Há espaço para uma concepção não moral da normatividade prática em Nietzsche?: notas sobre um debate em andamento

Lopes, Rogério

Resumos

Este artigo está estruturado em três seções. Na primeira procuro mostrar como a busca por uma concepção alternativa de normatividade prática na filosofia moral contemporânea guarda afinidades com o projeto nietzschiano de crítica da moralidade. Na segunda seção examino os méritos e as limitações da tentativa de Brobjer de filiar Nietzsche à tradição grega da ética das virtudes. Na terceira seção examino as distintas motivações da crítica de Nietzsche à solução moral para o problema da normatividade prática e defendo a tese de que esta diversidade de motivações torna sua posição instável, oscilando entre uma versão consequencialista e uma não consequencialista do perfeccionismo. Não discuto exaustivamente, mas sugiro que a versão não consequencialista é mais consistente com alguns compromissos importantes da filosofia de Nietzsche.

Nietzsche; filosofia moral; normatividade prática; perfeccionismo; consequencialismo; ética das virtudes

This paper is divided in three sections. The purpose of the first section is to show how the search for an alternative conception of practical normativity by contemporary moral philosophers keeps affinities with Nietzsche's attempt to overcome morality in the nineteenth century. In the second section I assess the merits and limitations of Brobjer's attempt to affiliate Nietzsche to the ancient Greek tradition of virtue ethics. In the third section I present the different motivations behind Nietzsche's critique of the moral conception of practical normativity. I claim that this diversity of motivations makes his position unstable and helps us to explain why he oscillates between the consequentialist and the non-consequentialist view of perfectionism. Although I do not discuss it exhaustively in this paper, I point out some reasons why Nietzsche should have advocated a non-consequentialist view of perfectionism.

Nietzsche; moral philosophy; practical normativity; perfectionism; consequentialism; virtue ethics

¹
APEL, Karl-Otto. Transformation der Philosophie (2 Vols.). Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1973.
²
BARON, Marcia W. & PETTIT, Philip & SLOTE, Michael. Three Methods of Ethics Malden/Oxford/Victoria: Blackwell Publishing, 1997.
³
BERKOWITZ, Peter. Nietzsche: The Ethics of a Immoralist Cambridge/London: Harvard University Press, 1995.
⁴
BROBJER, Thomas. Nietzsche's Ethics of Character: A Study of Nietzsche's Ethics and its Place in the History of Moral Thinking Uppsala: Uppsala University, 1995.
⁵
BRUSOTTI, M. Die Leidenschaft der Erkenntnis. Philosophie und ästhetische Lebensgestaltung bei Nietzsche von Morgenröthe bis Also Sprach Zaratustra. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1997.
⁶
CANTO-SPERBER, Monique. La Philosophie morale britannique Paris: PUF, 1994.
⁷
CAVELL, Stanley. Conditions handsome and unhandsome: The Constitution of Emersonian Perfectionism (The Carus Lectures, 1988). Chicago: The University Chigaco Press, 1990, p. 33-63.
⁸
CLARK, Maudemarie. Nietzsche's Immoralism and the Concept of Morality. In: SCHACHT, Richard (ed.) Nietzsche, Genealogy, Morality Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994, pp. 15-34.
⁹
CLARK, Maudemarie. On the Rejection of Morality: Bernard Williams's Debt to Nietzsche. In: SCHACHT, Richard (ed.) Nietzsche's Postmoralism Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, pp. 100-122.
¹⁰
Clifford, W. K. The Ethics of Belief and Other Essays Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books,1999.
¹¹
CONANT, James. Nietzsches' Perfectionism. In: SCHACHT, Richard (ed.) Nietzsche's Postmoralism Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, pp. 181-257.
¹²
DRIVER, Julia. Ethics: the Fundamentals Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2007, pp. 170-179.
¹³
FOOT, Philippa. Nietzsche: The Revaluation of Values. In: SOLOMON, Robert (ed.). Nietzsche: A Collection of Critical Essays South Bend: University of Dotre Dame Press, 1973, pp. 156-168.
¹⁴
FOOT, Philippa. Nietzsche's Immoralism. In: SCHACHT, Richard (ed.) Nietzsche, Genealogy, Morality Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994, pp. 3-14.
¹⁵
FOUCAULT, Michel. Histoire de la Sexualité Vol. 1: La Volonté de Savoir Paris: Gallimard, 1976.
¹⁶
FOUCAULT, Michel. Histoire de la Sexualité Vol. 2: L'Usage des Plaisirs Paris: Gallimard, 1884.
¹⁷
FOUCAULT, Michel. Histoire de la Sexualité Vol. 3: Le Souci de Soi Paris: Gallimard, 1984a.
¹⁸
GAUTHIER, David. Moral by Agreement Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986.
¹⁹
HABERMAS, Jürgen. Theorie des kommunikativen Handeln Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1981.
²⁰
HILL, Kevin R. MacIntyre's Nietzsche: A Critique. In: International Studies in Philosophy, 24/2, 1992, pp. 3-12.
²¹
HUDSON, W. D. A Century of moral Philosophy London: Butler and Tanner, 1980.
²²
HURKA, Thomas. Perfectionism Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.
²³
HURKA, Thomas. Nietzsche: Perfectionist. In: LEITER, Brian & SINHABABU, Neil (eds.) Nietzsche and Morality Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007, pp. 9-31.
²⁴
HURSTHOUSE, Rosalind. On Virtue Ethics New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
²⁵
HUSSAIN, Nadeem. Honest Illusions: Valuing for Nietzsche's Free Spirits. In: LEITER, Brian & SINHABABU, Neil (eds.) Nietzsche and Morality Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007, pp. 157-191.
27. KORSGAARD, Christine. Creating the Kingdom of Ends. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
28. LARMORE, Charles. Modernité et morale Paris: PUF, 1993.
29. LEITER, Brian. Morality in the Pejorative Sense. On the Logic of Nietzsche's Critique of Morality. In: Britisch Journal for the History of Philosophy 3, 1995, pp. 113-145.
30. LEITER, Brian. Nietzsche and the Morality Critics. In: Ethics 107, 1997, pp. 250-285.
31. LEITER, Brian. Nietzsche's Metaethics: Against the Privilege Readings. In: European Journal of Philosophy, 8, 2000, pp. 277-297.
32. LEITER, Brian. Nietzsche on Morality London: Routledge, 2002.
33. LEITER, Brian & SINHABABU, Neil (eds.) Nietzsche and Morality Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
34. LOPES, Rogério A. Ceticismo e vida contemplativa em Nietzsche Belo Horizonte: UFMG, 2008 (Tese de doutorado).
35. MACINTYRE, Alasdair. (1981) After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1984.
36. MACINTYRE, Alasdair. Justiça de Quem? Qual Racionalidade Trad. Marcelo P. Marques. São Paulo: Loyola, 1991.
37. MACINTYRE, Alasdair. Three rival Versions of moral Enquiry: Encyclopaedia, Genealogy and Tradition London: Duckworth, 1990.
38. MAY, Simon. Nietzsche's Ethics and his War on Morality Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
39. MURRAY, Peter D. Niezsche's affirmative Morality. A Revaluation based in the dionysian World-View Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1999.
40. NEHAMAS, Alexander. (1985) Nietzsche: Life as Literature Cambridge/Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1996.
41. NIETZSCHE, F. Sämtliche Werke. Kritische Studienausgabe. Berlin/New York: de Gruyter, 1988, 15v.
42. _____________. Sämtliche Briefe. Kritische Studienausgabe in 8 Bänden. Berlin/New York: de Gruyter, 1986.
43. _____________. Humano, demasiado Humano Trad. Paulo César de Souza. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2000.
44. _____________. A Gaia Ciência Trad. Paulo César de Souza. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2001.
45. _____________. Aurora. Trad. Paulo César de Souza. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2004.
46. RAILTON, Peter. Nietzsche's Normative Theory? The Art and Skill of Living Well. In: JANAWAY, Christopher & ROBERTSON, Simon. Nietzsche, Naturalism and Normativity Oxford: OUP, 2012, pp. 20-51.
47. RAWLS, John. A Theory of Justice Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1999.
48. REGINSTER, Bernard. The Affirmation of Life. Nietzsche on Overcoming Nihilism Cambridge/Mass./London: Harvard University Press, 2006.
49. ROBERTSON, Simon. The Scope Problem – Nietzsche, the Moral, Ethical, and Quasi-Aesthetic. In: JANAWAY, Christopher & ROBERTSON, Simon. Nietzsche, Naturalism and Normativity Oxford: OUP, 2012, pp. 81-110.
50. RORTY, Richard. Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity New York/Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
51. SALEHI, Djavid. & GÜNZEL, Stephan. Nietzsches "konstruktive" Ethik in der Diskussion. In: Nietzsche-Studien, 31, 2002, pp. 368-381
52. SCHOPENHAUER, Arthur. Sämtliche Werke Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2004.
53. SEN, Amartya & WILLIAMS, Bernard. Utilitarianism and Beyond London: Cambridge University Press, 1982.
54. SHEFFLER, Samuel. (ed.) Consequentialism and Its Critics New York/Toronto/London: Oxford University Press, 1988.
55. SIDGWICK, Henry. The Methods of Ethics Indianapolis: Hackett, 1981.
56. SKINNER, Quentin. Maquiavel Trad. Maria L. Montes. São Paulo: Brasiliense, 1988.
57. SLEINIS, Edgar. Nietzsche's Revaluation of Values: A Study in Strategies Urbana/Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1994.
58. SLOTE, Michael. From Morality to Virtue NY/Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992
59. SMART, J. J. C. & WILLIAMS, Bernard. Utilitarianism for and against Cambridge: Cambridge Universtiy Press, 1973.
60. STEGMAIER, Werner. Nietzsches Genealogie der Moral' Darmstadt: BWG, 1994
61. STEINMANN, Michael. Die Ethik Friedrich Nietzsches Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2000.
62. SWANTON, Christine. Virtue Ethics: a Pluralistic View Oxford/NY: Oxford University Press, 2003.
63. TONGEREN, Paul van. Die Moral von Nietzsches Moralkritik: Studie zu Jenseits von Gut und Böse" Bonn: Bouvier Verlag, 1989.
64. TUGENDHAT, Ernst. Lições sobre ética Tradução organizada por E. Stein e R. Rocha. Petrópolis: Vozes, 1999.
65. WILLIAMS, Bernard. (1985) L'Éthique et les limites de la philosophie Trad. Marie-Anne Lescourret. Paris: Gallimard, 1990.
66. WILLIAMS, Bernard. Shame and Necessity Berkeley/Los Angeles/London: University of California Press, 1993.
67. WILLIAMS, Bernard. Truth and Truthfulness: an Essay in Genealogy Princenton/Oxford: Princenton University Press, 2002.
68. WILLIAMS, Bernard. The Sense of the Past. Essays in the History of Philosophy (ed. and with an introduction by Myles Burnyeat). Princenton/Oxford: Princenton University Press, 2006.
69. ZITTEL, Claus. Ästhetisch Fundierte Ethiken und Nietzsches Philosophie. In: Nietzsche-Studien, 32, 2003, pp. 103-123.

Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
30 Out 2013
Data do Fascículo
2013

Histórico

Recebido
10 Fev 2013
Aceito
21 Mar 2013

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] ¹
APEL, Karl-Otto. Transformation der Philosophie (2 Vols.). Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1973.

[2] ²
BARON, Marcia W. & PETTIT, Philip & SLOTE, Michael. Three Methods of Ethics Malden/Oxford/Victoria: Blackwell Publishing, 1997.

[3] ³
BERKOWITZ, Peter. Nietzsche: The Ethics of a Immoralist Cambridge/London: Harvard University Press, 1995.

[4] ⁴
BROBJER, Thomas. Nietzsche's Ethics of Character: A Study of Nietzsche's Ethics and its Place in the History of Moral Thinking Uppsala: Uppsala University, 1995.

[5] ⁵
BRUSOTTI, M. Die Leidenschaft der Erkenntnis. Philosophie und ästhetische Lebensgestaltung bei Nietzsche von Morgenröthe bis Also Sprach Zaratustra. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1997.

[6] ⁶
CANTO-SPERBER, Monique. La Philosophie morale britannique Paris: PUF, 1994.

[7] ⁷
CAVELL, Stanley. Conditions handsome and unhandsome: The Constitution of Emersonian Perfectionism (The Carus Lectures, 1988). Chicago: The University Chigaco Press, 1990, p. 33-63.

[8] ⁸
CLARK, Maudemarie. Nietzsche's Immoralism and the Concept of Morality. In: SCHACHT, Richard (ed.) Nietzsche, Genealogy, Morality Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994, pp. 15-34.

[9] ⁹
CLARK, Maudemarie. On the Rejection of Morality: Bernard Williams's Debt to Nietzsche. In: SCHACHT, Richard (ed.) Nietzsche's Postmoralism Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, pp. 100-122.

[10] ¹⁰
Clifford, W. K. The Ethics of Belief and Other Essays Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books,1999.

[11] ¹¹
CONANT, James. Nietzsches' Perfectionism. In: SCHACHT, Richard (ed.) Nietzsche's Postmoralism Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, pp. 181-257.

[12] ¹²
DRIVER, Julia. Ethics: the Fundamentals Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2007, pp. 170-179.

[13] ¹³
FOOT, Philippa. Nietzsche: The Revaluation of Values. In: SOLOMON, Robert (ed.). Nietzsche: A Collection of Critical Essays South Bend: University of Dotre Dame Press, 1973, pp. 156-168.

[14] ¹⁴
FOOT, Philippa. Nietzsche's Immoralism. In: SCHACHT, Richard (ed.) Nietzsche, Genealogy, Morality Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994, pp. 3-14.

[15] ¹⁵
FOUCAULT, Michel. Histoire de la Sexualité Vol. 1: La Volonté de Savoir Paris: Gallimard, 1976.

[16] ¹⁶
FOUCAULT, Michel. Histoire de la Sexualité Vol. 2: L'Usage des Plaisirs Paris: Gallimard, 1884.

[17] ¹⁷
FOUCAULT, Michel. Histoire de la Sexualité Vol. 3: Le Souci de Soi Paris: Gallimard, 1984a.

[18] ¹⁸
GAUTHIER, David. Moral by Agreement Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986.

[19] ¹⁹
HABERMAS, Jürgen. Theorie des kommunikativen Handeln Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1981.

[20] ²⁰
HILL, Kevin R. MacIntyre's Nietzsche: A Critique. In: International Studies in Philosophy, 24/2, 1992, pp. 3-12.

[21] ²¹
HUDSON, W. D. A Century of moral Philosophy London: Butler and Tanner, 1980.

[22] ²²
HURKA, Thomas. Perfectionism Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.

[23] ²³
HURKA, Thomas. Nietzsche: Perfectionist. In: LEITER, Brian & SINHABABU, Neil (eds.) Nietzsche and Morality Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007, pp. 9-31.

[24] ²⁴
HURSTHOUSE, Rosalind. On Virtue Ethics New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.

[25] ²⁵
HUSSAIN, Nadeem. Honest Illusions: Valuing for Nietzsche's Free Spirits. In: LEITER, Brian & SINHABABU, Neil (eds.) Nietzsche and Morality Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007, pp. 157-191.

[26] 27. KORSGAARD, Christine. Creating the Kingdom of Ends. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

[27] 28. LARMORE, Charles. Modernité et morale Paris: PUF, 1993.

[28] 29. LEITER, Brian. Morality in the Pejorative Sense. On the Logic of Nietzsche's Critique of Morality. In: Britisch Journal for the History of Philosophy 3, 1995, pp. 113-145.

[29] 30. LEITER, Brian. Nietzsche and the Morality Critics. In: Ethics 107, 1997, pp. 250-285.

[30] 31. LEITER, Brian. Nietzsche's Metaethics: Against the Privilege Readings. In: European Journal of Philosophy, 8, 2000, pp. 277-297.

[31] 32. LEITER, Brian. Nietzsche on Morality London: Routledge, 2002.

[32] 33. LEITER, Brian & SINHABABU, Neil (eds.) Nietzsche and Morality Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.

[33] 34. LOPES, Rogério A. Ceticismo e vida contemplativa em Nietzsche Belo Horizonte: UFMG, 2008 (Tese de doutorado).

[34] 35. MACINTYRE, Alasdair. (1981) After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1984.

[35] 36. MACINTYRE, Alasdair. Justiça de Quem? Qual Racionalidade Trad. Marcelo P. Marques. São Paulo: Loyola, 1991.

[36] 37. MACINTYRE, Alasdair. Three rival Versions of moral Enquiry: Encyclopaedia, Genealogy and Tradition London: Duckworth, 1990.

[37] 38. MAY, Simon. Nietzsche's Ethics and his War on Morality Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.

[38] 39. MURRAY, Peter D. Niezsche's affirmative Morality. A Revaluation based in the dionysian World-View Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1999.

[39] 40. NEHAMAS, Alexander. (1985) Nietzsche: Life as Literature Cambridge/Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1996.

[40] 41. NIETZSCHE, F. Sämtliche Werke. Kritische Studienausgabe. Berlin/New York: de Gruyter, 1988, 15v.

[41] 42. _____________. Sämtliche Briefe. Kritische Studienausgabe in 8 Bänden. Berlin/New York: de Gruyter, 1986.

[42] 43. _____________. Humano, demasiado Humano Trad. Paulo César de Souza. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2000.

[43] 44. _____________. A Gaia Ciência Trad. Paulo César de Souza. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2001.

[44] 45. _____________. Aurora. Trad. Paulo César de Souza. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2004.

[45] 46. RAILTON, Peter. Nietzsche's Normative Theory? The Art and Skill of Living Well. In: JANAWAY, Christopher & ROBERTSON, Simon. Nietzsche, Naturalism and Normativity Oxford: OUP, 2012, pp. 20-51.

[46] 47. RAWLS, John. A Theory of Justice Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1999.

[47] 48. REGINSTER, Bernard. The Affirmation of Life. Nietzsche on Overcoming Nihilism Cambridge/Mass./London: Harvard University Press, 2006.

[48] 49. ROBERTSON, Simon. The Scope Problem – Nietzsche, the Moral, Ethical, and Quasi-Aesthetic. In: JANAWAY, Christopher & ROBERTSON, Simon. Nietzsche, Naturalism and Normativity Oxford: OUP, 2012, pp. 81-110.

[49] 50. RORTY, Richard. Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity New York/Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

[50] 51. SALEHI, Djavid. & GÜNZEL, Stephan. Nietzsches "konstruktive" Ethik in der Diskussion. In: Nietzsche-Studien, 31, 2002, pp. 368-381

[51] 52. SCHOPENHAUER, Arthur. Sämtliche Werke Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2004.

[52] 53. SEN, Amartya & WILLIAMS, Bernard. Utilitarianism and Beyond London: Cambridge University Press, 1982.

[53] 54. SHEFFLER, Samuel. (ed.) Consequentialism and Its Critics New York/Toronto/London: Oxford University Press, 1988.

[54] 55. SIDGWICK, Henry. The Methods of Ethics Indianapolis: Hackett, 1981.

[55] 56. SKINNER, Quentin. Maquiavel Trad. Maria L. Montes. São Paulo: Brasiliense, 1988.

[56] 57. SLEINIS, Edgar. Nietzsche's Revaluation of Values: A Study in Strategies Urbana/Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1994.

[57] 58. SLOTE, Michael. From Morality to Virtue NY/Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992

[58] 59. SMART, J. J. C. & WILLIAMS, Bernard. Utilitarianism for and against Cambridge: Cambridge Universtiy Press, 1973.

[59] 60. STEGMAIER, Werner. Nietzsches Genealogie der Moral' Darmstadt: BWG, 1994

[60] 61. STEINMANN, Michael. Die Ethik Friedrich Nietzsches Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2000.

[61] 62. SWANTON, Christine. Virtue Ethics: a Pluralistic View Oxford/NY: Oxford University Press, 2003.

[62] 63. TONGEREN, Paul van. Die Moral von Nietzsches Moralkritik: Studie zu Jenseits von Gut und Böse" Bonn: Bouvier Verlag, 1989.

[63] 64. TUGENDHAT, Ernst. Lições sobre ética Tradução organizada por E. Stein e R. Rocha. Petrópolis: Vozes, 1999.

[64] 65. WILLIAMS, Bernard. (1985) L'Éthique et les limites de la philosophie Trad. Marie-Anne Lescourret. Paris: Gallimard, 1990.

[65] 66. WILLIAMS, Bernard. Shame and Necessity Berkeley/Los Angeles/London: University of California Press, 1993.

[66] 67. WILLIAMS, Bernard. Truth and Truthfulness: an Essay in Genealogy Princenton/Oxford: Princenton University Press, 2002.

[67] 68. WILLIAMS, Bernard. The Sense of the Past. Essays in the History of Philosophy (ed. and with an introduction by Myles Burnyeat). Princenton/Oxford: Princenton University Press, 2006.

[68] 69. ZITTEL, Claus. Ästhetisch Fundierte Ethiken und Nietzsches Philosophie. In: Nietzsche-Studien, 32, 2003, pp. 103-123.

Brasil

Brasil

Há espaço para uma concepção não moral da normatividade prática em Nietzsche?: notas sobre um debate em andamento

Resumos

Datas de Publicação

Histórico