pigs, with decrease in costs and environmental pollution. The objective of the present study was to ascertain the effect of phytase on rations formulated based on corn and soybean meal and defatted rice meal on the performance, better bone mineralization and urea contents in the plasma in growing pigs.

MATERIAL METHODS

The experiment was carried out in the Swine Sector of the Animal Science Department at the Federal University of Lavras (UFLA) from May to June 2002. Eighty mixed breed pigs were used (Large White x Landrace), 40 barrows and 40 gilts, weighing 30.2 ± 3.21 (mean ± SD) kg BW. Two barrows and two gilts were kept in each pens, and each pens was an experimental unit.

The experimental treatments consisted of rations supplemented with 0, 400, 800, 1200 FTU/kg phytase, based on corn, soybean meal and defatted rice meal (FAD) and supplemented with vitamins and minerals. The experimental rations were isoprotein, isocaloric, isocalcium and isolysine, formulated to meet the demands of the pigs according to Rostagno et al. (2000), except for calcium and available phosphorus, whose values were 0.64% and 0.25%, respectively. The chemical and energetic composition of the ingredients and the percentage composition of the experimental rations are shown in Tables 1 and 2. The enzyme Natuphos G 5000 (R), batch 0000301053, was used supplied by the BASF Corp., obtained by the genetic recombination of the Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus ficuun fungi. The animals were kept in twenty 1.80 x 2 m collective pens, with a floor partially covered with wooden planks, equipped with drinking water and semiautomatic feeder. Pigs had unlimited access to feed and water throughout all experimental period.

The animals were weighed at the start and end of the experiment and the experimental period was 35 days. During the experimental period, blood samples from two animals in each treatment was collected by sinus orbital puncture to analyze the urea contents of the plasma, according to methodology used by Brown and Cline (1974). A total of 56 samples were analyzed. At the end of the experimental period, two animals from each experimental unit were slaughtered, a total of 40 animals. Animals were chosen with weights near to the mean of the experimental plot. After slaughter the metacarpal bone was removed to determine the mineral content in the ashes.

The ingredients and rations were analyzed according to the methods described by AOAC (1990) carried out in the Animal Research Laboratory at the Animal Science Department/UFLA. The mineral solution to determine the bone phosphorus and calcium was obtained from the ashes by the dry path, and phosphorus was determined by the photometric method and calcium was determined by permanganatometry, according to Silva (1998). The plasmatic urea was determined by the calorimetric enzymatic test, using the 'LABTEST' kits. A randomized block design was used, and the criterion to form the plot was the initial weight. The variables analyzed were: mean daily weight gain (DWG), mean daily feed intake (DFI), feed conversion (FC), urea contents in the plasma, calcium and phosphorus ash content in the bones. The results obtained were submitted to analysis of variance and regression by orthogonal polynomial, carried out according to the statistics program SISVAR developed by Ferreira (2000).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 3 shows the results for mean daily weight gain (GPMD) the mean daily feed intake (DFI) feed conversion (FC) and urea contents in the pig plasma. No significant effect was observed of the phytase levels on weight gain and feed intake. However, tendencies to greater weight gain resulted in a considerably better feed conversion (P<0.05) with the increase in phytase level in the ration. The better feed conversion presented by the pigs that received phytase shown that the enzyme promoted an increase in the use of the nutrients from the ration, since the weights obtained were similar. Data analysis shown that with the use of phytase, although not significant, weight gain was on averaged 3.12% greater compared to ration without phytase. This resulted in a 3.31% improvement in the feed conversion.

The detailing of the analysis of variance by polynomial regression shown a linear effect (Figure 1) of the phytase levels on feed conversion. These results were also observed by Lei et al. (1993) who assessed supplementation with phytase in rations based on corn and soybean meal and rice meal at the levels of 0, 250, 500, and 750 FTU/kg for growing pigs and also observed a linear effect on feed conversion. Different results were reported by Murray et al. (1997) who also used rations formulated with different ingredients than those used in the present study and obtained increase in weight gain of pigs that consumed rations supplemented with 700 and 1000 FTY/kg with a low level of available phosphorus. A 3.0% linear increase in feed efficiency was reported by Liu et al. (1997) when supplementing rations with levels of 0, 250 and 500 and 750 FTY/kg phytase for growing pigs, results similar to those detected in the present experiment. Although the rations used in the present study were formulated with calcium and phosphorus levels below those required for the growing stage, no damage was detected in the animal performance, because feed conversion improved 3.3%. Libal et al. (1969) reported that the calcium and phosphorus levels can vary considerably in the diets without affecting pigs performance.

Similar results to those obtained in the present experiment were also up obtained by Ketaren et al. (1993), who ascertained improvement in feed conversation when supplementing rations with 1000 FTU/kg phytase for growing pigs. Tables 3 shows that a quadratic effect of the phytase enzyme levels was detected on the urea contents in the plasma. The level of 750 FTU/kg resulted in the lowest urea contents in the plasma (26.14mg/dl) (Figure 2). The quadratic relationship observed among the increasing levels of the phytase enzyme and the urea contents in the plasma suggested a possible action of the enzyme for better use of the protein in the rations.

According to Patterson et al. (1985) urea synthesis rates are influenced by the levels of protein in the diets and by protein catabolism. Eggum (1970) suggested that the low concentration of urea in the bloodstream corresponded to a better use of amino acids. Brown and Cline (1974) reported high urea concentrations in blood serum from pigs fed on amino acid deficient rations. Nevertheless, the same authors noticed that as amino acids were added to the rations, shown reduced urea blood concentrations in the plasma.

Table 4 shows the mean values for ash, calcium and phosphorus in the metacarpal bone of the pigs slaughtered at the end of the experiment.

The ash content in the bone was not affected by phytase levels but the detailing of the analysis of variance by polynomial regression showed a linear increase for calcium and phosphorus in the metacarpal bone in function of the phytase levels (Figures 3 and 4).

Several authors, including Teichmann et al. in the bones observed in the present experiment, even (1998) and Zhang (2000) have indicated the percentage though the levels of this element were below the of calcium and phosphorus in the bones as the main animals´ requirements, shown the action of phytase in measure of response to assess the availability of these the release of phosphorus present in the ingredients. minerals, because they best reflect variations in the This was possible even with the rations containing minerals in the rations. The greater phosphorus content defatted rice meal, that presented greater total phosphorus concentration, mostly unavailable. Biehl and Baker (1996) worked with rations based on corn and soybean meal with low levels of calcium and available phosphorus supplemented with phytase (0, 300 and 600 FTU/kg) for growing pigs and also reported improvement in the bone characteristics of the animals.

Pointillart (1991) reported the same results when using rations with 20% defatted rice meal for pigs supplemented with phytase at the level of 1200 FTU/kg and observed greater density and also greater mineral content in the pigs bones. These results are similar to those detected in the present study but the author used rations with ideal phosphorus levels. Cromwell et al. (1995) added phytase (500 FTU/kg) for pigs on rations with low total phosphorus (0.3% for the growing and finishing stages) and ascertained that bone resistance was similar to that of the animals that consumed rations with adequate total phosphorus levels. O´Quinn et al. (1997) worked with rations based on sorghum and soybean meal with 0, 300 and 500 FTU/kg for finishing pigs and observed improvement in the bone characteristics and phosphorus concentration in the metatarsal bone of the pigs, that increased linearly with supplementation with phytase, results similar to those reported in the present experiment.

Moreira et al. (2001) used rations based on corn and soybean meal and 17% defatted Rice meal, supplemented with 0, 253,759, and 1265 FTU/kg phytase for growing pigs and observed a quadratic relationship among the phytase levels and phosphorus contents in the bone. These authors did not detect effects on the ash variable in the bones, results also observed in the present study. Lopes et al. (2001) studied phosphorus kinetics in growing pig tissue submitted to rations containing phosphorus of plant origin, supplemented with phytase levels (0, 253,759,1265 and 1748 FTU/kg). The authors observed that the enzyme levels interfered linearly in the inorganic phosphorus concentration in the bone but they did not observe influence of the enzyme on the phosphorus concentration in the liver, kidney, heart or muscles.

CONCLUSIONS

Phytase enzyme supplementation in rations formulated based on corn soybean meal and defatted rice meal for growing pigs improved linearly the feed conversion and the calcium and phosphorus contents in the bone. The urea content decreased quite drastically in function of the phytase levels. The level of 750 FTU/kg shown the lower urea contents in the plasma.

(Recebido para publicação em 28 de julho de 2003 e aprovado em 20 de outubro de 2004)

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*

Parte da Tese de Doutorado do primeiro autor

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  24 Sept 2010
• Date of issue
  Dec 2004

History

• Accepted
  20 Oct 2004
• Received
  28 June 2003