Educational practices and students’ ability to differentiate between native and exotic species in schools in Southern Brazil

Proença, Mariana de Souza; Dal-Farra, Rossano André

doi:10.1590/1516-731320220022

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE • Ciênc. educ. (Bauru) 28 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-731320220022 copy

Educational practices and students’ ability to differentiate between native and exotic species in schools in Southern Brazil

Práticas educativas e dificuldade de estudantes na identificação de espécies nativas e exóticas em escolas do sul do Brasil

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Rising urbanisation and destruction of biomes have alienated humans from native species in their regions, demanding consideration of local ecosystems. The present study aimed to analyse the knowledge of students from public schools located in southern Brazil about native and exotic species, biomes, and biodiversity, and the difficulties that they attributed to these definitions. Research activities included lecture-discussion, fieldwork, and questionnaires, and data were analysed with Chi-Square, Fisher’s Exact Test, Binomial Test, Spearman’s Correlation and Content Analysis, employing a Mixed Method Research design. Middle School students showed lack of conceptual knowledge and attributed greater levels of difficulty to the concepts in comparison with High School students, while native species and the concept of biodiversity were better defined than exotic species and biomes. Moreover, students associated the concepts of ‘native’ and ‘exotic’ to ‘known/common’ and 'unknown/rare/strange', respectively.

Keywords:
Middle school; High school; Biology teaching; Native species; Exotic species; Biodiversity

	native (%)		exotic (%)		biomes (%)		biodiversity (%)
Answers	MI	HI	MI	HI	MI	HI	MI	HI
Totally unsatisfactory (TU)	60.9	25.7	92.7	60.8	81.8	64.9	63.6	33.8
Unsatisfactory (U)	8.2	9.5	0.9	4.0	6.4	6.8	9.1	9.5
Satisfactory (S)	10.9	16.2	-	9.5	3.6	16.2	20.9	48.6
Totally satisfactory (TS)	20.0	48.6	6.4	25.7	8.2	12.1	6.4	8.1

	native (%)		exotic (%)		biome (%)		biodiversity (%)
Year of Middle School	A^* * A = average score.	DI^ DI = difficulty index. Different letters in the same column indicate significant differences.	A^* * A = average score.	DI^ DI = difficulty index. Different letters in the same column indicate significant differences.	A^* * A = average score.	DI^ DI = difficulty index. Different letters in the same column indicate significant differences.	A^* * A = average score.	DI^ DI = difficulty index. Different letters in the same column indicate significant differences.
6.^O	1.38c	3.32a	1.00b	3.07a	1.06b	3.71a	1.00c	3.64a
7.^O	1.42c	3.17a	1.00b	3.00a	1.17b	3.66a	1.61b	3.41a
8.^O	2.69a	3.25a	1.73a	3.37a	1.96a	3.91a	2.19a	2.86b
9.^O	2.10b	3.16a	1.10ab	3.45a	1.42ab	3.88a	2.13ab	3.53a
Average	1.90	3.22	1.20	3.23	1.38	3.79	1.70	3.39
Correlation A/DI	-0.06 (NS)		0.11 (NS)		-0.38 (p<0.01)		-0.44 (p<0.01)

	native (%)		exotic (%)		biome (%)		biodiversity (%)
Year of High School	A^* * A = average score.	DI^ DI = difficulty index. Different letters in the same column indicate significant differences.	A^* * A = average score.	DI^ DI = difficulty index. Different letters in the same column indicate significant differences.	A^* * A = average score.	DI^ DI = difficulty index. Different letters in the same column indicate significant differences.	A^* * A = average score.	DI^ DI = difficulty index. Different letters in the same column indicate significant differences.
1.^O	2.56b	2.38b	1.56b	2.84ab	1.44b	3.44ab	2.12a	3.22a
2.^O	2.43b	2.68ab	1.11b	3.43a	1.25b	4.11a	2.43a	3.50a
3.^O	3.86a	3.14a	3.71a	2.38b	2.81a	3.24b	2.38a	3.14a
Average	2.86	2.81	1.97	2.97	1.75	3.68	2.32	3.37
Correlation A/DI	-0.31 (p< 0.01)		0.37 (p<0.01)		-0.42 (p<0,01)		-0.18 (NS)

Exotic plants	MI (%)	HI (%)
Cipreste italiano - Cupressus sempervirens	66.4^ (p < 0,01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.	86.5^ (p < 0,01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
Cinamomo - Melia azedarach	60.0	43.2
Jacarandá-mimoso - Jacaranda mimosiifolia	52.7	28.4^ (p < 0,01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
Perna-de-moça -Brachychiton populneus	51.8	47.3
Falsa-seringueira - Ficus elastica	50.9	25.7^ (p < 0,01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
Casuarina - Casuarina equisetifolia	48.2	39.2
Extremosa - Lagerstroemia indica	47.3	75.7^ (p < 0,01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
Ligustro - Ligustrum lucidum	46.4	32.4^ (p < 0,01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
Pata-de-vaca - Bauhinia variegata	42.7	50.0
Figueirinha-roxa - Euphorbia cotinifolia	40.0^* * (p < 0,05)	43.2
Pinus - Pinus elliotii	34.6^ (p < 0,01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.	31.1^ (p < 0,01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
Eucalyptus - Eucalyptus grandis	30.9^ (p < 0,01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.	25.7^ (p < 0,01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
Native plants
Figueira - Ficus cestrifolia	93.6^ (p < 0,01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.	95.9^ (p < 0,01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
Pitangueira - Eugenia uniflora	85.5^ (p < 0,01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.	91.9^ (p < 0,01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
Pau-Ferro - Caesalpinia ferrea	70.9^ (p < 0,01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.	67.6^ (p < 0,01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
Guajuvira - Cordia americana	79.1^ (p < 0,01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.	48.6
Araçá - Psidium cattleianum	70.9^ (p < 0,01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.	64.9^ (p < 0,01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
Canela - Nectandra lanceolata	74.6^ (p < 0,01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.	62.2^* * (p < 0,05)
Butiá - Butia odorata	73.6^ (p < 0,01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.	85.1^ (p < 0,01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
Jabuticaba - Plinia trunciflora	69.7^ (p < 0,01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.	73.0^ (p < 0,01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
Araucária - Araucaria angustifolia	69.1^ (p < 0,01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.	82.4^ (p < 0,01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
Timbaúva - Enterolobium contortisiliquum	58.2	78.4^ (p < 0,01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
Aroeira - Schinus terebinthifolius	55.5	64.9^ (p < 0,01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
Paineira - Ceiba speciosa	48.2	48.6
Goiaba-serrana - Acca sellowiana	46.4	59.5
Chá-de-bugre - Casearia sylvestris	46.4	37.8^* * (p < 0,05)
Guabiroba - Campomanesia xanthocarpa	44.6	51.4
Banana-do-mato - Bromelia antiacantha	42.7	44.6
Ipê-amarelo - Handroanthus albus	39.1^* * (p < 0,05)	50.0
Ingá-ferradura - Inga sessilis	27.3^ (p < 0,01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.	43.2
Cedar - Cedrela fissilis	27.3^ (p < 0,01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.	32.4^ (p < 0,01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
Uvaia - Eugenia pyriformis	21.8^ (p < 0,01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.	14.9^ (p < 0,01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
Exotic plants with edible fruits
Ameixa-do-Japão - Eriobotrya japonica	67.3^ (p < 0,01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.	82.4^ (p < 0,01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
Pear tree - Pyrus communis	37.3^ (p < 0,01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.	33.8^ (p < 0,01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
Starfruit tree - Averrhoa carambola	32.7^ (p < 0,01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.	40.5
Peach tree - Prunus persica	31.8^ (p < 0,01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.	31.1^ (p < 0,01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
Persimmon tree - Diospyros kaki	28.2^ (p < 0,01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.	25.7^ (p < 0,01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
Mulberry - Morus nigra	21.8^ (p < 0,01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.	29.7^ (p < 0,01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
Lemon - Citrus limon	18.2^ (p < 0,01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.	16.2^ (p < 0,01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
Mango - Mangifera indica	17.4^ (p < 0,01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.	28.4^ (p < 0,01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação para a Ciência, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências, campus de Bauru. Av. Engenheiro Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube, 14-01, Campus Universitário - Vargem Limpa CEP 17033-360 Bauru - SP/ Brasil , Tel./Fax: (55 14) 3103 6177 - Bauru - SP - Brazil
E-mail: revista@fc.unesp.br

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[1] Corresponding Author: mariana.proenca@gmail.com

Exotic domestic animals	MI (%)	HI (%)
Buffalo - Bubalus bubalis	70.9^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.	73.0^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
Turkey - Meleagris gallopavo	59.1	75.7^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
Cow - Bos taurus	20.0^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.	36.5^* * (p < 0.05)
Rooster - Gallus gallus domesticus	20.0^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.	21.6^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
Native mammals and birds
Quero-Quero - Vanellus chilensis	95.5^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.	94.6^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
João-de-barro - Furnarius rufus	87.7^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.	97.3^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
Bem-te-vi - Pitangus sulphuratus	83.6^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.	87.8^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
Capybara - Hydrochoerus hydrocaeris	80.0^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.	87.8^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
Wildcat - Felis tigrine	76.4^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.	87.8^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
Caturrita - Myiopsitta monachus	76.4^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.	86.5^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
Bugio - Alouatta fusca	70.0^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.	93.2^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
Woodpecker - Colaptes campestris	70.0^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.	70.3^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
Lobo-guará - Chrysocyon brachyurus	64.6^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.	73.0^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
Prawn - Didelphis albiventris	63.6^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.	68.9^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
Cardeal - Paroaria coronate	62.7^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.	68.9^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
Canário-da-terra - Sicalis flaveola	61.8^* * (p < 0.05)	77.0^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
Sabiá-laranjeira - Turdus rufiventris	57.3	62.2^* * (p < 0.05)
Anteater - Myrmecophaga tridactyla	45.5	64.9^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
Veado-mateiro - Mazama americana	40.0^* * (p < 0.05)	48.6
Onça - Panthera onca	32.7^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.	35.1^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
Puma - Puma concolor	23.6^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.	95.5^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
Emma - Rhea americana	20.0^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.	20.3^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
Urubu rei - Sarcoramphus papa	15.5^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.	24.3^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
Exotic mammals
Kangaroo - Macropus rufogriseus	86.4^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.	94.6^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
Zebra - Equus quagga boehmi	84.6^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.	93.2^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
Giraffe - Giraffa camelopardalis	80.9^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.	91.9^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
Lion - Panthera leo	80.9^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.	90.5^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
Tiger - Panthera tigris	80.0^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.	90.5^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
Hippopotamus - Hippopotamus amphibius	65.5^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.	87.8^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
Chimpanzee - Pan troglodytes	56.4	52.7
Macaco-aranha - Ateles chamek	55.5	59.5
Panda - Ailuropoda melanoleuca	64.6^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.	97.3^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
Exotic birds
Agapornis - Agapornis personatus	81.8^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.	86.5^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
Peacock - Pavo cristatus	75.5^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.	78.4^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
Ostrich - Struthio camelus	60.0	89.2^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
Canary - Serinus canarius	47.3	68.9^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
Calopsita - Nymphicus hollandicus	34.6^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.	52.7
Pomba doméstica - Columba livia	31.8^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.	31.1^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
Parakeet - Melopsittacus undulatus	29.1^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.	33.8^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.
Sparrow - Passer domesticus	14.6^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.	18.9^ (p < 0.01) Significant difference from 50% via binomial test.