Clarification of used lubricating oils by application of chemically-modified clays

Rosa, M. S. L.; Knoerzer, T.; Figueiredo, F. C.; Santos Júnior, J. R. dos

doi:10.1590/0366-69132020663782823

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Articles • Cerâmica 66 (378) • Apr-Jun 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0366-69132020663782823 copy

Clarification of used lubricating oils by application of chemically-modified clays

Clarificação de óleo lubrificante usado por aplicação de argilas quimicamente modificadas

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Clay is a material that exhibits excellent adsorbent properties which can be applied for the clarification of used motor oils. We describe a comparative analysis between natural and chemically-modified clays as an environmentally sound method of clarification. Previously, a sample of clay was chemically treated with KOH and H₂SO₄ with a concentration of 2.0 M at 150 °C. Both the natural and chemically-treated samples were characterized using the techniques of XRD, FTIR, SSA, and thermal analysis to observe the structural change after the chemical treatment. These characterizations indicated that there was an increase in surface area and microporous space creation in the acid-treated sample as a result of the clay exfoliation. The acid-treated sample exhibited the potential of clarification of waste oil and high performance relative to the natural sample and the base-treated sample.

Keywords:
clay; clarifying; waste lubricant oil

Table I Allocation of the vibration bands on the infrared spectrum of clay.

Wavenumber (cm^-1)	Attribution	Ref.
3706	Stretching OH-Me	³⁰30 K.A. Sampaio, J. Vila-Ayala, S.M. Silva, R. Ceriane, R. Verhe, A.J.A.J. Meireles, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 90 (2013) 191. 31 T.E. Oladimeji, J.A. Sonibare, J.A. Omoleye, A.A. Adegbola, H.I. Okagbuec, Data Brief 19 (2018) 2240. 32 A.E.A. de Lima, H.B. Sales, L.C. de Lima, J.C.O. Santos, I.M.G. dos Santos, A.G. de Souza, R. Rosenhain, Cerâmica 63, 368 (2017) 517. 33 C. Stan, C, Andreescu, M. Toma, Procedia Manuf. 22 (2018) 709. 34 D.I. Osman, S.K. Attia, R.A. Taman, Egypt. J. Pet. 27 (2018) 221. 35 M.A. Morales-Carrera, C.D.F.A. Varajao, A.M. Goncalves, S.A. Stachissini, Quím. Nova 32 (2009) 2287. ^- ³⁶36 K.B. Amorim, R.S. Angélica, Cerâmica 57, 344 (2011) 483.
3618	Stretching OH-Me	³⁰30 K.A. Sampaio, J. Vila-Ayala, S.M. Silva, R. Ceriane, R. Verhe, A.J.A.J. Meireles, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 90 (2013) 191. 31 T.E. Oladimeji, J.A. Sonibare, J.A. Omoleye, A.A. Adegbola, H.I. Okagbuec, Data Brief 19 (2018) 2240. 32 A.E.A. de Lima, H.B. Sales, L.C. de Lima, J.C.O. Santos, I.M.G. dos Santos, A.G. de Souza, R. Rosenhain, Cerâmica 63, 368 (2017) 517. 33 C. Stan, C, Andreescu, M. Toma, Procedia Manuf. 22 (2018) 709. 34 D.I. Osman, S.K. Attia, R.A. Taman, Egypt. J. Pet. 27 (2018) 221. 35 M.A. Morales-Carrera, C.D.F.A. Varajao, A.M. Goncalves, S.A. Stachissini, Quím. Nova 32 (2009) 2287. ^- ³⁶36 K.B. Amorim, R.S. Angélica, Cerâmica 57, 344 (2011) 483.
3516	Stretching H₂O	¹²12 K.M.C. Xavier, M.S.F. Santos, J.A. Osajima, A.B. Luz, M.G. Fonseca, E.C. Silva Filho, Appl. Clay Sci. 119 (2016) 338.
3406	Stretching H₂O	¹²12 K.M.C. Xavier, M.S.F. Santos, J.A. Osajima, A.B. Luz, M.G. Fonseca, E.C. Silva Filho, Appl. Clay Sci. 119 (2016) 338.
1643	Deformation H₂O	¹⁷17 L. Boudrichea, R. Calvet, B. Hamdi, H. Balard, Colloid Surface A 392 (2011) 45.
1029	Stretching Si-O	³⁴34 D.I. Osman, S.K. Attia, R.A. Taman, Egypt. J. Pet. 27 (2018) 221. 35 M.A. Morales-Carrera, C.D.F.A. Varajao, A.M. Goncalves, S.A. Stachissini, Quím. Nova 32 (2009) 2287. 36 K.B. Amorim, R.S. Angélica, Cerâmica 57, 344 (2011) 483. 37 W. Wang, G. Tian, Z. Zhang, A. Wang, Chem. Eng. J. 265 (2015) 228. ^- ³⁸38 A. Wang , W. Wang , Z. Zhang, Appl. Clay Sci. 107 (2015) 230.
913	Deformation Al-OH	¹⁷17 L. Boudrichea, R. Calvet, B. Hamdi, H. Balard, Colloid Surface A 392 (2011) 45.
796	Stretching Si-O-Si	³⁴34 D.I. Osman, S.K. Attia, R.A. Taman, Egypt. J. Pet. 27 (2018) 221.
682	Angular deformation Si-O-Me	³³33 C. Stan, C, Andreescu, M. Toma, Procedia Manuf. 22 (2018) 709.
537	Angular deformation Si-O-Me	³³33 C. Stan, C, Andreescu, M. Toma, Procedia Manuf. 22 (2018) 709.
467	Stretching Si-O-Si	³⁴34 D.I. Osman, S.K. Attia, R.A. Taman, Egypt. J. Pet. 27 (2018) 221. ^, ³⁷37 W. Wang, G. Tian, Z. Zhang, A. Wang, Chem. Eng. J. 265 (2015) 228. 38 A. Wang , W. Wang , Z. Zhang, Appl. Clay Sci. 107 (2015) 230. 39 A. Wang , Y. Zhao, H. Chen , J. Hazard. Mater. 149 (2007) 346. ^- ⁴⁰40 R. Naidu, Y. Liu, J. Churchman, B. Biswas, B. Sarkar, R. Rusmin, Appl. Clay Sci. 134 (2016) 65.

Table II Results of specific surface area and pore volume of CNAT, CTH2SO4, and CTKOH.

Sample	Surface area (m².g^-1)	Pore volume (cm³.g^-1)
CNAT	124.6	0.051
CTKOH	113.8	0.047
CTH₂SO₄	152.0	0.063

Table III Results of thermal analysis of adsorbing materials.

Sample	ΔT1 (°C)	PM1 (%)	ΔT2 (°C)	PM2 (%)	ΔT3 (°C)	PM3 (%)	PMT (%)
CNAT	20-126	7.25	126-287	1.50	287-600	7.05	15.80
CTKOH	21-151	6.33	151-292	0.72	292-597	2.03	9.08
CTH₂SO₄	33-130	7.00	130-490	11.00	-	-	18.00

Table IV Results of physicochemical characterizations of OLN, OLU, OLCCNAT, OLCCTKOH, and OLCCTH2SO4 compared with the limits from ASTM standards.

Test		OLN	OLU	OLCCNAT	OLCCTKOH	OLCCTH₂SO₄	Limit
Kinematic viscosity (mm²/s)	at 40 °C	100.2	114.0	34.5	30.6	27.5	26-32
Kinematic viscosity (mm²/s)	at 100 °C	16.8	18.7	14.0	9.5	7.4	-
ASTM color		1.0	8.0	6.5	6.0	5.0	≤3
Acidity (mg KOH/g)		2.09	5.97	0.048	-	0.045	≤0.05
Ash content (mass%)		0.01	1.52	1.30	0.50	0.05	≤0.02

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