Substitution of ractopamine by safflower or coconut oil as an additive in finishing pig diets

Costa, Clara Viviane Silva da; Moreira, José Aparecido; Marinho, Andreza Lourenço; Silva, Natália Rocha; Carmo, Myllena Emelly de Paiva; Ramalho, Adriana Margarida Zambotto; Aguiar, Emerson Moreira; Souza, Janete Gouveia de; Teixeira, Elisanie Neiva Magalhães

doi:10.1590/0103-8478cr20190504

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ANIMAL PRODUCTION • Cienc. Rural 50 (6) • 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20190504 linkcopy

Substitution of ractopamine by safflower or coconut oil as an additive in finishing pig diets

Substituição da ractopamina por óleo de cártamo ou óleo de coco como aditivos em dietas para suínos em terminação

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT:

The objective of this study was to explore the substitution of ractopamine by coconut or safflower oil in finishing pig diets. The study included 24 crossbred barrows weighing 78.00 ± 8.76 kg distributed in a randomized block design with four treatments and six replicates composed of: basal ration (BR), BR + 10 ppm ractopamine, BR + four 1 g capsules of safflower oil, and BR + four 1 g capsules of coconut oil. Performance evaluation showed that safflower oil, ractopamine, and coconut oil supplementation had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on weight gain and feed conversion. Carcass-related variables were also affected by the treatments (P < 0.05), with fat thickness 3 (FT3) reduced by the use of safflower oil, ractopamine, and coconut oil. Rib eye area was positively affected (P < 0.05) by diet, with ractopamine, coconut oil, and safflower oil supplementation treatments showing higher values than control diet treatment. The diets also affected fatty acid profiles (P < 0.05), with decreased myristic acid content in animals supplemented with ractopamine and safflower oil and increased deposition of palmitoleic and oleic acids in animals supplemented with coconut oil and safflower oil, respectively. Results suggested that both safflower oil and coconut oil can be used as substitutes for ractopamine.

Key words:
β-adrenergic; fat deposition; lipid metabolism; vegetable oils.

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Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Centro de Ciências Rurais , 97105-900 Santa Maria RS Brazil , Tel.: +55 55 3220-8698 , Fax: +55 55 3220-8695 - Santa Maria - RS - Brazil
E-mail: cienciarural@mail.ufsm.br

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[TFN1] ¹Guarantee levels per kg of product: calcium (min) 235 g/kg; calcium (max) 240 g/kg; phosphorus (min) 34.67 g/kg; sodium (min) 585 g/kg; iron (min) 3.389 mg/kg; copper (min) 4.000 mg/kg; manganese (min) 1.333 mg/kg; zinc (min) 3.333 mg/kg; iodine (min) 33.33 mg/kg; cobalt (min) 6.86 mg/kg; selenium (min) 10 mg/kg; vitamin A (min) 116.800 IU/kg; vitamin D3 (min) 25.000 IU/kg; vitamin E (min) 833.33 IU/kg; vitamin K3 (min) 40 mg/kg; vitamin B1 (min) 16.7 mg/kg; vitamin B2 (min) 66.7 mg/kg; niacin (min) 500 mg/kg; pathogenicacid (min) 267 mg/kg; vitamin B6 (min) 16.7 mg/kg; folicacid (min) 5 mg/kg; biotin (min) 3.33 mg/kg; vitamin B12 (min) 333 mcg/kg; phytase 16.66 FTU/g; BHT 133 mg/kg; bacitracin (min) 1.883 mg/kg; choline (min) 3.338 mg/kg; andfluorine (max) 332 mg/kg.

Ingredient (%)	Basal ration
Corn 7.8%	73.1518
Soybean meal 45%	15.1302
Wheat bran 15.1%	6.4555
Premix¹	3.0000
Soybean oil	2.0000
L-Lysine	0.2195
L-Threonine	0.0431
Calculated values	100
Crude protein (%)	13.53
ME (Kcal/kg)	3230
Available phosphorus (%)	0.11
Sodium (%)	0.15
Chlorine (%)	0.04
Digestible lysine (%)	0.72
Digestible methionine (%)	0.23
Methionine + digestible cystine (%)	0.41
Digestible threonine (%)	0.48
Digestible tryptophan (%)	0.13
Digestible valine (%)	0.56

Parameter (Kg)	----------------------------------------------Treatment-----------------------------------------				P	¹CV (%)
	Basal ration	Ractopamine	Safflower	Coconut
Initial weight)	79.333	79.500	78.500	77.833	0.75	3.78
Final weight)	103.000	106.167	101.000	105.833	0.39	5.61
Daily consumption	3.27	3.14	2.78	3.29	0.20	14.03
Daily weight gain	0.92^b	1.06^a	0.91^b	1.01^ab	0.05	10.10
Feed conversion	3.76^a	3.09^b	3.25^b	3.35^ab	0.05	11.43

Parameter	-----------------------------------Treatment-------------------------------				P	¹CV (%)
	Basal ration	Ractopamine	Safflower	Coconut
Carcass yield (%)	79.22	80.13	79.94	80.47	0.73	2.61
Carcass length (cm)	99.67	99.67	98.17	99.17	0.89	3.78
Leg weight (kg)	12.50	13.19	12.68	13.02	0.52	6.78
²FT1 (mm)	4.17	4.19	3.66	4.19	0.13	10.79
³FT2 (mm)	2.81	2.96	2.63	2.66	0.55	15.71
⁴FT3 (mm)	2.79^a	2.55^ab	2.24^b	2.73^ab	0.05	16.09
⁵MFT (mm)	3.26	3.23	2.85	3.19	0.13	10.13
⁶P2 (cm)	1.92	1.67	1.50	1.77	0.34	22.72
⁷LD (cm²)	5.63	6.28	5.83	6.07	0.21	8.88
⁸REA (mm²)	40.34^b	47.53^a	43.18^ab	43.63^ab	0.05	11.68
Fat area (mm²)	23.32	24.48	18.27	22.48	0.46	31.49
Meat:fat ratio (mm²)	1.93	2.07	2.50	2.01	0.30	25.54
Meat yield (%)	60.40	60.46	60.43	60.45	0.50	0.92
Amount of meat in the carcass (%)	48.39	50.76	48.13	50.03	0.45	6.51

Parameter	------------------------------------------------Treatment---------------------------------------------				P	¹CV (%)
	Basal ration	Ractopamine	Safflower	Coconut
pH 45 min postmortem	6.87	6.90	6.76	6.77	0.72	3.61
pH 24 h postmortem	5.97	5.85	5.83	5.90	0.41	2.57
Color²	3.00	2.67	2.83	2.83	0.76	18.60
Marbling²	2.83	3.33	2.50	3.17	0.30	26.60
WLC (g)	1.87	2.03	2.07	2.18	0.82	28.50

Fatty acid (µg/g)	----------------------------------------Treatment-----------------------------------				P	¹CV (%)
	Basal ration	Ractopamine	Safflower	Coconut
-------------------------------------------------------------------------Longissimus dorsi-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Lauric (C12: 0)	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.11	0.73	12.87
Myristic (C14: 0)	1.16	1.14	1.29	1.28	0.34	14.38
Palmitic (C16: 0)	23.41	24.27	24.99	24.71	0.30	6.02
Palmitoleic (C16: 1)	2.58^b	2.74^ab	2.82^ab	3.25^a	0.05	16.81
Oleic (C18: 1n9)	32.70^b	34.70^ab	38.79^a	36.63^ab	0.05	12.83
Linoleic (C18: 2n6)	14.24	13.35	10.90	11.54	0.23	23.84
Linolenic (C18: 3n3)	0.48	0.44	0.53	0.48	0.76	27.15
Arachidonic (C20: 4n6)	3.13	2.84	2.09	2.42	0.33	38.46
----------------------------------------------------------------------------Fat tissue------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lauric (C12: 0)	0.21	0.20	0.16	0.30	0.33	59.10
Myristic (C14: 0)	1.47^a	1.32^b	1.33^b	1.49^a	0.05	6.27
Palmitic (C16: 0)	19.09	19.16	17.36	17.55	0.77	21.27
Palmitoleic (C16: 1)	1.76	1.52	1.59	1.78	0.24	15.27
Oleic (C18: 1n9)	33.51	33.97	32.96	33.01	0.77	5.61
Linoleic (C18: 2n6)	18.84	18.51	19.89	19.13	0.77	12.39
Linolenic (C18: 3n3)	0.41	0.41	0.48	0.49	0.86	45.67
Arachidonic (C20: 4n6)	2.13	2.48	2.66	2.73	0.33	23.24