A Impossibilidade de uma Política de Defesa nas Américas? Comparando os Conceitos de Segurança Hemisférica e Sul-Americana e os Papéis Militares

Vitelli, Marina Gisela

doi:10.1590/S0102-8529.2019420100004

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Research Articles • Contexto int. 42 (1) • Jan-Apr 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-8529.2019420100004 copiar

A Impossibilidade de uma Política de Defesa nas Américas? Comparando os Conceitos de Segurança Hemisférica e Sul-Americana e os Papéis Militares

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Resumo

Este artigo analisa as perspectivas conflitantes de segurança das iniciativas de cooperação em defesa do hemisfério e da América do Sul. Enquanto a Organização dos Estados Americanos (OEA) se concentra no crime organizado e no terrorismo, reforçando os papéis de segurança interna das forças armadas, o Conselho de Defesa Sul-Americano (CDS) prioriza as questões tradicionais de defesa nacional, defendendo papéis militares defensivos externos. Apesar de sua aparente consistência, o conceito de cooperação dissuasiva não se consolidou. Enquanto a literatura interpreta esse fracasso como um problema de cooperação, argumentamos que isso se deve a uma tendência regional mais profunda: a tendência de negligenciar a defesa externa em favor de papéis de segurança interna para as forças armadas. Depois de estabelecer uma estrutura conceitual sobre os papéis militares, mostramos como as duas perspectivas definem as atividades das organizações concorrentes. Em seguida, abordamos o conflito entre o conceito de segurança do CDS e as políticas de segurança dos membros. Finalmente, discutimos os obstáculos domésticos e estruturais às políticas de defesa da América Latina.

Palavras-chave
América do Sul; defesa; segurança; missões militares; novas ameaças.

Multidimensional security agenda – internally focused military missions
1. Commission for Hemispheric Security
• Meetings of Ministers Responsible for Public Security in the Americas.
• Working Group to prepare a Hemispheric Plan of Action to Follow-up on the Declaration of San Salvador on Citizen Security in the Americas.
• Technical Working Group for the drafting of a Work Plan against Organized Transnational Delinquency.
• Meetings of National Authorities on Transnational Organized Crime.
• Meetings of National Authorities on Trafficking in Persons.
• Inter-American Convention against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Ammunition, Explosives, and Other Related Materials.
• Working Group to Prepare a Regional Strategy to Promote Inter-American Cooperation in Dealing with Criminal Gangs.
2. Inter-American Defence Board
• Pro Tempore Secretariat of Conference of Defence Ministers of the Americas (multidimensional security agenda).
• Observer at the 9th Summit of AMERIPOL (Community of American Police).
• ‘Sovereign Challenge 14’, a forum on extremist terrorism in the United States.
• Working Group on Cyber Crime set up for the Meeting of Ministers of Justice, Prosecutors and Attorneys General of the Americas.
3. Inter-American Defence College
• Master’s degree: Democracy, Human Rights, Integral Development, and Multi-Dimensional Security.
• Master’s degree on Multi-Dimensional Security (forthcoming).
4. Perry Centre courses
• Strategy and Defence Policy
• Caribbean Defence and Security Course
• Combating Transnational Organized Crime and Illicit Networks
• Interagency Coordination and Combating Terrorism
• Perspectives on Homeland Security and Defence⁹ 9 Its 2012 syllabus had as a subtitle the unmistakable phrase ‘Responses to Transnational Organized Crime,’ a direct reference to a new threats issue.
• Governance, Governability, and Security in the Americas
• Terrorism and Counterinsurgency

Multidimensional security agenda – internally focused military missions
• Police Officer roles: CDS explicitly opposed holding activities related to public security missions.
• Fire-fighter roles: Diverse activities on the role of the military in natural and human-driven disasters.
• Peacekeeper roles: Meeting of contributors to MINUSTAH.
Cooperative security agenda – Externally-oriented military missions, limited to intra-regional conflicts and regional peace.
• South American Report on Defence Expenditure and Military Inventories (CEED)
• Advanced Course for South American Defence (CAd-Sul)
• Humanitarian International Law and Human Rights Course.
National defence – Externally-oriented military missions for extra-regional threats.
• Prospective Study South America 2025 (CEED)
• Advanced Course for South American Defence (CAd-Sul)
• South American Defence Education course
• South America in the International Security Context, ESUDE course.

		Citizen Security	Crimes on Borders	TOC	Prison Perimeters
UNASUR-CDS members	Argentina	-	X	X	-
	Bolivia	-	X	X	-
	Brazil	X	X	X	X¹² 12 The 2016 edition of the RESDAL Atlas does not list Brazil as a country that employs its military for controlling prison perimeters. However, I decided to include Brazil in view of a government decision in January 2017 to use the army for inspections of state prisons.
	Chile	-	-	-	-
	Colombia	X	X	X	-
	Ecuador	X	X	X	-
	Guyana	No Data	No Data	X	No Data
	Paraguay	-	X	X	-
	Peru	-	X	X	-
	Suriname	No Data	No Data	X	No Data
	Uruguay	-	X	-	X
	Venezuela	X	X	X	X
Rest of Latin America	Costa Rica	Not Applicable	Not Applicable	Not Applicable	Not Applicable
	Cuba	-	-	X	-
	Dominican Rep.	X	X	X	-
	El Salvador	X	X	X	X
	Guatemala	X	X	X	X
	Honduras	X	X	X	X
	Nicaragua	X	X	X	-
	Panamá	Not Applicable	Not Applicable	Not Applicable	Not Applicable
	Mexico	X	X	X	-

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[1] Marina Gisela Vitelli holds a Ph.D. in International Relations from the National University of Rosario, Argentina, and has completed post-doctorate research in International Relations with the San Tiago Dantas postgraduate programme (UNESP- UNICAMP- PUCSP), with a grant from the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP). She is a Visiting Professor at EPPEN-UNIFESP (2018-2020), and a Professor at San Tiago Dantas. She is also a researcher for the Institute of Public Policies and International Relations (IPPRI-UNESP), and the Defence and Security Study Group (GEDES). She is co-editor of the Dicionário de Segurança e Defesa (2018, Editora UNESP). Her current research interests are Latin American civil-military relations, military missions, and regional defence cooperation.