Do Aqua Regia and EPA 3051A methods underestimate the pseudo-total P content in clay soil fraction?

Os métodos Água Regia e EPA 3051A subestimam o teor pseudo-total de P na fração argila do solo?

ABSTRACT

It is common the use of 3051A and aqua regia methods to assess the pseudo-total and total P contents in soil and in its fractions. However, previous study has shown the formation of large amounts of short-range order materials (SRO) in the residues of these extractions. The objective of this work was to evaluate whether phosphate resorb in the SRO formed in the residue of 3051A and aqua regia extractions in clay soil fraction. Residues obtained from the 3051A and aqua regia were recovered from filter papers. To characterize the SRO in these residues, sequential extractions were performed with 0.2 mol L^-1 ammonium oxalate and 0.5 mol L^-1 NaOH. The maximum pseudo-total P content extracted by aqua regia was 6800 mg kg^-1. If SRO formed during this acid extraction was not extracted , 698 mg kg^-1 P would have been not accounted (underestimation of 10.3%). This high level of P resorption in the 3051A and aqua regia extraction lead to misinterpretations of P reserve in clay fraction. Phosphate resorption was mainly in SRO extracted by ammonium oxalate for both 3051A and aqua regia residues. The chemical environment of the 3051A and aqua regia extractions facilitated the inner sphere adsorption of H₂PO₄ ^- in ferrol and aluminol groups of the SRO- ammonium oxalate. There was larger resorption of H₂PO₄ ^- in the 3051A-NaOH in relation to NaOH- aqua regia.

Index terms:
Short-range order materials; inner sphere adsorption; isomorphic substitution; sequential extractions

RESUMO

É comum o uso dos métodos 3051A e água régia para avaliar o teor pseudo-total e total de P nos solos e em suas frações. No entanto, estudo anterior mostrou a formação de grandes quantidades de materiais de baixa ordem estrutural (MBOE) nos resíduos dessas extrações. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar se ocorre readsorção de fosfato no MBOE dos resíduos das extrações 3051A e água régia na fração argila de solos. Os resíduos obtidos a partir do 3051A e água régia foram recuperados dos papéis de filtro. Para caracterizar o MBOE nesses resíduos foram realizadas extrações sequenciais com oxalato de amônio 0,2 mol L^-1 e NaOH 0,5 mol L^-1. O teor máximo de P pseudo-total extraído pela água régia foi de 6800 mg kg^-1. Se o MBOE formado durante a água régia não fosse extraída nesta amostra, 698 mg kg^-1 de P não seriam contabilizados (subestimação de 10,3%). Esse alto nível de readsorção de P na extração 3051A e água régia leva a interpretações equivocadas da reserva de nutrientes na fração argila. A readsorção de fosfato foi principalmente no MBOE extraído pelo oxalato de amônio nos resíduos 3051A e água régia. O ambiente químico das extrações 3051A e água régia facilitou a readsorção por esfera interna de H₂PO₄ ^- nos grupos ferrol e aluminol do MOBE-oxalato de amônio. Houve maior reabsorção de H₂PO₄ ^- no 3051A-NaOH em relação ao NaOH-água régia.

Termos para indexação:
Materiais de baixa ordem estrutural; adsorção por esfera interna; substituição isomórfica; extrações sequenciais.

INTRODUCTION

EPA 3051A is the most used method to determine the pseudo-total content of elements in soils with environmental interesse (Chen et al., 1991; Dudka; Markert, 1992; Salonen; Korkka-Niemi, 2007; Souza et al., 2015; Melo et al., 2017). EPA 3051A involves digestion in a closed microwave oven system with concentrated HNO₃ and HCl (3:1) or only concentrated HNO₃ (United State Environment Agency - USEPA, 1998). Aqua regia is another methodology frequently used to extract pseudo-total contents of heavy metals in soils (Öztam; Düring 2012). Normally, this method involves digestion in an open system (Sastre et al., 2002) and uses the same concentrated acids specified by EPA 3051A; however, the aqua regia method uses the inverse ratio of the acid volumes: HCl/HNO₃ = 3:1. It is common the use of 3051A and aqua regia aqua regia methods to assess the pseudo-total and total P contents in soils (Crosland et al., 1995; Eriksson, Gustafsson; Hesterberg, 2015; Zárubová et al., 2015; Eriksson et al., 2016; Melo et al., 2016). The difference between pseudo-total (aqua regia and EPA 3051A) and total (EPA 3052A) extractions is the use of HF in total extraction for total removal of silicate minerals, such as 2: 1 and 1: 1 (phyllosilicate) and quartz and feldspar (tectosilicate) (USEPA, 1998; Melo et al., 2016). However, due to the low association of interest elements (P and heavy metals) with silicate minerals, some authors have found equivalent extractions between EPA 3051A and EPA 3052A (Link et al. 1998; Silva; Nascimento; Biondi, 2013). Even if there was adsorption by internal-sphere of P in the aluminol groups of the 2: 1 and 1: 1 secondary minerals, the previous work by Melo et al. (2016) showed that extractions with aqua regia and EPA 3051A dissolve the outermost layers and the total dissolution of thinner, smaller and lower crystallinity kaolinite particles. The aqua regia and EPA 3051 methods completely dissolve relatively stable secondary oxide minerals, such as, gibbsite, goethite and hematite (Melo et al., 2016). Therefore, only unexpected forms of P within the crystalline network of silicate minerals would not be extracted by aqua regia and EPA 3051A. For all these reasons, in the present study, P solubilized by extractions with aqua regia and EPA 3051A was also treated as total.Questions about the accuracy of the EPA 3051A and aqua regia arose from the data of Melo et al. (2016) and Guedes, Melo and Batista (2020). These authors recovered solid residues from the filter papers obtained by using the 3051A and aqua regia methods and identified large contents of low-crystallinity materials (short-range order material - SRO) formed in these residues. As SRO are very reactive, heavy metal resorption were intense, leading to the underestimation of these elements (Guedes; Melo; Batista, 2020). SRO has a high specific surface area and pH-dependent charges (Mendonça et al., 2013). They expose large number of reactive groups, especially silanol (-SiOH), ferrol (-FeOH), and aluminol (-AlOH) (Theng et al., 1982; Mendonça et al., 2013).

Three alternative methods have been commonly used to estimate the total P (Leytem; Kpomblekou, 2009): sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) fusion, perchloric acid (HClO₄) digestion, and sodium hypobromite (NaOBr) oxidation followed by H₂SO₄ dissolution. These three methods convert soil organic P to inorganic P to allow total P determination. the Na₂CO₃ fusion is thought to give more reliable results (Sommers; Nelson, 1972). However, complementary studies with these methods should be done to check the percentage of P recovery in relation to the EPA 3052 method and if there is no SRO formation in the residues of these extractions.

The hypothesis of the present study is that the resorption of P will also occurs, as phosphate compost has high affinity for -AlOH and -FeOH. groups (Satti et al., 2007; Havlin et al., 2009).

The objective of this work was to evaluate whether phosphate resorb in the SRO formed in the residue of 3051A and aqua regia extractions in clay soil fraction.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Soil sampling

Soil samples were collected in two different sites in Adrianópolis municipality, Paraná State, Southern Brazil (Table 1). Each site has a distinct parent material. Another two soil profiles were selected from São José dos Pinhais and from Londrina, both municipalities also belong to Paraná State, Southern Brazil (Table 1).

Table 1:
Location and some properties of the soils.

Sample	Profile	Sampling depth	Geography coordinates		Clay
		cm			g kg-1
Adrianópolis - Site 1 (Neossolo/Entisol - Calcite marble)
1	1	0 - 15	24°40’57” S	48°55’06”W	470
2	1	15 - 25			440
3	2	0 - 15	24°40′58” S	48°55′04″W	310
4	2	15 - 25			360
5	3	0 - 15	24°40’58”S	48°55’07”W	250
6	3	15 - 30			300
Adrianópolis - Site 2 (phyllite-mica schist)
7	4	0 -10	24°50′20″S	49°00′11″W	300
8	5	0 - 10	24°50′20″S	49°00′11″W	270
9	6	0 - 10	24°50′19″S	49°00′11″W	200
10	7	0 - 10	24°50′18″S	49°00′12″W	300
11	8	0 - 10	24°50′18″S	49°00′12″W	270
Londrina (Latossolo/Oxisol - basalt)
12	9	15 - 95	23°23’30”S	51°11’05”W	831
São José dos Pinhais (Cambissolo/Inceptsol - granite/gneiss)
13	10	30 - 60	25º 35′ 32′′S	49° 03′ 47′′W	446

• Source: modified from Guedes, Melo and Batista (2020).

Soils with different clay mineralogy were selected (Melo et al., 2016; Guedes; Melo; Batista, 2020): Adrianópolis/site 1 - soils with high smectite contents; Adrianópolis/site 2 - soils with varying contents of smectite and kaolinite; São José dos Pinhais/Inceptsol - soil with high contents of kaolinite; and Londrina/Oxisol - soil with high contents of Fe (hematite) and Al (gibbsite) oxides. All soil samples were also used in the heavy metal’s resorption study of Guedes, Melo and Batista (2020), where X-ray diffraction clay patterns of each representative group of soil are presented.

To avoid interference from the minerals of the sand and silt fractions (mainly quartz and magnetite), only the clay fraction was used to study the dissolution of secondary minerals by Aqua Regia and 3051A and the formation of SRO with the elements released from these dissolutions.

Separation of soil fractions

Approximately 20 g of air-dry fine earth (three replicates) was mixed with H₂O₂ 30% (v/v) in a water bath at 70 °C until the end of reaction. After removing the organic matter, the samples were dispersed in a 100 mL of 0.2 mol L^-1 NaOH. The sand fraction was retained in a 0.053 mm mesh sieve, and the silt and clay fractions were separated by a sedimentation method according to Stokes’ Law (Gee; Bauder, 1986). The clay fraction was dried in an oven at 40 °C for 48 h, ground, and passed through a 0.2 mm-mesh sieve.

Extraction of P pseudo-total with aqua regia

Approximately 0.5 g of clay (triplicate) was weighed in glass digestion tubes (Berrow; Stein, 1983). After adding 1.0 mL of concentrated HNO₃, the tubes were maintained in a block digester for 15 min at 110 °C. The content of P was determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (Varian 720-ES) (ICP-OES). The operational conditions of the ICP-OES with an axial configuration were: radiofrequency power - 1200 W; replicate - 3; plasma gas flow rate - 15 L min^-1; auxiliary gas flow rate - 1.5 L min^-1; sample uptake rate - 1.0 mL min^-1; nebulizer gas flow rate - 0.5 L min^-1; nebulizer type - spray chamber; spray chamber - doble spray; injector tube diameter - 1.2 mm; signal integration time - 15 s; wavelength - 203 nm. All procedures were performed including the blank analytical solutions.

All reagents used were of analytical grade and purity and all solutions were prepared using ultra-pure water (18mΩ cm^-1, Milli-Q, Milipore).

Extraction of P pseudo-total with EPA 3051A

Approximately 0.5 g of clay (triplicates) was transferred to Teflon tubes in the presence of 9 mL of concentrated HNO₃ and 3 mL of concentrated HCl (USEPA, 1998). The tubes were sealed and maintained in a microwave oven (MARS Xpress 6, CEM) for 8 min and 40 s to increase the temperature to 175 °C. This temperature was maintained for an additional period of 4 min and 30 s. The content of P was determined by ICP-OES.

Recovery of residues of the aqua regia and EPA 3051A extractions

The extraction residues of aqua regia and EPA 3051A residues were recovered from quantitative filter paper (Macherey Nagel^®) in previously tared plastic containers using ultrapure water (18.2 MΩ cm at 25 °C) jets. The residues were dried in an oven at 40 °C for 48 h and weighed to calculate the percentage of material removed by the aqua regia and EPA3051A digestions.

Sequential extractions of short-range order material (SRO) in the residues of the aqua regia and 3051A

To produce sufficient amount of residues, the extractions with aqua regia and 3051A were repeated 10 times each.

Ammonium Oxalate extraction

Approximately 0.5 g (triplicate) of the EPA 3051A and aqua regia residues were placed in centrifuge tubes. After adding 12.5 mL of the 0.2 mol L^-1 pH 3.0 ammonium oxalate, the tubes were agitated for 2 h in a horizontal shaker at 100 rpm (Jackson; Lim; Zelazny, 1986). The suspension was centrifuged at 5000 rpm, and the supernatant was collected to determine the P content by ICP-OES. The residue was washed twice with 30 mL of 0.5 mol L^-1 (NH₄)₂CO₃ and washed once with 30 mL of ultrapure water to remove the excess salts from the ammonium oxalate solution. The samples were dried in an oven at 40 °C for 48 h and weighed.

NaOH extraction

Approximately 0.3 g (triplicate) of the ammonium oxalate residue was homogenized with 30 mL of 0.5 mol L^-1 NaOH. The suspension was heated at 90 °C for 30 min in a water bath, centrifuged at 5000 rpm, and the supernatant was collected to determine the content of P by ICP-OES.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Melo et al. (2016) and Guedes, Melo and Batista (2020) used the same samples as the present study and the data from these authors certify the formation of SRO after extractions with Aqua Regia and 3051A. These authors used the techniques of X-ray diffraction (formation of diffuse reflections) (Figure 1) and transmission electron microscopy to identify the SRO. Quantity and chemical composition of short-range order material (SRO) formed during 3051A and aqua regia extractions were detailed by Guedes, Melo and Batista (2020), and some important findings can be highlights: i) the amount and composition of SRO was dependent of clay mineralogy. The residue of 3051A and aqua regia extractions were composed by almost 100 % of SRO in the smectitic samples (Adrianópolis/site - samples 1 to 6); ii) chemical composition of SRO of aqua regia and 3051A residues: ammonium oxalate extracted mainly Al₂O₃ and Fe₂O_3, and the SRO solubilized by NaOH are composed of SiO₂ and residual amount of Al₂O₃. Ammonium oxalate has the ability to dissolve allophane, imogolite, and low crystallinity Fe (ferrihydrite, fougerite and schwertmannite), Al and Mn oxides (Singh; Gilkes, 1991; Jackson; Lim; Zelazny, 1986). The sequential extraction with 0.5 mol L^-1 NaOH dissolved mainly low-crystallinity Si-O (opaline silica) layers that were resistant to prior extraction with ammonium oxalate (Guedes; Melo; Batista, 2020).

Figure 1:
X-ray diffraction (Cu-Kα radiation) of natural clay and after extraction by EPA 3051A and aqua regia (AR) of the sample 5. Sm: smectite, Ka: kaolinite, Cal: Calcite, Mi: Mica, SRO: short-range order phase.

The broad term ‘resorption’ was used in the present manuscript to represent all P-solid phase interactions: precipitation, complexation, adsorption by the outer sphere, adsorption by the inner sphere and the introduction of heavy metals in the SRO structure by isomorphic substitution. The maximum pseudo-total P content extracted by aqua regia was in the sample 6 (6800 mg kg^-1) (Figure 2a). If SRO was not extracted after aqua regia in this sample, 698 mg kg^-1 of P would have been not assembled (underestimation of 10.3 % in relation of aqua regia pseud-total content) (Figures 2b, c). The maximum percentage of P resorption in the SRO was in the 3051A residue in sample 7 (underestimation of 36 % in relation of 3051A pseudo-total content) (Figure 2b). This level of P resorption leads to misinterpretations of nutrient reserve in soils.

Figure 2:
P contents of the extracts of the 3051A and aqua regia (AR) (a), P contents of sequential extractions with ammonium oxalate (OA) and NaOH in residues of 3051A and aqua regia (b), and the relative percentages of the contents of these oxides extracted by the sequential extractions with ammonium oxalate and NaOH in relation to the contents extracted from the 3051A (c) and aqua regia (d). Total = content of the P-ammonium oxalate + P-NaOH.

P resorption was mainly in SRO-ammonium oxalate for both 3051A and aqua regia residues (Figure 2). In the Oxisol (sample 12), 100 % of P-SRO (76 mg kg^-1 or 19 %) was released by solubilization of the aqua regia residue by ammonium oxalate. The mixture of concentrated HCl and concentrated HNO₃ used for pseudo-total digestion reduces the pH of the soil/reagent mixture to below 1.0 (Guedes; Melo; Batista, 2020). In this pH range, protonation and the following charge distribution occur in the aluminol, ferrol and silanol reactive groups on the surface of the SRO: -AlOH₂ ^+0.5; -FeOH₂ ^+0.5; -SiOH⁰ (Poggere et al., 2016). Oxy-anion specific adsorption (H₃PO₄ ⁰) in ferrol and aluminol groups is favored when these radicals are at the maximum protonation (OH₂), as this configuration weakens the metal-oxygen bond, which favors the exchange of ligands and the water molecule output (Equations 1 and 2). The ferrol group is present in SRO-ammonium oxalate and aluminol in SRO- ammonium oxalate and SRO-NaOH (Guedes; Melo; Batista, 2020).

$-{\text{AlOH}}_2^{+\mathrm{0,5}}+{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}{\text{PO}}_4^0\to -{\text{AlOH}}_{\text{3}}{\text{PO}}_4^{+\mathrm{0,5}}+{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}\text{O}$ (1)

$-{\text{FeOH}}_2^{+\mathrm{0,5}}+{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}{\text{PO}}_4^0\to -{\text{FeOH}}_{\text{3}}{\text{PO}}_4^{+\mathrm{0,5}}+{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}\text{O}$ (2)

The predominant form of phosphate is H₃PO₄ ⁰ below 2.0 (Lindsay, 1979). Although aluminol and ferrol groups of SRO are positive in this pH range (Equations 1 and 2), the absence of negative charges on the oxy-anion prevents non-specific adsorption (electrostatic attraction) of the H₃PO₄ ⁰. It is not also possible the P input into the SRO-OA structure by isomorphic substitution (IS), because the coordination between Al and Fe (octahedral) and P (tetrahedral) are different.

Digestion of the smectitic samples from Adrianópolis site 1 by 3051A released more SiO₂ and there was an intense formation of SRO-NaOH (Guedes; Melo; Batista, 2020); however, in this group of samples there is the lowest percentage of P resorption (Figure 2c, d). The largest contribution of P in the residues of 3051A in relation to aqua regia by the extraction of SRO with NaOH is clear. There was a greater formation of Si-tetrahedron layers, since loss of Si by volatilization is prevented in the 3051A closed system (Guedes; Melo; Batista, 2020). In the open aqua regia system (110 ^oC), occur intense loss of Si in the form of volatile compounds (Melo et al., 2016). Taking sample 6 as an example of site 1 of Adrianópolis (Guedes; Melo; Batista, 2020): SiO₂-NaOH in the aqua regia residue = 4.3 g kg^-1; SiO₂-NaOH in the 3051A residue = 615 g kg^-1. The phosphate group is formed by four oxygen surrounding the central P (tetrahedral coordination). The same coordination facilitated the IS of Si tetrahedron by P tetrahedron in the SRO-NaOH of the 3051A residue (P⁵⁺ ionic radius (0.035nm) is very close to Si⁴⁺ ionic radius (0.039 nm)). Even under room temperature and pressure, the IS of Si by P is favored, as the theoretical limit of the ionic radius difference necessary to enable IS is 35 % (Zanardo; Marques, 2009). The high pressure of method 3051A increased the IS of Si for P in the SRO-NaOH.

CONCLUSIONS

The chemical environment of the 3051A and aqua regia extractions facilitated the specific adsorption of H₃PO₄ ⁰ in ferrol and aluminol groups of the SRO- ammonium oxalate. Phosphate resorption was mainly in SRO extracted by ammonium oxalate for both 3051A and aqua regia residues. There was larger resorption of H₃PO₄ ⁰ in the 3051A-NaOH in relation to NaOH-aqua regia. The maximum pseudo-total P content extracted in our sample by aqua regia was 6800 mg kg^-1. If short-range order (SRO) formed during this acid extraction was not extracted in this sample, 698 mg kg^-1 P would have been not accounted (underestimation of 10.3%). This high level of P resorption in the 3051A and aqua regia extraction leads to misinterpretations of P reserve in clay fraction.

REFERENCES

• BERROW, M. L.; STEIN, W. M. Extraction of metals from soils and sewage sludges by refluxing with aqua regia. Analyst, 108:277-285, 1983.
• CHEN, J. et al. Background concentrations of elements in soils of China. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 57-58:699-712, 1991.
• CROSLAND, A. R. et al. Comparison of Aqua regia digestion with sodium carbonate fusion for the determination of total phosphorus in soils by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP). Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 26(9-10):1357-1368, 1995.
• DUDKA, S.; MARKET, B. Baseline concentrations of As, Ba, Be, Li, Nb, Sr and V in surface soils of Poland. Science of The Total Environment, 122(3):279-290, 1992.
• ERIKSSON, A. K. et al. Evolution of phosphorus speciation with depth in an agricultural soil profile. Geoderma, 280:29-37, 2016.
• ERIKSSON, A. K.; GUSTAFSSON, J. P.; HESTERBERG, D. Phosphorus speciation of clay fractions from long-term fertility experiments in Sweden. Geoderma , 241-242:68-74, 2015.
• GEE, G. W.; BAUDER, J. W. Particle-size analysis. In: KLUTE, A. Methods of soil analysis. Part 1: Physical and mineralogical methods. Madison: American Society of Agronomy, p.383-412, 1986.
• GUEDES, L. G.; MELO, V. F.; BATISTA, A. H. The classic aqua regia and EPA 3051a methods can mislead environmental assessments and certifications: Potentially harmful elements resorption in short-range order materials. Chemosphere, 251:126356, 2020.
• HAVLIN, J. L. et al. Soil fertility and fertilizers: An introduction to nutrient management. New Delhi: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd, 2009. 528p.
• JACKSON, M. L.; LIM, C. H.; ZELAZNY, L.W. Oxides, hydroxides, and aluminosilicates. In: KLUTE, A. Methods of soil analysis. Part 1: Physical and mineralogical methods . Madison: American Society of Agronomy , p.101-150, 1986.
• LEYTEM, A.; KPOMBLEKOU, K. Total phosphorus in soil. In: KOVAR, J. L.; PIERZYNSKI, G. M. Methods of phosphorus analysis for soils, sediments, residuals, and waters. Second edition. Virginia: Virginia Tech University, p.44-49, 2009.
• LINK, D.; WALTER, P. J.; KINGSTON, H. M. Development and validation of the new EPA microwave-assisted leach method 3051A. Environmental Science & Technology, 32(22):3628-3632, 1998.
• MELO, V. F. et al. Relationship between heavy metals and minerals extracted from soil clay by standard and novel acid extraction procedures. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 188(12):668, 2016.
• MELO, V. F. et al. Reference values for potentially harmful elements in soils from Atlantic Rainforest, Brazil. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 181:138-147, 2017.
• MENDONÇA, T. et al. Lead adsorption on clay fraction of two soil profiles of Fields Peninsula, King George Island. Antarctic Science, 25(3):389-396, 2013.
• ÖZTAM, S.; DÜRING, R. A. Microwave assisted EDTA extraction-determination of pseudo total contents of distinct trace elements in solid environmental matrices. Talanta, 99:594-602, 2012.
• POGGERE, G. C. et al. Adsorption of arsenate (HAsO₄ ^2-) by the clay fraction of soils of the Keller and Barton Peninsulas, King George Island, Maritime Antarctic. Revista Ciência Agronômica, 48(1):13-21, 2016.
• SALONEN, V.; KORKKA-NIEMI, K. Influence of parent sediments on the concentration of heavy metals in urban and suburban soils in Turku, Finland. Applied Geochemistry, 22(5):906-918, 2007.
• SASTRE, J. et al. Determination of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in environmental samples: Microwave-assisted total digestion versus aqua regia and nitric acid extraction. Analytica Chimica Acta, 462(1):56-72, 200.
• SATTI, P. et al. Factors affecting soil P dynamics in temperate volcanic soils of southern Argentina. Geoderma , 139(1-2):229-240, 2007.
• SILVA, Y. J. A. B.; NASCIMENTO, C. W. A.; BIONDI. C. M. Comparison of USEPA digestion methods to heavy metals in soil samples. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment , 186:47-53, 2013.
• SINGH, B.; GILKES, R. J. Concentration of iron oxides from soil clays by 5 m NaOH treatment: The complete removal of sodalite and kaolin. Clay Minerals, 26(4):463-472, 1991.
• SOMMERS, L. E.; NELSON, D. W. Determination of total phosphorus in soils: A rapid perchloric acid digestion procedure. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 36(6):902-904, 1972.
• SOUZA, J. J. L. L. et al. Geochemistry and spatial variability of metal (loid) concentrations in soils of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Science of The Total Environment , 505:338-349, 2015.
• UNITED STATE ENVIRONMENT AGENCY - USEPA. SW-846 EPA method 3051A. 1998. Microwave assisted acid digestion of sediments, sludges, soils and oils. In: Test methods for evaluating solid waste, 3rd Update. Washington: US Environmental Protection Agency. Available in: <Available in: https://www.epa.gov/esam/us-epa-method-3051a-microwave-assisted-acid-digestion-sediments-sludges-and-oils >. Access in: September 12, 2019.
  » https://www.epa.gov/esam/us-epa-method-3051a-microwave-assisted-acid-digestion-sediments-sludges-and-oils
• THENG, B. K. G. et al. Surface properties of allophane, halloysite, and imogolite. Clays Clay Minerals , 30(2):143-149, 1982.
• ZANARDO, A.; MARQUES, J. R. Basic mineralogy concepts. In: MELO, V. F.; ALLEONI, L. R. F. Química e mineralogia do solo Parte I - Conceitos básicos. Viçosa: Sociedade Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, p.89 -95, 2009.
• ZÁRUBOVÁ, P. et al. Distribution of P, K, Ca, Mg, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn in wood and bark age classes of willows and poplars used for phytoextraction on soils contaminated by risk elements. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22:18801-18813, 2015.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  09 Oct 2020
• Date of issue
  2020

History

• Received
  03 June 2020
• Accepted
  31 Aug 2020