Wastes from pulp and paper mills - a review of generation and recycling alternatives

Simão, L.; Hotza, D.; Raupp-Pereira, F.; Labrincha, J. A.; Montedo, O. R. K.

doi:10.1590/0366-69132018643712414

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Articles • Cerâmica 64 (371) • Jul-Sep 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0366-69132018643712414 copy

Wastes from pulp and paper mills - a review of generation and recycling alternatives

Resíduos da produção de papel e celulose - uma revisão da geração e alternativas de reciclagem

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The production of pulp and paper is increasing worldwide, and wastes are therefore being generated in appreciable amounts. Various materials are generated in pulp and paper mills, such as ash, dregs, grits, lime mud and pulp mill sludge. Over the years, these wastes have typically been sent to landfills or incinerated. However, with increased environmental awareness new alternatives have been investigated, especially the valorization of these materials. In this review, the characteristics of the manufacturing process, generated wastes, main destinations and recycling alternatives are addressed. The state of the art indicates that dregs are useful in agriculture as soil amendments, while lime mud can be used in agriculture and in environmental technology, mainly in wastewater treatment. Grits are commonly employed in construction, and pulp mill sludge shows applications in agriculture, construction and energy processes. In conclusion, this review shows several successful cases of recycling wastes from pulp and paper mills.

Keywords:
paper; pulp; waste management

Table I - Physical and chemical characteristics of dregs, lime mud and grits.

Waste	Moisture (%)	pH	Ca (wt%)	Ref.
Dregs	-	10.7	35.4	¹³13. H.C. Almeida, C.B. Da Silveira, P.R. Ernani, M.L. Campos, D. Almeida, Quim. Nova 30 (2007) 1669.
	50.0	12.0	23.0	⁴⁹49. S.B. Branco, C.B. da Silveira, M.L. Campos , L.C. Gatiboni , D.J. Miquelluti, Rev. Bras. Eng. Agrícola Ambient. 17 (2013) 543.
	-	12.2	25.0	³⁰30. F. Cabral , H.M. Ribeiro, L. Hilário, L. Machado, E. Vasconcelos , Bioresour. Technol. 99 (2008) 8294.
	48.0	11.0	29.8	⁵³53. Y. Jia, C. Maurice, B. Öhlander, Environ. Earth Sci. 72 (2013) 319.
	-	-	32.4	²⁹29. F. Martins, J. Martins, L. Ferracin, C. Dacunha, J. Hazard . Mater. 147 (2007) 610.
	57.0	10.4	26.9	⁵⁴54. M. Mäkitalo, “Green liquor dregs as sealing layer material to cover sulphidic mine waste deposits”, Lic. Thesis, Luleå Un. Technol. (2012).
Lime mud	-	13.0	-	⁵⁸58. J. He, C.R. Lange, M. Dougherty, Proc. Saf. Environ. Prot. 87 (2009) 401.
	32.4	12.6	38.5	⁵³53. Y. Jia, C. Maurice, B. Öhlander, Environ. Earth Sci. 72 (2013) 319.
	-	-	36.0	²⁹29. F. Martins, J. Martins, L. Ferracin, C. Dacunha, J. Hazard . Mater. 147 (2007) 610.
	-	12.0	59.0	³⁷37. R. Pérez-López, J. Castillo, D. Quispe, J.M. Nieto, J. Hazard . Mater. 177 (2010) 762.
	45.6	-	32.7	⁶⁴64. J. Qin, C. Cui, X. Cui, A. Hussain, C. Yang, S. Yang, Ceram. Int. 41 (2015) 5648.
	1.1	12.1	-	⁶⁷67. S. Sthiannopkao, S. Sreesai, J. Environ. Manage. 90 (2009) 3283.
	-	-	37.4	⁶⁵65. R. Sun, Y. Li, C. Liu, X. Xie, C. Lu, Chem. Eng. J. 221 (2013) 124.
	-	11.5	35.4	¹⁵15. J. Zhang, Q. Wang, J. Jiang, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 38, 6 (2013) 2738.
Grits	-	12.6	41.7	³⁰30. F. Cabral , H.M. Ribeiro, L. Hilário, L. Machado, E. Vasconcelos , Bioresour. Technol. 99 (2008) 8294.
	16.0	-	36.8	²⁶26. F. Castro, C. Vilarinho, D. Trancoso, P. Ferreira, F. Nunes, A. Miragaia, Int. J. Mater. Eng. Innov. 1 (2009) 74.
	-	-	53.0	³⁶36. C.C. Machado, R.S. Pereira, D.C. De Lima, C.A.B. De, Rev. Árvore 31 (2007) 487.
	-	-	34.6	²⁹29. F. Martins, J. Martins, L. Ferracin, C. Dacunha, J. Hazard . Mater. 147 (2007) 610.
	7.0	12.8	42.0	²⁷27. R. Pöykiö , H. Nurmesniemi , T. Kuokkanen, P. Perämäki, Environ. Chem. Lett. 4 (2006) 37.
	-	-	68.7	³⁵35. F.B. Siqueira, J.N.F. Holanda, J. Environ. Manage. 131 (2013) 1.

Table II - Physical and chemical characteristics of pulp mill sludge.

Pulp mill sludge	Moisture (%)	pH	Organic matter (wt%)	Ref.
Primary	-	6.6	-	⁷⁹79. S. Bayr, J. Rintala, Water Res. 46 (2012) 4713.
	-	6.6	36.0-47.0	²⁵25. F. Cabral, E. Vasconcelos, Environ. Rev. 6 (1998) 55.
	77.1	6.7	47.8	⁷³73. G.A. Hackett, C.A. Easton, S.J. Duff, Bioresour. Technol. 70 (1999) 217.
	67.0	8.0	-	²2. R. Modolo, V.M. Ferreira, L.M. Machado, M. Rodrigues, I. Coelho, Waste Manage. 31 (2011) 370.
Secondary	-	7.7	-	⁷⁹79. S. Bayr, J. Rintala, Water Res. 46 (2012) 4713.
	-	7.2	35.0-45.0	²⁵25. F. Cabral, E. Vasconcelos, Environ. Rev. 6 (1998) 55.
	-	7.0	76.1	⁸⁰80. F. Gallardo, C. Bravo, G. Briceño, M. Diez, Rev. Cienc. Suelo Nutr. Veg. 10, 1 (2010) 48.
	52.7	6.8	58.8	⁷²72. T. Gea, A. Artola, A. Sánchez, Bioresour. Technol. 96 (2005) 1161.
	-	8.2	63.6	⁸²82. J.C.V. Nkana, F.M.G. Tack, M.G. Verloo, Waste Manage. Res. 17 (1999) 198.

Table III - Works on reuse of pulp and paper mill wastes.

Waste	Agriculture	Construction	Energy	Environmental technology
Dregs	¹³13. H.C. Almeida, C.B. Da Silveira, P.R. Ernani, M.L. Campos, D. Almeida, Quim. Nova 30 (2007) 1669. ^{), (} ¹⁴14. J.C. Medeiros, J.A. Albuquerque, Á.L. Mafra, F. Batistella, J. Grah, Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo 33 (2009) 1657. ^{), (} ²⁷27. R. Pöykiö , H. Nurmesniemi , T. Kuokkanen, P. Perämäki, Environ. Chem. Lett. 4 (2006) 37. ^{), (} ³⁰30. F. Cabral , H.M. Ribeiro, L. Hilário, L. Machado, E. Vasconcelos , Bioresour. Technol. 99 (2008) 8294. ^{), (} ³⁴34. M. Mahmoudkhani, T. Richards, H. Theliander, Process Saf. Environ. Prot. 82 (2004) 230. ^{), (} ⁴⁹49. S.B. Branco, C.B. da Silveira, M.L. Campos , L.C. Gatiboni , D.J. Miquelluti, Rev. Bras. Eng. Agrícola Ambient. 17 (2013) 543. ^)-( ⁵²52. L.-A. Lu, M. Kumar, J.-C. Tsai, J.-G. Lin, Bioresour. Technol. 99 (2008) 2210.	-	-	¹²12. H. Nurmesniemi, R. Pöykiö, R.L. Keiski, Waste Manage. 27 (2007) 1939. ^{), (} ²⁷27. R. Pöykiö , H. Nurmesniemi , T. Kuokkanen, P. Perämäki, Environ. Chem. Lett. 4 (2006) 37. ^{), (} ⁵³53. Y. Jia, C. Maurice, B. Öhlander, Environ. Earth Sci. 72 (2013) 319. ^{), (} ⁵⁴54. M. Mäkitalo, “Green liquor dregs as sealing layer material to cover sulphidic mine waste deposits”, Lic. Thesis, Luleå Un. Technol. (2012).
Lime mud	¹⁵15. J. Zhang, Q. Wang, J. Jiang, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 38, 6 (2013) 2738. ^{), (} ²⁷27. R. Pöykiö , H. Nurmesniemi , T. Kuokkanen, P. Perämäki, Environ. Chem. Lett. 4 (2006) 37. ^{), (} ³⁴34. M. Mahmoudkhani, T. Richards, H. Theliander, Process Saf. Environ. Prot. 82 (2004) 230. ^{), (} ⁵⁸58. J. He, C.R. Lange, M. Dougherty, Proc. Saf. Environ. Prot. 87 (2009) 401. ^{), (} ⁵⁹59. J. Zhang, Q. Wang, P. Zheng, Y. Wang, Bioresour. Technol. 170 (2014) 270.	⁶¹61. L.H. Buruberri, M.P. Seabra, J.A. Labrincha, J. Hazard. Mater. 286 (2015) 252. ^{), (} ⁶²62. R. Modolo, L. Senff, V.M. Ferreira, J.A. Labrincha, L.A. Tarelho, in: Wastes 1st Int. Conf. (2011).	-	⁹9. W. Wirojanagud, N. Tantemsapya, P. Tantriratna, Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol. 26 (2004) 45. ^{), (} ³⁷37. R. Pérez-López, J. Castillo, D. Quispe, J.M. Nieto, J. Hazard . Mater. 177 (2010) 762. ^{), (} ⁶⁷67. S. Sthiannopkao, S. Sreesai, J. Environ. Manage. 90 (2009) 3283.
Grits	-	²⁸28. L.A. Miranda, R.C.S.S. Alvarenga, P.C.M.J. Pinto, E.D.P. Junior, C.A.B. Carvalho, D.P. Fassoni, L.G. Couto, Rev. Árvore 35 (2011) 1335. ^{), (} ³⁵35. F.B. Siqueira, J.N.F. Holanda, J. Environ. Manage. 131 (2013) 1. ^{), (} ³⁶36. C.C. Machado, R.S. Pereira, D.C. De Lima, C.A.B. De, Rev. Árvore 31 (2007) 487. ^{), (} ⁶⁹69. M.L. Pinheiro, R.C.S.S.A. Alvarenga, B.C. Ribeiro, P.R.S. Júnior, M.S. Sarmet, D.P. Fassoni, Ambiente Constr. 13 (2013) 29.	-	-
Pulp mill sludge	²⁵25. F. Cabral, E. Vasconcelos, Environ. Rev. 6 (1998) 55. ^{), (} ³²32. P. Ribeiro, A. Albuquerque, L. Quinta-Nova, V. Cavaleiro, Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 54 (2010) 1303. ^{), (} ⁷²72. T. Gea, A. Artola, A. Sánchez, Bioresour. Technol. 96 (2005) 1161. ^)-( ⁷⁵75. Y. Lin, D. Wang, Q. Li, L. Huang, Biomass Bioenergy 35 (2011) 4862. ^{), (} ⁷⁷77. T. Meyer, E.A. Edwards, Water Res. 65 (2014) 321. ^)-( ⁸²82. J.C.V. Nkana, F.M.G. Tack, M.G. Verloo, Waste Manage. Res. 17 (1999) 198. ^{), (} ¹⁰²102. M. Jordan, E. Rodriguez, J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 167 (2004) 351.	⁸³83. B. Ahmadi, W. Al-Khaja, Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 32 (2001) 105. ^{), (} ⁴⁵45. F. Cernec, Waste Manage. Res. 23 (2005) 106. ^{), (} ²⁴24. R. García, R. Vigil de la Villa, I. Vegas, M. Frías, M.I. Sánchez de Rojas, Constr. Build. Mater. 22 (2008) 1484. ^{), (} ⁸⁴84. R. Yadollahi, Y. Hamzeh, A. Ashori, S. Pourmousa, M. Jafari, K. Rashedi, Polym. Eng. Sci. 53 (2013) 183. ^{), (} ⁸⁵85. S. Yan, K. Sagoe-Crentsil, J. Environ. Manage. 112 (2012) 27. ^{), (} ⁸⁶86. C. Martínez, T. Cotes, F.A. Corpas, Fuel Process. Technol. 103 (2012) 117. ^{), (} ²2. R. Modolo, V.M. Ferreira, L.M. Machado, M. Rodrigues, I. Coelho, Waste Manage. 31 (2011) 370. ^{), (} ⁴¹41. J. Pera, A. Amrouz, Adv. Cem. Based Mater. 7 (1998) 49. ^{), (} ⁸⁷87. J. Soucy, A. Koubaa, S. Migneault, B. Riedl, Ind. Crops Prod. 54 (2014) 248. ^{), (} ⁶³63. M. Sutcu, S. Akkurt, Ceram. Int. 35 (2009) 2625. ^{), (} ⁴⁴44. I. Vegas , M. Frías , J. Urreta, J.T.S. José, Mater. Construcc. 56 (2006) 49.	⁴²42. L. Kaluža, M. Šuštaršič, V. Rutar, G.D. Zupančič, Bioresour. Technol. 151 (2014) 137. ^{), (} ⁹⁰90. J. Oral, J. Sikula, R. Puchyr, Z. Hajny, P. Stehlik, L. Bebar, J. Clean. Prod. 13 (2005) 509. ^{), (} ⁹⁴94. Z. Fan, C. South, K. Lyford, J. Munsie, P. van Walsum, L.R. Lynd, Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng. 26 (2003) 93. ^{), (} ⁹⁸98. N. Lark, Y. Xia, C.G. Qin, C.S. Gong, G.T. Tsao, Biomass Bioenergy 12 (1997) 135. ^{), (} ⁹⁹99. H. Chen, R. Venditti, R. Gonzalez, R. Phillips, H. Jameel, S. Park, Energy Econ. 44 (2014) 281.	-

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