Dantas et al., 2011 (Brazil) [24][24] Dantas E.M., de Carvalho C.M., Batista S.H.B., de Menezes M.R.A., Dantas W.R.M. Efeito antiálgico do laser AsGaAl na punção anestésica. [Analgesic Effect of GaAlAs Laser on Anesthetic Action]. Rev Cir Traumatol Buco-Maxilo-Fac. 2011;11(2):75-82. Portuguese. |
Parallel |
60 (nr) 20 - Control 1: light curing 20 - Control 2: no treatment 20 - Test: PBMT |
nr |
Gallium aluminum arsenide |
Applied at the anesthetic puncture site for 33 s. |
Injection of 1/4 of the local anesthetic cartridge (Novocol, SS White) in the palate region, approximately 3 mm above the cervical region of the teeth to be anesthetized. |
10-score VNS applied after injection. |
Wavelength: 830 nm |
Power: 120 mW |
Focal spot: 2 mm2
|
Energy density: 4 J/cm2
|
Sattayut, 2014 (Thailand) [25][25] Sattayut S. Low intensity laser for reducing pain from anesthetic palatal injection. Photomed Laser Surg. 2014;32(12):658-62. |
Parallel |
80 (40♀, 40♂) 20 - Control: topical anesthesia 20 - Test: Pressure 20 - Test: PBMT without radiation 20 - Test: PBMT |
21 ± nr 18 to 25 years old |
Wavelength: 790 nm |
Applied at the anesthetic puncture site for 2 min in contact mode. |
Injection of 0.5 mL of 2% lidocaine hydrochloride solution with 1:100,000 epinephrine into the anesthetized area using a pressure and volume control intraligamental syringe and a 27-gauge disposable needle (Citojet, Bayer, Germany). |
100 mm VAS applied after injection. |
Continuous mode |
Power: 30 mW |
Focal spot: 0.13 cm2
|
Energy density: 27.69 J/cm2
|
Ghaderi et al., 2016 (Iran) [26][26] Ghaderi F., Ghaderi R., Davarmanesh M., Bayani M., Moghadam S.A. Pain management during needle insertion with low level laser. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2016;17(2):151-4. |
Split-mouth |
66 (30♀, 36♂) 66 - Control: topical anesthesia 66 - Test: topical anesthesia + PBMT |
23.34 ± 2.16 |
Gallium Aluminum Arsenide (AZERO K2, Russia) |
Mucosa was isolated and dried for 30 s with a cotton. Local anesthetic gel (benzocaine) was applied for 60 s. Photobiomodulation was applied at the anesthetic puncture site for 1 min. |
Insertion of a 27-gauge short needle into the buccal mucosa of the maxillary canine region after laser irradiation for the laser group and after application of topical anesthetic for the placebo group. |
100 mm VAS applied after needle insertion. |
Wavelength: 960 nm |
Continuous mode |
Power: 100 mW |
Focal spot: nr |
Energy density: 4 J/cm² |
Tuk et al., 2017 (Netherlands) [27][27] Tuk J.G.C., van Wijk A.J., Mertens I.C., Keleş Z., Lindeboom J.A.H., Milstein D.M.J. Analgesic effects of preinjection low-level laser/light therapy (LLLT) before third molar surgery: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2017;124(3):240-7. |
Parallel |
163 (82♀, 81♂) 80 - Control: no treatment 83 - Test: PBMT |
L (32 ± 14); P (29 ± 12); 18 to 75 years old |
LX2 Control Unit with laser probe (THOR Photomedicine Ltd., Chesham, UK) |
Both maxilla and mandible had 2 target-sites irradiated for 30 s continuously, and each target-site was also irradiated twice in a row. Total irradiation time was 2 min (1 min for each target-site) with a 30 s interval between each irradiation. |
Local anesthesia or mandibular block was performed with 4% articaine hydrochloride with 1:100,000 epinephrine (1.7-mL syringe Ultracain D-S forte, Sanofi-Aventis Netherlands BV, Gouda, Netherlands), using a 27-G needle (Terumo 27 13/8, Somerset, NJ). |
11-point NRS applied before and immediately after injection. |
Wavelength: 810 nm |
Continuous mode |
Power: 198 mW |
Focal spot: 0.088 cm2
|
Energy density: 67.5 J/cm2
|
Jagtap et al., 2019 (India) [28][28] Jagtap B., Bhate K., Magoo S., Santhoshkumar N.S., Gajendragadkar K.S., Joshi S. Painless injections-a possibility with low level laser therapy. J Dent Anesth Pain Med. 2019;19(3):159-65. |
Split-mouth |
25 (12♀, 13♂) 25 - Control: PBMT without radiation 25 - Test: PBMT |
28.3 ± 5.5 18 to 60 years old |
Microcontroller Based Diode Laser (Silberbauer, India) |
Applied at the anesthetic puncture site for 3 min. |
Standard local anesthetic was injected to perform the blocking technique. |
10-score VAS applied after injection. |
Wavelength: 660 nm |
Power: 60 mW |
Focal spot: nr |
Energy density: nr |
Ghabraei et al., 2020 (Iran) [29][29] Ghabraei S., Bolhari B., Nashtaie H.M., Noruzian M., Niavarzi S., Chiniforush N. Effect of photobiomodulation on pain level during local anesthesia injection: a randomized clinical trial. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2020;22(4-5):180-4. |
Parallel |
56 (29♀, 27♂) 22 - Control: PBMT without radiation 12 - Control: no treatment 22 - Test: PBMT |
L (39.2 ± 12.2) P (37.6 ± 12) C (37.8 ± 11) 18 to 60 years old |
Simpler Diode Laser (Doctorsmile, Italy) |
Applied at the anesthetic puncture site (buccal mucosa) for 20 s continuously. |
A tube of 2% lidocaine with 1:80,000 epinephrine (Daroo Pakhsh, Iran) was injected in the anterior buccal region of the maxilla completely at a rate of 1 mL/min with a 27-gauge short needle (Technofar, Italy). |
170 mm VAS. |
Wavelength: 980 nm |
Power: 300 mW |
Focal spot: 0.384 cm² |
Energy density: 15.62 J/cm² |
Amruthavarshini et al., 2021 (India) [30][30] AmruthaVarshini I., Vinay C., Uloopi K.S., RojaRamya K.S., Chandrasekhar R., Penmatsa C. Effectiveness of pre-cooling the injection site, laser biostimulation, and topical local anesthetic gel in reduction of local anesthesia injection pain in children. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2021;14(1):81-3. |
3-arm, crossover |
30 (NR) 30 - Control: topical anesthesia 30 - Test 1: Ice application 30 - Test 2: PBMT |
Nr 9 to 12 years old |
DenLase Diode Laser (China Daheng Group, Inc., China) |
Mucosa was properly isolated and dried. Photobiomodulation was applied at anesthetic puncture site for 1 min in pulsed mode and 2 mm away from the surface. |
An injection of local anesthetic solution (Lignox 2% A, Kilitch Drugs India Ltd., Navi Mumbai) was performed at 1 mL/min. |
WBFPRS and SEM scales applied during injection. |
Wavelength: 810 nm |
Pulsed mode |
Power: 300 mW |
Focal spot: nr |
Energy density: nr |
Uçar et al., 2022 (Turkey) [31][31] Uçar G., Elbay Ü.Ş., Elbay M. Effects of low-level laser therapy on injection pain and anesthesia efficacy during local anesthesia in children: a randomized clinical trial. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2022;32(4):576-84. |
Split-mouth |
60 (30♀, 30♂) 60 - Control: topical anesthesia 60 - Test: topical anesthesia + PBMT |
7.11 ± 1.12 6 to 9 years old |
Cheese Dental Diode Laser (GIGAA LASER, Wuhan Gigaa Optronics Technology Co., China) |
Mucosa was properly isolated and dried. Local anesthetic gel (10% lidocaine) was applied for 60 s with cotton. Photobiomodulation was applied at anesthetic puncture for 20 s with slow circular movements and 1-mm away from the surface. |
Local anesthesia was performed with 1-mL of anesthetic solution containing 4% articaine hydrochloride with 1:100,000 epinephrine (Ultracaine D-S forte, Hoechst Canada Inc., Montreal Quebec, Canada), a 27-gauge dental needle and a 2-mL plastic disposable dental syringe (Helmed, Adana, Turkey). |
WBFPRS and FLACC scales applied immediately after injection in two stages: 1) During needle insertion; 2) During anesthetic solution deposition. |
Wavelength: 810 nm |
Continuous mode |
Power: 300 mW |
Focal spot: 0.087 cm2
|
Energy density: 69 J/cm2
|