This work describes the research developed by Henri Becquerel and Silvanus Thompson, in 1897, that are usually described as the discovery of radioactivity. However, the detailed historical scrutiny of this episode shows that those researchers had an interpretation of the phenomena they studied that was widely different from the one accepted nowadays. Their interpretation that they had discovered a phenomenon called "hyperphosphorescence" was grounded upon the presuppositions which guided their experiments - such as Henri Poincaré's conjecture that there was a relation between the emission of X rays by a Crookes tube, and the luminescence of its glass. This case study shows how scientific observation is guided by preexisting ideas, and how difficult it is to interpret the observed phenomena. This historical example can be used in teaching, to present a view on the process of experimental research, that is more adequate that the ordinary one.
Becquerel, Henri; Thompson, Silvanus; Poincaré, Henri; radioactivity; History of Physics; experimental method; Science Teaching