Chromium and feed restriction as alternative strategies to ractopamine in finishing pigs

Abreu, Rodrigo Caetano de; Kiefer, Charles; Nascimento, Karina Márcia Ribeiro de Souza; Corassa, Anderson; Marçal, Danilo Alves; Alencar, Stephan Alexander da Silva; Rodrigues, Gabriela Puhl; Farias, Taynah Vieira Aguiar; Santos, Tânia Mara Baptista dos

doi:10.1590/0103-8478cr20220673

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ANIMAL PRODUCTION • Cienc. Rural 54 (5) • May 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20220673 linkcopy

Chromium and feed restriction as alternative strategies to ractopamine in finishing pigs

Cromo e restrições alimentares como estratégias alternativas a ractopamina para suínos em terminação

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT:

This study evaluated chromium and quantitative and qualitative feed restriction as alternative nutritional strategies to ractopamine in finishing barrows. Fifty barrows, genetically similar, with an initial body weight of 99.0 ± 4.3 kg and a final body weight of 117.2 ± 5.8 kg were used. The animals were distributed in a randomized complete block design with five nutritional treatments (Control; Rac = 10ppm ractopamine; Chromium = 0,8mg chromium yeast; Quality = qualitative restriction, 7.5% less net energy in the diet; Quanti = 15% quantitative reduction in feed supply), with five replicates and two animals per replicate. Chromium supplementation and quantitative feed restriction reduced feed, lysine, net energy, and crude protein intakes (P < 0.05). Chromium, ractopamine, and quantitative restriction improved feed conversion (P < 0.05). Supplementation with chromium and ractopamine and feed restriction did not influence the carcass characteristics of the pigs (P < 0.05). Quantitative feed restriction and supplementation of 0.8mg of chromium yeast are presented as potential alternatives to ractopamine in the diet of finishing pigs.

Key words:
additives; carcass characteristics; feed management; organic minerals

Ingredients, %	-----Control-----	----Cromium----	--------Rac-------	-----Quality-----	------Quant------
Corn 7.86%	84.96	84.96	84.96	77.78	84.96
Soybean meal 46.5%	11.84	11.84	11.84	13.14	11.84
Inert (kolin)	0.962	0.912	0.912	6.865	0.962
Dicalcium phosphate	0.751	0.751	0.751	0.759	0.751
Limestone	0.544	0.544	0.544	0.536	0.544
Salt	0.329	0.329	0.329	0.332	0.329
Supl. vit.+min¹	0.200	0.200	0.200	0.200	0.200
L-Lysine HCl	0.306	0.306	0.306	0.280	0.306
DL-Methionine	0.032	0.032	0.032	0.038	0.032
L-Threonine	0.062	0.062	0.062	0.060	0.062
L-Thyptophan	0.014	0.014	0.014	0.010	0.014
Chromium	0.000	0.050	0.000	0.000	0.000
Ractopamine	0.000	0.000	0.050	0.000	0.000
-------------------------------------------------------------Nutritional composition calculated ² -------------------------------------------------------------
Crude protein, %	12.39	12.39	12.39	12.39	12.39
Met. energy, Kcal kg^-1	3.230	3.230	3.230	3.003	3.230
Net. energy, Kcal kg^-1	2.500	2.500	2.500	2.312	2.500
Digestible lysine, %	0.691	0.691	0.691	0.691	0.691
Digestible met+cist., %	0.415	0.415	0.415	0.415	0.415
Digestible threonine, %	0.463	0.463	0.463	0.463	0.463
Digestible tryptophan, %	0.124	0.124	0.124	0.124	0.124
Digestible arginine, %	0.221	0.221	0.221	0.221	0.221
Digestible valine, %	0.477	0.477	0.477	0.477	0.477
Calcium, %	0.733	0.733	0.733	0.733	0.733
Digestible phosphorus, %	0.215	0.215	0.215	0.215	0.215
Sodium, %	0.150	0.150	0.150	0.150	0.150

Variables	-----------------------------------------------------------Experimental diets-----------------------------------------------------------
	--Control--	--Cromium--	---Rac---	---Quality---	---Quant---	---CV %---	---P-value---
Initial weight, kg	99.05	99.79	99.37	98.76	99.18	1.91	0.909
Final weight, kg	116.81	117.83	120.6	116.54	116.59	2.42	0.109
DFI, kg^*	3.84ª	3.42^b	3.63^a	3.94ª	3.24^b	7.91	0.002
DWG, kg	1.11	1.13	1.33	1.11	1.09	12.95	0.067
FC^*	3.52ª	3.07^b	2.76^b	3.56ª	2.99^b	9.98	0.001
LI, g dia^-1*	26.5ª	23.6^b	25.1^a	27.2^a	22.4^b	7.91	0.002
NEI, Kcal dia^-1*	9.605ª	8.558^b	9.080^a	9.109^a	8.116^b	7.91	0.002
CPI, g dia^-1*	476ª	424^b	450^a	489^a	402^b	7.91	0.002

Variables	------------------------------------------------------------Experimental diets------------------------------------------------------------
	---Control---	---Cromium---	---Rac---	---Quality---	---Quant---	---CV%---	---P value---
MD, mm	86.26	81.17	83.52	82.55	89.15	9.13	0.340
FT, mm	9.71	10.89	10.20	13.10	11.38	26.95	0.281
HCW, kg	87.86	85.57	90.83	87.83	86.00	5.45	0.289
CL, cm	96.51	97.46	97.13	96.60	97.53	2.22	0.849
LM, kg	62.99	61.80	62.44	60.66	62.31	3.37	0.319
LMP, %	55.37	52.83	56.71	53.28	53.59	6.33	0.214
CY, %	76.28	74.27	75.50	75.57	74.27	1.39	0.401

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Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Centro de Ciências Rurais , 97105-900 Santa Maria RS Brazil , Tel.: +55 55 3220-8698 , Fax: +55 55 3220-8695 - Santa Maria - RS - Brazil
E-mail: cienciarural@mail.ufsm.br

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[TFN1] ¹
Content per kg of product: pantothenic acid: 2,300 mg kg^-1; niacin: 4,500 mg kg^-1; folic acid: 125 mg kg^-1; copper: 3,750 mg kg^-1; iron: 25 g kg^-1; zinc: 31.25 g kg^-1; iodine: 250 mg kg^-1; selenium: 75 mg kg^-1; manganese: 12.5 g kg^-1; vitamin A: 1,250,000 IU kg^-1; vitamin D3: 250,000 IU kg^-1; vitamin E: 6,250 IU kg^-1; vitamin K3: 750 mg kg^-1; vitamin B1: 375 mg kg^-1; vitamin B2: 1,000 mg kg^-1; vitamin B6: 375 mg kg^-1 and vitamin B12: 4,500 mcg kg^-1.

[TFN2] ²
Values calculated based on the nutritional composition of the raw materials (ROSTAGNO et al., 2011).

[TFN3] Rac = Ractopamine; Quality = Qualitative dietary restriction; Quant = Quantitative dietary restriction.