CRESCIMENTO E EFICIÊNCIA DO USO DA ÁGUA DE PLANTAS JOVENS DE CASTANHEIRA-DA-AMAZÔNIA EM ÁREA DEGRADADA E SUBMETIDAS À ADUBAÇÃO

Ferreira, Marciel José; Gonçalves, José Francisco de Carvalho; Ferraz, João Baptista Silva

doi:10.5902/198050985747

RESUMO

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar as taxas de crescimento absoluto (TCA), as trocas gasosas foliares e o potencial hídrico foliar (YW) de plantas jovens de castanheira-da-Amazônia (Bertholletia excelsa Humb. & Bonpl.), quando submetidas a tratamentos de adubação (química ou verde), comparados com tratamento sem adubação, para restauração de área degradada na Amazônia central. Os tratamentos aplicados foram: controle (sem adubação), adubação química (Ouromag(r)) e adubação verde (fragmentos de galhos e folhas). A TCA em diâmetro e altura, no tratamento com adubação verde, foi cerca de 12 vezes superior ao controle. O YW atingiu na antemanhã o valor máximo de -0,19 MPa e ao meio-dia o valor mínimo de -2,8 MPa, ambos no tratamento com adubação verde. A eficiência intrínseca no uso da água (EIUA) não exibiu diferenças entre os tratamentos. Ao contrário da eficiência no uso da água (EUA), que, nos tratamentos com adubação verde e química, foram observados aumentos de 66 e 38%, respectivamente, em relação ao controle. Portanto, conclui-se que os tratamentos de adubação, especialmente a adubação verde, devido a melhorias que proporciona no uso dos recursos primários, bem como a água, desempenham papel importante no crescimento de plantas de Bertholletia excelsa na fase jovem de plantios florestais sobre área degradada na Amazônia.

Palavras-chave:
taxa de crescimento absoluto; potencial hídrico foliar; Bertholletia excelsa; espécie arbórea tropical

ABSTRACT

This work objectives to analyze the absolute growth rate (AGR), leaf gas exchange and leaf water potential (YW) of young Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa Humb. & Bonpl.) plants subjected to chemical and green fertilization treatments, compared with treatment without fertilization, aiming the restoration of a degraded area in central of Amazonia rain forest. The applied treatments were: control (without fertilization), chemical (Ouromag(r)) and green fertilization (fragments of branches and leaves). The diameter and height AGR in the treatment with green fertilization was about 12 times higher than the control. The ΨW reached maximum value of -0.19 MPa at noon, and minimum of -2.8 MPa at midday, both in green fertilization treatment. The intrinsic water-use efficiency (WIUE) did not differed significantly between the treatments, unlike the treatments with green and chemical fertilization increased the water-use efficiency (WUE) up to 66 and 38%, respectively, when compared to the control. Therefore, we concluded that the fertilization treatments, especially the green one, due to improvements in the use of which provides primary resources, e.g. water, play a key role in the growth of Bertholletia excelsa plants in the young phase of forest plantations on degraded area in Amazonia.

Keywords:
absolute growth rate; leaf water potential; Bertholletia excelsa; tropical tree species

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REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS

BUGBEE, B. G. Growth, analyses and yield components. In: SALISBURY, F. B. (Ed.). Units, Symbols and Terminology for plant physiology. Oxford University Press, 1996. p.115-119.
CAI, Z. Q. et al. Effects of light and nutrients on seedlings of tropical Bauhinia lianas and trees. Tree Physiology, Oxford, v. 28, n. 8, p. 1277-1285, aug. 2008.
CERNUSAK, L. A. et al. Large variation in whole-plant water-use efficiency among tropical tree species. New Phytologist, Malden, v. 173, n. 2, p. 294-305, jan. 2007.
COSTA, J. R. et al. Aspectos silviculturais da castanha-do-Brasil (Bertholletia excelsa) em sistemas agroflorestais na Amazônia Central. Acta Amazônica, Manaus, v. 39, n. 4, p. 843-850, out./dez. 2009.
DAVIS, S. D.; MOONEY, H. A. Water use patterns of four co-occurring chaparral shrubs. Oecologia, Berlin, v. 70, n. 2, p. 172-177, Sept. 1986.
EVANS, J. R.; POOTER, H. Photosynthetic acclimation of plants to growth irradiance: the relative importance of specific leaf area and nitrogen partitioning in maximizing carbon gain. Plant, Cell & Environment, Oxford, v. 24, n. 8, p. 755-767, Aug. 2001.
FERREIRA, L. M. M.; TONINI, H. Comportamento da castanha-do-brasil (Bertholletia excelsa) e da cupiúba (Goupia glabra) em sistema agrosilvicultural na região da Confiança, Cantá - Roraima. Acta Amazonica, Manaus, v. 39, n. 4, p. 835-842, out./dez. 2009.
FERREIRA, M. J. et al. Photosynthetic parameters of young Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa H. B.) plants subjected to fertilization in a degraded area in Central Amazonia. Photosynthetica, Praha, v. 47, n. 4, p. 616-620, Dec. 2009.
FISCH, G. Climatic aspect of the Amazonian tropical forest. Acta Amazonica , Manaus, v. 20, n. 1, p. 39-48, jan./dez. 1990.
FUNK, J. L.; VITOUSEK, P. M. Resource-use efficiency and plant invasion in low-resource systems. Nature, London, v. 446, n. 7139, p.1079- 1081, Apr. 2007.
GONÇALVES, J. F. C. et al. Características fotossintéticas e potencial hídrico foliar de plantas jovens de andiroba submetidas à deficiência hídrica e à reidratação. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, Brasília, v. 44, n. 1, p. 8-14, jan. 2009.
HARTEMINK, A. E. et al. Land cover change and soil fertility decline in tropical regions. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, Ankara, v. 32, n. 3, p.195-213, 2008.
INPE. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais. Disponível em: <Disponível em: http://www.obt.inpe.br/prodes/prodes_1988_2009.htm > Acesso em: 24 de novembro de 2009.
» http://www.obt.inpe.br/prodes/prodes_1988_2009.htm
KÖPPEN, W. Climatologia: con un estudio de los climas de la tierra. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1948. 479 p.
LI, F. et al. Growth, biomass partitioning, and water-use efficiency of a leguminous shrub (Bauhinia faberi var. microphylla) in response to various water availabilities. New Forests, Dordrecht, v. 36, n. 1, p. 53-65, July 2008.
LIBERATO, M. A. R. et al. Leaf water potential, gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence in acariquara seedlings (Minquartia guianensis Aubl.) under water stress and recovery. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, Londrina, v. 18, n. 2, p. 315- 323, Apr./Jun. 2006.
MA, C. C. et al. Photosynthesis, transpiration and water use efficiency of Caragana microphylla, C. intermedia and C. korshinskii Photosynthetica , Praha, v. 42, n. 1, p. 65-70, Mar. 2004.
MCGRATH, D. A. et al. Effects of land-use change on soil nutrient dynamics in Amazonia. Ecosystems, New York, v. 4, n. 7, p. 625-645, Nov. 2001.
MORI, S. A. The Brazil nut industry - past, present, and future. In: PLOTKIN, M.; FAMOLARE, L. (Eds.). Sustainable Harvest and Marketing of Rain Forest Products. Washington: Island Press, 1992. p. 241-251.
NOGUEIRA, A. et al. Photosynthesis and water use efficiency in twenty tropical tree species of differing succession status in a Brazilian reforestation. Photosynthetica , Praha, v. 42, n. 3, p. 351-356, Sept. 2004.
POU, A.; FLEXAS, J. Adjustments of water use efficiency by stomatal regulation during drought and recovery in the drought-adapted Vitis hybrid Richter-110 (V. berlandieri × V. rupestris). Physiologia Plantarum, Malden, v. 134, n. 2, p. 313-323, Oct. 2008.
ROSSI, A. et al. Diferentes manejos da cobertura vegetal de aveia preta em pomar no sul do Brasil. Bragantia, Campinas, v. 66, n. 3, p. 457-463, 2007.
SANTIAGO, L. S.; WRIGHT, S. J. Leaf functional traits of tropical forest plants in relation to growth form. Functional Ecology, Malden, v. 21, n. 1, p. 19-27, Feb. 2007.
SANTOS JÚNIOR, U. M. et al. Growth, leaf nutrient concentration and photosynthetic nutrient use efficiency in tropical tree species planted in degraded areas in Central Amazonia. Forest Ecology and Management, Amsterdam, v. 226, n. 1-3, p. 299-309, May 2006.
SATO, T. et al. The validity of predawn leaf water potential as an irrigation-timing indicator for field-grown wheat in northern Syria. Agricultural Water Management, Amsterdam, v. 82, n. 1-2 , p. 223-236, Apr. 2006.
SILVA, C. E. M. et al. Eficiência no uso dos nutrientes por espécies pioneiras crescidas em pastagens degradadas na Amazônia Central. Acta Amazonica , Manaus, v. 36, n. 4, p. 503-512, out./ dez. 2006.
SILVA, C. E. M. et al. Water-use efficiency of tree species following calcium and phosphorus application on an abandoned pasture, central Amazonia, Brazil. Environmental and Experimental Botany, Oxford, v. 64, n. 2, p. 189- 195, Nov. 2008.
TONINI, H. et al. Relação da produção de sementes de castanha-do-Brasil com características morfométricas da copa e índices de competição. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira , Brasília, v. 43, n. 11, p. 1509-1516, nov. 2008.
VELOSO, H. P. et al. Classificação da vegetação brasileira adaptada a um sistema universal. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE, 1991. 123p.
VERWEIJ, P. et al. Keeping the Amazon forests standing: a matter of values. WWF, 2009. 68p.
YOKOTA, A. et al. Water stress. In: MADHAVA RAO, K. V. et al. (Eds.). Physiology and molecular Biology of Stress Tolerance in Plants. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2006. p. 15-39.

Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
Apr-Jun 2012

Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto sob uma licença Creative Commons

[1] BUGBEE, B. G. Growth, analyses and yield components. In: SALISBURY, F. B. (Ed.). Units, Symbols and Terminology for plant physiology. Oxford University Press, 1996. p.115-119.

[2] CAI, Z. Q. et al. Effects of light and nutrients on seedlings of tropical Bauhinia lianas and trees. Tree Physiology, Oxford, v. 28, n. 8, p. 1277-1285, aug. 2008.

[3] CERNUSAK, L. A. et al. Large variation in whole-plant water-use efficiency among tropical tree species. New Phytologist, Malden, v. 173, n. 2, p. 294-305, jan. 2007.

[4] COSTA, J. R. et al. Aspectos silviculturais da castanha-do-Brasil (Bertholletia excelsa) em sistemas agroflorestais na Amazônia Central. Acta Amazônica, Manaus, v. 39, n. 4, p. 843-850, out./dez. 2009.

[5] DAVIS, S. D.; MOONEY, H. A. Water use patterns of four co-occurring chaparral shrubs. Oecologia, Berlin, v. 70, n. 2, p. 172-177, Sept. 1986.

[6] EVANS, J. R.; POOTER, H. Photosynthetic acclimation of plants to growth irradiance: the relative importance of specific leaf area and nitrogen partitioning in maximizing carbon gain. Plant, Cell & Environment, Oxford, v. 24, n. 8, p. 755-767, Aug. 2001.

[7] FERREIRA, L. M. M.; TONINI, H. Comportamento da castanha-do-brasil (Bertholletia excelsa) e da cupiúba (Goupia glabra) em sistema agrosilvicultural na região da Confiança, Cantá - Roraima. Acta Amazonica, Manaus, v. 39, n. 4, p. 835-842, out./dez. 2009.

[8] FERREIRA, M. J. et al. Photosynthetic parameters of young Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa H. B.) plants subjected to fertilization in a degraded area in Central Amazonia. Photosynthetica, Praha, v. 47, n. 4, p. 616-620, Dec. 2009.

[9] FISCH, G. Climatic aspect of the Amazonian tropical forest. Acta Amazonica , Manaus, v. 20, n. 1, p. 39-48, jan./dez. 1990.

[10] FUNK, J. L.; VITOUSEK, P. M. Resource-use efficiency and plant invasion in low-resource systems. Nature, London, v. 446, n. 7139, p.1079- 1081, Apr. 2007.

[11] GONÇALVES, J. F. C. et al. Características fotossintéticas e potencial hídrico foliar de plantas jovens de andiroba submetidas à deficiência hídrica e à reidratação. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, Brasília, v. 44, n. 1, p. 8-14, jan. 2009.

[12] HARTEMINK, A. E. et al. Land cover change and soil fertility decline in tropical regions. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, Ankara, v. 32, n. 3, p.195-213, 2008.

[13] INPE. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais. Disponível em: <Disponível em: http://www.obt.inpe.br/prodes/prodes_1988_2009.htm > Acesso em: 24 de novembro de 2009.
» http://www.obt.inpe.br/prodes/prodes_1988_2009.htm

[14] KÖPPEN, W. Climatologia: con un estudio de los climas de la tierra. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1948. 479 p.

[15] LI, F. et al. Growth, biomass partitioning, and water-use efficiency of a leguminous shrub (Bauhinia faberi var. microphylla) in response to various water availabilities. New Forests, Dordrecht, v. 36, n. 1, p. 53-65, July 2008.

[16] LIBERATO, M. A. R. et al. Leaf water potential, gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence in acariquara seedlings (Minquartia guianensis Aubl.) under water stress and recovery. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, Londrina, v. 18, n. 2, p. 315- 323, Apr./Jun. 2006.

[17] MA, C. C. et al. Photosynthesis, transpiration and water use efficiency of Caragana microphylla, C. intermedia and C. korshinskii Photosynthetica , Praha, v. 42, n. 1, p. 65-70, Mar. 2004.

[18] MCGRATH, D. A. et al. Effects of land-use change on soil nutrient dynamics in Amazonia. Ecosystems, New York, v. 4, n. 7, p. 625-645, Nov. 2001.

[19] MORI, S. A. The Brazil nut industry - past, present, and future. In: PLOTKIN, M.; FAMOLARE, L. (Eds.). Sustainable Harvest and Marketing of Rain Forest Products. Washington: Island Press, 1992. p. 241-251.

[20] NOGUEIRA, A. et al. Photosynthesis and water use efficiency in twenty tropical tree species of differing succession status in a Brazilian reforestation. Photosynthetica , Praha, v. 42, n. 3, p. 351-356, Sept. 2004.

[21] POU, A.; FLEXAS, J. Adjustments of water use efficiency by stomatal regulation during drought and recovery in the drought-adapted Vitis hybrid Richter-110 (V. berlandieri × V. rupestris). Physiologia Plantarum, Malden, v. 134, n. 2, p. 313-323, Oct. 2008.

[22] ROSSI, A. et al. Diferentes manejos da cobertura vegetal de aveia preta em pomar no sul do Brasil. Bragantia, Campinas, v. 66, n. 3, p. 457-463, 2007.

[23] SANTIAGO, L. S.; WRIGHT, S. J. Leaf functional traits of tropical forest plants in relation to growth form. Functional Ecology, Malden, v. 21, n. 1, p. 19-27, Feb. 2007.

[24] SANTOS JÚNIOR, U. M. et al. Growth, leaf nutrient concentration and photosynthetic nutrient use efficiency in tropical tree species planted in degraded areas in Central Amazonia. Forest Ecology and Management, Amsterdam, v. 226, n. 1-3, p. 299-309, May 2006.

[25] SATO, T. et al. The validity of predawn leaf water potential as an irrigation-timing indicator for field-grown wheat in northern Syria. Agricultural Water Management, Amsterdam, v. 82, n. 1-2 , p. 223-236, Apr. 2006.

[26] SILVA, C. E. M. et al. Eficiência no uso dos nutrientes por espécies pioneiras crescidas em pastagens degradadas na Amazônia Central. Acta Amazonica , Manaus, v. 36, n. 4, p. 503-512, out./ dez. 2006.

[27] SILVA, C. E. M. et al. Water-use efficiency of tree species following calcium and phosphorus application on an abandoned pasture, central Amazonia, Brazil. Environmental and Experimental Botany, Oxford, v. 64, n. 2, p. 189- 195, Nov. 2008.

[28] TONINI, H. et al. Relação da produção de sementes de castanha-do-Brasil com características morfométricas da copa e índices de competição. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira , Brasília, v. 43, n. 11, p. 1509-1516, nov. 2008.

[29] VELOSO, H. P. et al. Classificação da vegetação brasileira adaptada a um sistema universal. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE, 1991. 123p.

[30] VERWEIJ, P. et al. Keeping the Amazon forests standing: a matter of values. WWF, 2009. 68p.

[31] YOKOTA, A. et al. Water stress. In: MADHAVA RAO, K. V. et al. (Eds.). Physiology and molecular Biology of Stress Tolerance in Plants. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2006. p. 15-39.

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