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Review of a three-year study on the dental care of onco-hematological pediatric patients

Abstract

The aim of this study was to provide an updated review of dental procedures undertaken at the dental unit of the Onco-hematology service of the Instituto da Criança at the Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (ICr/HC-FMUSP).

We retrospectively reviewed 565 of 1902 medical and dental records of patients diagnosed with onco-hematological diseases who were seen in a 3-year study (January 2015 to December 2017). We assessed data regarding population characteristics, onco-hematological diagnosis and dental procedures performed.

Of the selected medical records, preventive dentistry was the most common procedure undertaken in this population, followed by oral maxillofacial surgeries, restorative dentistry and oral mucositis treatment. The most prevalent malignant diagnosis was acute lymphocytic leukemia, and the most prevalent nonmalignant diagnosis was sickle-cell anemia.

Preventive dental procedures represent most of the dental procedures undertaken in hospitalized onco-hematological pediatric patients.

Pediatric Dentistry; Dental Care; Ambulatory Care; Neoplasms


INTRODUCTION

The survival rate of pediatric onco-hematologic patients has increased in the past few years due to a combination of clinical approach, surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and stem cell hematopoietic transplantation (HSCT) techniques. However, short- and long-term complications have been reported (11. Essig S, Li Q, Chen Y, Hitzler J, Leisenring W, Greenberg M, et al. Estimating the risk for late effects of therapy in children newly diagnosed with standard risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia using an historical cohort: A report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15(8):841-51, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70265-7
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(14)...
,22. Zinter MS, Holubkov R, Steurer MA, Dvorak CC, Duncan CN, Sapru A, et al. Pediatric Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Patients Who Survive Critical Illness Frequently Have Significant but Recoverable Decline in Functional Status. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2018;24(2):330-6, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbmt.2017.10.036
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbmt.2017.10...
).

Oral problems resulting from cancer therapy, such as oral mucositis, which negatively affects body weight gain in children undergoing HSCT (33. Eduardo FP, Bezinelli LM, Gobbi MF, Pereira AZ, Vogel C, Hamerschlak N, et al. Impact of Oral and Gastrointestinal Mucositis on Body Weight Alterations during Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Nutr Cancer. 2018;70(2):241-8, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2018.1412476
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2018....
), increase the risk of local and systemic infections (44. Miano M, Faraci M, Dini G, Bordigoni P; EBMT Paediatric Working Party. Early complications following haematopoietic SCT in children. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2008;41(Suppl 2):S39-42, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/bmt.2008.53
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/bmt.2008.53...
), length of hospital stay (55. Leppla L, De Geest S, Fierz K, Deschler-Baier B, Koller A. An oral care self-management support protocol (OrCaSS) to reduce oral mucositis in hospitalized patients with acute myeloid leukemia and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a randomized controlled pilot study. Support Care Cancer. 2016;24(2):773-82, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00520-015-2843-1
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00520-015-284...

6. Eduardo Fde P, Bezinelli LM, de Carvalho DL, Lopes RM, Fernandes JF, Brumatti M, et al. Oral mucositis in pediatric patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: clinical outcomes in a context of specialized oral care using low-level laser therapy. Pediatr Transplant. 2015;19(3):316-25, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/petr.12440
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/petr.12440...
-77. Jacobs S, Baggott C, Agarwal R, Hesser T, Schechter T, Judd P, et al. Validation of the Children’s International Mucositis Evaluation Scale (ChIMES) in paediatric cancer and SCT. Br J Cancer. 2013;109(10):2515-22, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2013.618
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2013.618...
) and treatment cost (88. Barros DP, Seber A, Ginani VC, Vergueiro C, Ibanez A, Felix OM, et al. The Cost of Pediatric Unrelated HSCT. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. Abstracts. 2013;S280-1, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbmt.2012.11.398
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbmt.2012.11...
) and impair oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) (99. Tanzi EM. Health-related quality of life of hematopoietic stem cell transplant childhood survivors: state of the science. J Pediatr Oncol Nurs. 2011;28(4):191-202, http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043454211408100
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10434542114081...
,1010. Frascino AV, Fava M, Filho VO. Short and long-term oral health-related quality of life perception in childhood onco-hematological cancer. Revista CPAQV. 2016;8(3):1-7.). Bezinelli et al. (2016) reported an improvement in OHRQoL after proper treatment for oral mucositis in pediatric patients undergoing HSCT (1111. Bezinelli LM, Eduardo FP, Neves VD, Correa L, Lopes RM, Michel-Crosato E, et al. Quality of life related to oral mucositis of patients undergoing haematopoietic stem cell transplantation and receiving specialised oral care with low-level laser therapy: a prospective observational study. Eur J Cancer Care. 2016;25(4):668-74, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecc.12344
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecc.12344...
). The multidisciplinary approach in pediatric oncology care results in increases in quality of life (1212. Mitchell HR, Lu X, Myers RM, Sung L, Balsamo LM, Carroll WL, et al. Prospective, longitudinal assessment of quality of life in children from diagnosis to 3 months off treatment for standard risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Results of Children’s Oncology Group study AALL0331. Int J Cancer. 2016;138(2):332-9, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.29708
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.29708...
,1313. Elad S, Raber-Durlacher JE, Brennan MT, Saunders DP, Mank AP, Zadik Y, et al. Basic oral care for hematology-oncology patients and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients: a position paper from the joint task force of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer/International Society of Oral Oncology (MASCC/ISOO) and the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT). Support Care Cancer. 2015;23(1):223-36, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00520-014-2378-x
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00520-014-237...
).

The dental unit of the Onco-hematology service of the Instituto da Criança at the Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (ICr/HC-FMUSP) was established in 2007 with the aim of offering proper dental care to pediatric patients undergoing onco-hematological therapies. In the first year of its inauguration, the most common dental procedures among the study population were restorative dentistry, preventive procedures and the removal of infectious foci (1414. Carrillo C, Vizeu H, Soares-Junior LA, Fava M, Filho VO. Dental approach in the pediatric oncology patient: characteristics of the population treated at the dentistry unit in a pediatric oncology Brazilian teaching hospital. Clinics. 2010;65(6):569-73, http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322010000600002
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322010...
).

The aim of this paper was to provide an updated review of dental procedures undertaken at the dental unit of the Onco-hematology service of ICr/HC-FMUSP, including population characteristics, onco-hematological diagnosis and the distribution of dental procedures performed annually.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The medical and dental records of 1902 patients seen at the dental unit of the onco-hematology service of ICr/HC-FMUSP during the 3-year study were reviewed. Only 565 patients achieved the inclusion criteria: infants, children or adolescents (0 to 18 years old) who were diagnosed with onco-hematological disease between January 2015 and December 2017. A total of 1307 medical records were excluded due to erroneous information, unconfirmed onco-hematological diagnosis or death (Figure 1).

Figure 1
Inclusion/exclusion criteria flowchart for the selection of medical records and distribution of medical diagnosis.

We collected data concerning gender, age and primary cancer diagnosis and categorized dental procedures performed in the last three years as either preventive or therapeutic.

Ethics

All the primary caretakers gave their signed approval to provide medical records for this study. No biological material was collected, and the study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human subjects. Individual information remained confidential, and all patient identifiers, such as names, addresses and personal characteristics, were thoroughly preserved in this investigation.

This research was approved by the Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo ethics committee in May 2015 (protocol number: 1.073.602).

RESULTS

Of the 565 medical records selected for thorough review, 380 (66.73%) were diagnosed as malignant, and 185 (32.74%) were diagnosed as hematological. In total, 53% of the population was male, and 47% was female. The mean age at diagnosis was 11.5 years (SD: 4.22; MIN: 1; MAX: 18), and the age distribution is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2
Age distribution of the study population. The prevalence of age groups in children most commonly affected by each type of cancer in the study population.

The most prevalent malignant diagnosis was acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) (69.41%), followed by acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) (12.33%), Hodgkin lymphoma (6.85%), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (6.39%) and Burkitt lymphoma (2.74%). Other malignant diagnoses comprised 2.28% altogether. Figure 3 provides the detailed distribution of malignant diagnoses.

Figure 3
Distribution of malignant diagnoses. ALL: acute lymphocytic leukemia; AML acute myeloblastic leukemia. “Other” refers to chronic lymphocytic leukemia, B-cell lymphoma and lymphoblastic lymphoma.

Of the nonmalignant diseases, the most prevalent diagnosis was anemia (70.51%). Of these, sickle-cell anemia comprised 42.31% of the cases. Figure 4 provides the detailed distribution of nonmalignant hematological diagnoses.

Figure 4
Distribution of nonmalignant diagnoses. Sickle-cell anemia was the most prevalent diagnosis among the nonmalignant diseases.

Between 2015 and 2017, 1411 dental procedures were performed at the dental unit of the Onco-hematology service of the Instituto da Criança at the Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo.

The distribution of dental procedures shows the proportions of both malignant and nonmalignant groups. In total, preventive dental care was the most commonly performed dental procedure (n=465; 33%). Oral and maxillofacial surgeries comprised 26% of the dental procedures (n=373, 26%). Restorative dentistry comprised 14% (n=203), and topical laser application for oral mucositis comprised 11% (n=159). In total, gum treatments (periodontics) and root canal filing (endodontics) encompassed 15% of the dental procedures. Figures 5 and 6 show the distribution of dental procedures among the studied groups.

Figure 5
Dental procedures performed in malignant and nonmalignant patients (%). Distribution of dental procedures showing the proportions of malignant and nonmalignant groups.
Figure 6
Annual distribution of dental procedures.

DISCUSSION

The survivorship and free-event lifetime of childhood onco-hematological malignancies have increased due to the combination of multiple therapies that includes more effective drugs for long-term clinical follow-up, less invasive and more conservative surgeries, multiple agent chemotherapy, radiotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (1515. Passweg JR, Baldomero H, Gratwohl A, Bregni M, Cesaro S, Dreger P, et al. The EBMT activity survey: 1990-2010. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2012;47(7):906-23, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/bmt.2012.66
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/bmt.2012.66...
,1616. Medinger M, Lengerke C, Passweg J. Novel therapeutic options in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Leuk Res Rep. 2016;6:39-49.). Several oral complications have been associated with antineoplastic therapies that cause pain and discomfort, require parenteral narcotic therapy and extended hospitalizations, increase costs, and interfere with the course of treatment and prognosis of the neoplasm (1313. Elad S, Raber-Durlacher JE, Brennan MT, Saunders DP, Mank AP, Zadik Y, et al. Basic oral care for hematology-oncology patients and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients: a position paper from the joint task force of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer/International Society of Oral Oncology (MASCC/ISOO) and the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT). Support Care Cancer. 2015;23(1):223-36, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00520-014-2378-x
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00520-014-237...
,1717. Gualco G, Klumb CE, Barber GN, Weiss LM, Bacchi CE. Pediatric lymphomas in Brazil. Clinics. 2010;65(12):1267-77, http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322010001200008
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322010...

18. Demasi OF, Fava M, Carrillo CM, Amaral TG, Filho VO. Tooth abnormalities in pediatric patients submitted to antineoplastic treatment for central nervous system neoplasms. Braz Dent Sci. 2016;19(3):39-46, http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/bds.2016.v19i3.1263
http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/bds.2016.v19i...

19. Oguz A, Cetiner S, Karadeniz C, Alpaslan G, Alpaslan C, Pinarli G. Long-term effects of chemotherapy on orodental structures in children with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Eur J Oral Sci. 2004;112(1):8-11, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0909-8836.2004.00094.x
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0909-8836.20...

20. Frascino AV, Coracin FL, Santos PS. A systematic review of the long-term effects of dental development disturbances after hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation in pediatric patients. Clin Lab Res Den. 2014;20(4):252-9, http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2357-8041.clrd.2014.84385
http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2357-804...

21. Vesterbacka M, Ringden O, Remberger M, Huggare J, Dahllof G. Disturbances in dental development and craniofacial growth in children treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2012;15(1):21-9, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-6343.2011.01533.x
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-6343.20...
-2222. Effinger KE, Migliorati CA, Hudson MM, McMullen KP, Kaste SC, Ruble K, et al. Oral and dental late effects in survivors of childhood cancer: a Children’s Oncology Group report. Support Care Cancer. 2014;22(7):2009-19, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00520-014-2260-x
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00520-014-226...
).

Age and gender distributions found in the present study were consistent with those reported in previous publications, indicating that in Brazil, leukemia is more prevalent in boys aged 1 to 4 years old (31.6%), lymphoma is dominant in males between 15 and 18 years old (35.6%), and tumors of the central nervous system have a similar male:female ratio (26%) in patients under 14 years old (1717. Gualco G, Klumb CE, Barber GN, Weiss LM, Bacchi CE. Pediatric lymphomas in Brazil. Clinics. 2010;65(12):1267-77, http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322010001200008
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322010...
).

Preventive dental procedures, such as topical fluoride application and professional oral hygiene, were most common (32.94%). These preventive procedures reduced the frequency of restorative treatment and the prevalence of infectious foci (1414. Carrillo C, Vizeu H, Soares-Junior LA, Fava M, Filho VO. Dental approach in the pediatric oncology patient: characteristics of the population treated at the dentistry unit in a pediatric oncology Brazilian teaching hospital. Clinics. 2010;65(6):569-73, http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322010000600002
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322010...
) and were consistent with the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD) dental care guidelines for pediatric cancer patients. Oral hygiene orientation, topical fluoride application and patient/parent education helped to minimize oral discomfort during treatment (2323. Guideline on Dental Management of Pediatric Patients Receiving Chemotherapy, Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, and/or Radiation Therapy. Pediatr Dent. 2016;38(6):334-42.).

Oral mucositis is a debilitating dose-related complication that commonly affects hospitalized patients undergoing cancer therapy and is often addressed by a dental unit team. Oral mucositis manifests as a burning sensation in the oral mucosa and can lead to the formation of edema, erythema and ulcers. Topical laser application is a well-established and noninvasive approach that effectively controls oral mucositis (2424. de Castro JF, Abreu EG, Correia AV, da Mota Vasconcelos Brasil C, da Cruz Perez DE, de Paula Ramos Pedrosa F. Low-level laser in prevention and treatment of oral mucositis in pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Photomed Laser Surg. 2013;31(12):613-8, http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/pho.2012.3327
http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/pho.2012.3327...
25. Weissheimer C, Curra M, Gregianin LJ, Daudt LE, Wagner VP, Martins MAT, et al. New photobiomodulation protocol prevents oral mucositis in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients-a retrospective study. Lasers Med Sci. 2017;32(9):2013-21, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10103-017-2314-7
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10103-017-231...
-2626. Worthington HV, Clarkson JE, Bryan G, Furness S, Glenny AM, Littlewood A, et al. Interventions for preventing oral mucositis for patients with cancer receiving treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(4):CD000978.). In our study, 11% of the dental protocols consisted of topical laser applications. This result emphasizes the importance of multidisciplinary care in reducing pain and discomfort in hospitalized patients.

Another important aspect of preventive multidisciplinary care in hospitalized patients is related to the unavailability to work during chemotherapy or radiotherapy (1818. Demasi OF, Fava M, Carrillo CM, Amaral TG, Filho VO. Tooth abnormalities in pediatric patients submitted to antineoplastic treatment for central nervous system neoplasms. Braz Dent Sci. 2016;19(3):39-46, http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/bds.2016.v19i3.1263
http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/bds.2016.v19i...
, 2727. Carrillo CM, Corrêa FN, Lopes NN, Fava M, Odone Filho V. Dental anomalies in children submitted to antineoplastic therapy. Clinics. 2014;69(6):433-7, http://dx.doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2014(06)11
http://dx.doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2014(0...
, 2828. Gandhi K, Datta G, Ahuja S, Saxena T, G Datta A. Prevalence of Oral Complications occurring in a Population of Pediatric Cancer Patients receiving Chemotherapy. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2017;10(2):166-71, http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1428
http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10...
). To overcome this issue, the dental unit of the Onco-hematology service of ICr/HC-FMUSP was established in 2007 to provide specialized dental care to hospitalized pediatric patients and to fully coordinate oncologists and pediatricians on matters concerning diagnosis, prognosis, treatment and patient discharge.

Long-term follow-up studies with information regarding the oral conditions of pediatric onco-hematological patients are needed. These studies can enhance dental care in this population and therefore improve quality of life. Additionally, further studies are necessary to establish specific dental protocols suitable for short- and long-term cancer therapies and improve not only survivorship but also quality of life.

Based on the present study, it can be concluded that preventive dental procedures were performed mostly in onco-hematological pediatric patients, followed by minor oral surgeries and restorative dentistry. Longitudinal and cohort studies are needed.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors would like to thank Nathan Matos, Geralda Carvalho de Figueiredo Assunção and DDS Katia Boihagian Costa Vaz for their continued helpfulness and cooperation.

REFERENCES

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    Zinter MS, Holubkov R, Steurer MA, Dvorak CC, Duncan CN, Sapru A, et al. Pediatric Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Patients Who Survive Critical Illness Frequently Have Significant but Recoverable Decline in Functional Status. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2018;24(2):330-6, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbmt.2017.10.036
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    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/petr.12440
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  • 8
    Barros DP, Seber A, Ginani VC, Vergueiro C, Ibanez A, Felix OM, et al. The Cost of Pediatric Unrelated HSCT. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. Abstracts. 2013;S280-1, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbmt.2012.11.398
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbmt.2012.11.398
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    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecc.12344
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    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.29708
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    Elad S, Raber-Durlacher JE, Brennan MT, Saunders DP, Mank AP, Zadik Y, et al. Basic oral care for hematology-oncology patients and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients: a position paper from the joint task force of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer/International Society of Oral Oncology (MASCC/ISOO) and the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT). Support Care Cancer. 2015;23(1):223-36, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00520-014-2378-x
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00520-014-2378-x
  • 14
    Carrillo C, Vizeu H, Soares-Junior LA, Fava M, Filho VO. Dental approach in the pediatric oncology patient: characteristics of the population treated at the dentistry unit in a pediatric oncology Brazilian teaching hospital. Clinics. 2010;65(6):569-73, http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322010000600002
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322010000600002
  • 15
    Passweg JR, Baldomero H, Gratwohl A, Bregni M, Cesaro S, Dreger P, et al. The EBMT activity survey: 1990-2010. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2012;47(7):906-23, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/bmt.2012.66
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/bmt.2012.66
  • 16
    Medinger M, Lengerke C, Passweg J. Novel therapeutic options in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Leuk Res Rep. 2016;6:39-49.
  • 17
    Gualco G, Klumb CE, Barber GN, Weiss LM, Bacchi CE. Pediatric lymphomas in Brazil. Clinics. 2010;65(12):1267-77, http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322010001200008
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322010001200008
  • 18
    Demasi OF, Fava M, Carrillo CM, Amaral TG, Filho VO. Tooth abnormalities in pediatric patients submitted to antineoplastic treatment for central nervous system neoplasms. Braz Dent Sci. 2016;19(3):39-46, http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/bds.2016.v19i3.1263
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/bds.2016.v19i3.1263
  • 19
    Oguz A, Cetiner S, Karadeniz C, Alpaslan G, Alpaslan C, Pinarli G. Long-term effects of chemotherapy on orodental structures in children with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Eur J Oral Sci. 2004;112(1):8-11, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0909-8836.2004.00094.x
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0909-8836.2004.00094.x
  • 20
    Frascino AV, Coracin FL, Santos PS. A systematic review of the long-term effects of dental development disturbances after hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation in pediatric patients. Clin Lab Res Den. 2014;20(4):252-9, http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2357-8041.clrd.2014.84385
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2357-8041.clrd.2014.84385
  • 21
    Vesterbacka M, Ringden O, Remberger M, Huggare J, Dahllof G. Disturbances in dental development and craniofacial growth in children treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2012;15(1):21-9, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-6343.2011.01533.x
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-6343.2011.01533.x
  • 22
    Effinger KE, Migliorati CA, Hudson MM, McMullen KP, Kaste SC, Ruble K, et al. Oral and dental late effects in survivors of childhood cancer: a Children’s Oncology Group report. Support Care Cancer. 2014;22(7):2009-19, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00520-014-2260-x
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00520-014-2260-x
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Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    2018

History

  • Received
    4 Apr 2018
  • Accepted
    20 Aug 2018
Creative Common - by 4.0
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