Socio-economic and technological typology of avocado cv. Hass farms from Antioquia (Colombia)

Gaitan, Silvana Builes; Ríos, Marcela Duque

doi:10.1590/0103-8478cr20190188

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CROP PRODUCTION • Cienc. Rural 50 (7) • 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20190188 copy

Socio-economic and technological typology of avocado cv. Hass farms from Antioquia (Colombia)

Tipologia socioeconômica e tecnológica do abacate cv. Granjas Hass de Antioquia (Colômbia)

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT:

A typology of avocado cv. Hass farms was constructed based on information collected from productive units in Antioquia, Colombia. The study aimed to provide key information about the farms for those involved in the design of programs and public policies directed to growers. The data were scrutinized through Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) and Cluster Analysis. The sample was made up of 214 growers of the crop. Quantitative and qualitative variables were employed for the MCA, which rendered 40 dimensions, out of which 16 accounted for 70% of the total inertia (variance) found in the data. These 16 dimensions were used as input for the Cluster Analysis, which provided the following results: 52%, 32% and 15% of the farms were located in Clusters 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The identified farm types can be associated to peasant (Cluster 1) and commercial (Cluster 3) agricultural schemes, plus a transition between them (Cluster 2). The most discriminating variables regarding such categorization were: farm size, farm registry at ICA (Colombian Agricultural Institute), Avocado cv. Hass yield, labor source, presence of crops other than avocado, existence of formal commercial alliances and technical assistance type. The percentage of farmers belonging to grower organizations was high in the three clusters. Growers in Clusters 3 and 2 had established formal commercial alliances which enabled them to access better sale prices for the crop. A trend towards establishing cv. Hass as a monocrop is observed, which may threaten both crop biodiversity and the food security of peasant growers.

Key words:
farm typology; multiple correspondence analysis; cluster analysis; Colombia

Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Centro de Ciências Rurais , 97105-900 Santa Maria RS Brazil , Tel.: +55 55 3220-8698 , Fax: +55 55 3220-8695 - Santa Maria - RS - Brazil
E-mail: cienciarural@mail.ufsm.br

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[1] E-mail: silvanabuilesgaitan@gmail.com. *Corresponding author

Category	Variable	Description	Unit
Demographics and socioeconomics	Grower's age	Age of grower	Years
	Grower's gender	Gender of grower	Female=0 Male=1
	Grower's educational level	Level of education of grower	None=0, Incomplete Primary school= 1, Primary school=2, Incomplete Secondary School= 3, Secondary school=3,Technical=4, Undergraduate=5, Graduate=6
Farm features	Farm size	Number of ha of the farm	Number
	Main access to the farm	Farm's main access to road	Path=0, Primary road= 1, Secondary road=2, tertiary road=3
	Tenure	Type of tenure	Owner=0, renter=1, sharecropper=2, colonist/settler=3, other=4
	Distance to municipality seat	Range of distance to municipality seat	1-5 km=0, 5-10 km=1, 10-15 km=2, more than 15 km=3
	Farm relief	Main type of farm's relieve	Flat=0, hilly=1, very hilly=2
	Permanent labor at the farm	Number of people working permanently at the farm	Number
	Labor at Harvest time	Number of people working at harvest time at the farm	Number
Productive activities	Dominant land use	Main farm's land use	Crops=0, Pastures=1, Fallow=2, Native forest=3, Commercial forest=4, Mining=5
	Presence of food crops	Existence of food crops	Yes=0, No=1
	Existence of cattle	Existence of cattle	Yes=0, No=1
	Labor source	Type of labor source	Family labor=0, External labor=1, Mixed labor=3

Category	Variable	Description	Unit
Features of Avocado cv. Hass activity	cv. Hass avocado planted/harvested area	Number of cv. Hass avocado planted/harvested ha.	Number of Ha
	Age of cv. Hass avocado plantation	Orchard age	Years
	cv. Hass avocado production	Total production of the farm	Kg
	Price paid by to growers (USD $/kg)	Price paid by 1 kg of avocado cv. Hass	$ United Stated Dollars
	Income from cv. Hass avocado (USD $/ha)	Income derived from cv. Hass avocado	$ United Stated Dollars
	Intercropping	Avocado cv. Hass intercropped with other crops	Yes=0, No=1
	Origin of seedings	Type of origin of seedlings	Registered nursery=0, Non registered nursery=1, Self-propagation=2
	Type of Fertilization	Type of Fertilization	Chemical=0, organic=1, both ( chemical and organic)=2
	Type of Phitosanitary control	Type of pests and diseases management	Chemical=0, Manual=1, Biologic=2, Other=3
	Avocado cv. Hass production experience (>5 yrs)	Whether farmer has experience with avocado cv. Hass of more than 5 years	Yes=0, No=1
	Access to technical assistance	Whether having acces to technical assistance	Yes=0, No=1
	Type of Technical Assistance	Type of Technical assistance	Independent agronomist=0, Public entity agronomist=1,Grower’s association agronomist=2, Commercial house agronomist=3
	Exports registration (ICA)	Whether having ICA registration	Yes=0, No=1
	Exports Certificate (Global GAP )	Whether having Global Gap Certificate	Yes=0, No=1
	Grower's associativity	Whether the grower belongs to a grower's organization	Yes=0, No=1
	Formal commercial alliances with markets	Whether having access to formal alliances with marketers/traders	Yes=0, No=1
	Access to Institutional Support	Whether having access to subsidies, technical assistance or other programs provided by Government	Yes=0, No=1
	Book keeping costs	Whether book keeping costs	Yes=0, No=1
	Application to Credit in the last year	Whether having applied to credit in the last year	Yes=0, No=1
	Constraints to avocado cv. Hass activity	Type of main constraint	Commercial=0, technical=1, financial resources=2, infrastructure=3, social=4

	------------------------------------------------------------Dimensions--------------------------------------------------------
Variables	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16
Grower's age	0.32	0.27	0.21	0.04	0.12	0.1	0.16	0.15	0.11	0.26	0.08	0.04	0.09	0.1	0.13
Grower's educational Level	0.42	0.27	0.27	0.19	0.11	0.08	0.18	0.11	0.07	0.15	0.37	0.14	0.15	0.05	0.12	0.17
Farm size	0.29	0.05	0.22	0.06	0.24	0.14	0.1	0.03	0.18				0.06		0.06
Main access to the farm	0.07					0.14	0.16		0.08	0.11	0.05	0.25	0.2	0.08	0.14	0.1
Distance to municipality seat	0.04			0.06	0.21	0.11	0.22	0.02	0.1	0.04	0.04			0.13	0.07	0.12
Permanent labor at the farm	0.3		0.09			0.11	0.03	0.12	0.13	0.19		0.03		0.09	0.06
Labor at Harvest time	0.54	0.51	0.14		0.07	0.15		0.06		0.11	0.07	0.04			0.07	0.05
Dominant Land Use			0.07	0.05	0.12	0.07	0.1		0.1			0.04	0.16
cv. Hass avocado planted area	0.53	0.22		0.07	0.18	0.09	0.05	0.07	0.05				0.02	0.05
cv. Hass avocado Yield (t ha^-1)	0.21	0.53		0.06	0.22	0.09	0.08	0.28			0.15	0.08	0.09	0.11	0.15	0.05
Income from cv. Hass avocado	0.53	0.56	0.21	0.04	0.15	0.33		0.04	0.03	0.06	0.05		0.05	0.19
Type of Phitosanitary control		0.05	0.06	0.08			0.16	0.05			0.02	0.09		0.03		0.05
Avocado cv. Hass production experience (>5 yrs)	0.18	0.06			0.03	0.04	0.06	0.09	0.06	0.02	0.07		0.01
Type of Technical Assistance	0.3	0.06	0.12	0.21	0.2	0.04	0.03	0.07	0.09	0.16	0.07	0.08	0.1	0.05	0.05	0.14
Exports registration (ICA)	0.52	0.04	0.02	0.03		0.03					0.02
Grower's associativity		0.04		0.16	0.06	0.08		0.07			0.03	0.02		0.05		0.02
Formal commercial alliances with markets	0.42		0.03	0.05		0.02	0.05									0.02
Access to Institutional Support	0.19						0.04	0.09				0.06			0.01
Book keeping costs	0.34			0.04	0.03					0.02	0.06
Origin of Economic resources for avocado cv. Hass activity			0.07	0.44			0.02	0.06	0.05		0.02					0.02
Application for Credit in the last year			0.04	0.33		0.02		0.03	0.17	0.02	0.03

Farm Type	Product orientation	Main Characteristics
1	Small farmer. New in avocado cv. Hass production. Subsistence and market oriented.	Containing 52% of the farms under study, this group was mostly composed of mid-aged farmers who were novice to avocado cv. Hass activity. They worked in small farms and small orchards also producing food for household consumption. Intercropped avocado cv. Hass with important participation of family labor. No formal connection to markets or Global Gap certification for the crop. Main limitations are financial support for the crop and access to good sell prices (associated to price control by middlemen).
2	Medium farmer. Experienced in avocado cv. Has production. Semi-commercially oriented.	This group contained 32% of the farms, which were large in size and also produced food for household consumption. Mainly mid-aged farmers with more than five-years of experience cultivating avocado cv. Hass, which, being rarely intercropped, was cultivated by mixed family and external labor force. Most of the farmers had formal connections with avocado cv. Hass commercial/exporting enterprises. The main constraints were financial support for the crop and managing the technical aspects of the crop.
3	Entrepreneurial farmer. Experience in avocado cv. Hass production. Market oriented.	Fifteen per cent of the farms corresponded to this group, which contained the largest farms and orchards growing avocado cv. Hass as a monocrop. The youngest growers in the sample, managed their avocado cv. Hass activity in an entrepreneurial fashion and did not produce food for their own consumption. Labor force employed at the farm was predominantly external. Most of the farms had established formal agreements with avocado cv. Hass commercial/exporting companies. Their main restrictions were the access to labor and qualified technical assistance.

Items	--------Cluster 1 (n= 112)-------			----------Cluster 2 (n= 69)--------			---------Cluster 3 (n= 33)---------
Quantitative Variables	Mean	Median	SD	Mean	Median	SD	Mean	Median	SD
Grower’s age (yr)	50.78	50.00	12.90	56.53	56.00	10.73	49.54	50.00	11.84
Farm size (ha)	9.35	5.00	11.30	17.14	10.00	22.28	136.2	51	235.21
Permanent labor at the farm	1.80	2.00	1.06	2.869	2.00	1.999	12.48	8.00	10.66
Labor at Harvest time	3.22	3.00	2.69	7.49	7.00	3.85	21.17	15.00	11.16
Age of avocado cv. Hass plantation (yr)	4.06	4.00	2.78	6.60	6.00	3.24	6.42	6.00	3.84
Number of avocado cv. Hass trees	448	355	312	1201	800	1,095	6914	4500.0	6671.1
Avocado cv. Hass planted area (ha)	1.95	1.47	1.32	4.898	3.690	3.831	22.38	15.79	19.24
Avocado cv. Hass harvested area (ha)	1.37	0.98	1.02	3.247	2.390	24.275	11.64	8.710	10.50
Avocado cv. Hass yield (t ha^-1)	6.20	3.62	6.58	8.32	6.71	7.09	9.899	7.812	7.864
Price paid to growers ($USD/kg)	0.60	0.61	0.21	0.81	0.71	0.38	1.09	1.07	0.40
Income from avocado cv. Hass ($USD/ha)	1,863	454	3,043	6,298	4316	7,004	8863	6454	9,686

	-----Cluster 1 (n= 112)-----					-------Cluster 2 (n= 69)------					------Cluster 3 (n= 33)------
Qualitative variables	0	1	2	3	4	0	1	2	3	4	0	1	2	3	4
Dominant Land use (%): 0 = crops, 1 = pastures, 2 = fallow, 3 = native forest, 4 = commercial forest	65	28	0	6	1	63	21	10	4	1	75	9	0	9	6
Type of fertilization (%): 0 = chemical; 1 = organic; 2 = both (chemical and organic)	30	2	70			30	4	65			58	0	42
Access to technical assistance (%): 0 = yes (1) otherwise	60	40				100	0				100	0
Type of phytosanitary control (%): 0 = chemical; 1 = manual; 2 = biologic; 3 = organic; 4 = integral (using two or more of the previous types)	66	9	0.9	4	20	42	4	1	0	52	21	0	0	3	76
Exports registration (ICA Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario) (%): 0 = yes; 1 = otherwise	90	10				79	21				85	15
Exports certificate (Global GAP) (%): 0 = yes; 1 = otherwise	1	99				23	77				57	43
Food production for household consumption (%): 0 = yes; 1 = otherwise	81	19				71	29				42	58
Origin of Economic Resources: 0 = own resources, 1 = formal credit, 2 = informal Credit	45	30	2	23		39	20	0	40		53	19	0	28
Institutional support (subsidies, programs, other): 0 = yes; 1 = otherwise	75	25				45	55				21	79
Growers’ associativity: 0 = yes; 1 = otherwise	51	49				66	33				61	39