Liming as a means of reducing copper toxicity in black oats

Comin, Jucinei José; Ambrosini, Vítor Gabriel; Rosa, Daniel José; Basso, Alex; Loss, Arcângelo; Melo, George Wellington Bastos de; Lovato, Paulo Emílio; Lourenzi, Cledimar Rogério; Ricachenevsky, Felipe Klein; Brunetto, Gustavo

doi:10.1590/0103-8478cr20170278

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SOIL SCIENCE • Cienc. Rural 48 (04) • 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20170278 copy

Liming as a means of reducing copper toxicity in black oats

Calagem como forma de redução da toxidez por cobre em aveia preta

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT:

Soils which are cultivated with grapevines have high available copper (Cu) content, which can be toxic to cover crops cohabiting vineyards, such as black oats. This study aimed to assess the effect of liming in reducing Cu toxicity in black oats grown in sandy soils. Samples of a Typic Hapludalf were collected at 0-20cm, dried and subjected to the addition of Cu (0 to 50Mg kg^-1) and limestone (0, 1.5, and 3.0Mg ha^-1). The soil was placed in a rhizobox and black oats were grown for 30 days. We assessed root and shoot dry matter production, copper (Cu), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) contents in the tissues; Cu content in the root symplast and apoplast, as well as Cu, carbon and pH values in the rhizosphere and bulk soil. Liming reduced Cu toxicity in black oats. Cu was preferentially accumulated in the roots, mostly in the apoplast, which may be the result of a plant tolerance mechanism to prevent the transport of Cu to the shoots.

Key words:
heavy metal; phytotoxicity; limestone; rhizosphere.

Authorship

Jucinei José Comin ^*E-mail: j.comin@ufsc.br. *Corresponding author

Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Santa Catariana (UFSC), Rod. Admar Gonzaga, 1346, Itacorubi, 88034.001, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil..Universidade Federal de Santa CatarianaBrazilFlorianópolis, SC, BrazilDepartamento de Engenharia Rural, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Santa Catariana (UFSC), Rod. Admar Gonzaga, 1346, Itacorubi, 88034.001, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil..

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6176-6208

Vítor Gabriel Ambrosini

Daniel José Rosa

Departamento de Fitotecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Santa Catariana (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brasil.Universidade Federal de Santa CatarianaBrazilFlorianópolis, SC, BrazilDepartamento de Fitotecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Santa Catariana (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brasil.

Alex Basso

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9539-9741

Arcângelo Loss

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3005-6158

George Wellington Bastos de Melo

Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Uva e Vinho, Bento Gonçalves, RS, Brasil.Embrapa Uva e VinhoBrazilBento Gonçalves, RS, BrazilEmpresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Uva e Vinho, Bento Gonçalves, RS, Brasil.

Paulo Emílio Lovato

Cledimar Rogério Lourenzi

Felipe Klein Ricachenevsky

Departamento do Biologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brasil.Universidade Federal de Santa MariaBrazilSanta Maria, RS, BrazilDepartamento do Biologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brasil.

Gustavo Brunetto

Departamento de Solos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brasil.Universidade Federal de Santa MariaBrazilSanta Maria, RS, BrazilDepartamento de Solos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3174-9992

E-mail: j.comin@ufsc.br. ^*Corresponding author

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (1)
Tables (3)

Thumbnail

Figure 1
Copper (Cu) content in the root apoplast (a) and symplast (b) of black oats grown in soil with and without the addition of Cu, combined with limestone doses. Means followed by the same capital letter (Cu factor) and lowercase letter (liming factor) do not differ by the Tukey test (P <0.05); NA = not analyzed.

Thumbnail

Table 1
Analysis of variance for the variables determined in the shoots and roots of black oats and in the rhizosphere and bulk soil, without and with the addition of copper, combined with doses of limestone.

Thumbnail

Table 2
Dry matter and copper, calcium and magnesium contents in the shoots and roots of black oats grown in soil without and with the addition of copper combined with limestone doses.

Thumbnail

Table 3
Values pH in water, total organic carbon (TOC), copper extracted by EDTA (Cu-EDTA) and copper extracted by CaCl₂ (Cu-CaCl₂) in soil without and with the addition of this metal, combined with doses of limestone.

Figure 1 Copper (Cu) content in the root apoplast (a) and symplast (b) of black oats grown in soil with and without the addition of Cu, combined with limestone doses. Means followed by the same capital letter (Cu factor) and lowercase letter (liming factor) do not differ by the Tukey test (P <0.05); NA = not analyzed.

Table 1 Analysis of variance for the variables determined in the shoots and roots of black oats and in the rhizosphere and bulk soil, without and with the addition of copper, combined with doses of limestone.

Variable	----------------------------------------Sources of variation----------------------------------			CV (%)
Variable	Cu (A)	Limestone (B)	A x B
	------------------------------------------------------------------Shoots--------------------------------------------------------------
Dry matter	324.74^**	20.59^**	1.69^ns	12.63
Cu content	146.59^**	146.59^**	38.68^**	15.42
Ca content	27.89^**	15.91^**	8.81^**	8.52
	10.52^**	16.28^**	9.39^**	6.92
	-------------------------------------------------------------------Roots--------------------------------------------------------------
Dry matter	24.99^**	1.05^ns	0.85^ns	23.45
Cu content	2782.34^**	2.31^ns	0.57^ns	8.40
Ca content	13.05^**	15.88^**	1.26^ns	18.20
Mg content	30.78^**	11.89^**	18.17^**	13.15
Apoplast Cu	755.62^**	17.91^**	29.83^ns	15.59
Symplast Cu	453.72^**	0.81^ns	2.14^ns	14.67
	--------------------------------------------------------------Rhizosphere soil------------------------------------------------------
pH in water (1:1)	7.81^*	256.00^**	0.00^ns	21.43
TOC	0.16^ns	1.96^ns	0.59^ns	14.67
Cu-CaCl₂	3.09^ns	0.57^ns	1.06^ns	11.21
Cu-EDTA	1402.91^**	3.55^ns	10.01^**	26.71
	---------------------------------------------------------------Bulk soil--------------------------------------------------------------
pH in water (1: 1)	39.49^**	414.57^**	1.62^ns	2.24
TOC	0.07^ns	3.79^ns	1.46^ns	9.97
Cu-CaCl₂	0.80^ns	2.85^ns	0.35^ns	16.21
Cu-EDTA	1402.91^**	3.55^ns	10.01^**	17.49

CV = coefficient of variation; ns = not significant; ^* and ^** = significant by the F test at 5 and 1% probability, respectively.

Table 2 Dry matter and copper, calcium and magnesium contents in the shoots and roots of black oats grown in soil without and with the addition of copper combined with limestone doses.

Cu (mg kg^-1)	-----------------------------------------Limestone (Mg ha^-1)--------------------------------------			Mean
Cu (mg kg^-1)	0.0	1.5	3.0
	--------------------------------------------------------------Shoots-----------------------------------------------------------------
	Dry matter (g plant^-1)
0	0.090	0.104	0.116	0.103A
50	0.026	0.052	0.050	0.042B
Mean	0.058b	0.078a	0.083a
	--------------------------------------------------------Cu content (mg kg^-1)-------------------------------------------------------

0	21.72aB⁽¹⁾	27.34Ab	20.6aB	23.23
50	95.74aA	44.42Ba	39.07bA	59.74
Mean	58.73	35.88	29.84
	-----------------------------------------------------Ca content (g kg^-1)---------------------------------------------------------

0	11.03aB	9.56Ab	10.56aA	10.38
50	15.93aA	11.96bA	10.66bA	12.85
Mean	13.48	10.76	10.61
	-------------------------------------------------------------Mg content (g kg^-1)------------------------------------------------------------

0	4.18aB	4.02aA	3.93aA	4.05
50	5.48aA	3.98bA	4.02bA	4.49
Mean	4.83	4.01	3.97

	--------------------------------------------------------------------Roots-----------------------------------------------------------------
	Dry matter (g plant^-1)
0	0.074	0.084	0.066	0.074A
50	NA	0.042	0.038	0.040B
Mean	NA	0.063	0.052
	-----------------------------------------------------------Cu content (mg kg^-1)-----------------------------------------------------------

0	40.88	16.37	37.83	31.69B
50	NA	445.70	454.01	449.85A
Mean	NA	231.03	245.92
	-------------------------------------------------------------Ca content (g kg^-1)--------------------------------------------------------

0	6.01	4.36	8.24	6.21B
50	NA	6.81	9.40	8.11A
Mean	NA	5.58 b	8.82 a
	---------------------------------------------------------Mg content (g kg^-1)-------------------------------------------------------------------
0	3.36a	2.22bA	4.19aA	3.26A
Mean	NA	3.26 b	4.31 a

⁽¹⁾Means followed by the same capital letter (Cu factor) in the column and by the same lowercase letter (liming factor) in the row does not differ by the Tukey test (P <0.05). NA = not analyzed.

Table 3 Values pH in water, total organic carbon (TOC), copper extracted by EDTA (Cu-EDTA) and copper extracted by CaCl₂ (Cu-CaCl₂) in soil without and with the addition of this metal, combined with doses of limestone.

Copper (mg kg^-1)	----------------------------------------Limestone (Mg ha^-1)--------------------------------------			Mean
Copper (mg kg^-1)	0	1.5	3.0
	----------------------------------------Rhizosphere soil----------------------------------------
	----------------------------------------pH in water (1:1) ----------------------------------------
0	5.08	6.04	6.85	6.44 A⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾
50	NA	5.74	6.56	6.15 B⁽²⁾
Mean	NA	5.89 b	6.70 a
	-------------------------------------------TOC (g kg^-1)-------------------------------------------
0	4.70	5.10	5.03	5.06⁽²⁾
50	NA	5.66	4.96	5.31⁽²⁾
Mean	NA	5.37	4.98
	----------------------------------------Cu-CaCl₂ (mg kg^-1) ----------------------------------------
0	0.02	0.00	0.00	0.00⁽²⁾
50	NA	0.15	0.04	0.10⁽²⁾
Mean	NA	0.08	0.02
	---------------------------------------Cu-EDTA (mg kg^-1) ----------------------------------------
0	1.89 b	3.05aB	2.47aB	2.76B⁽²⁾
50	NA	32.68aA	38.20aA	35.44A⁽²⁾
Mean	NA	17.86	20.33
	---------------------------------------------Bulk soil---------------------------------------------
	----------------------------------------pH in water (1:1) ----------------------------------------
0	4.96	5.94	6.59	5.83 A
50	4.71	5.53	6.37	5.53 B
Mean	4.84 c	5.73 b	6.48 a
	------------------------------------------TOC (g kg^-1) ------------------------------------------
0	5.33	5.53	4.66	5.17
50	5.83	5.03	4.86	5.24
Mean	5.58	5.28	4.70
	----------------------------------------Cu-CaCl₂ (mg kg^-1) ----------------------------------------
0	0.04	0.14	0.10	0.09
50	0.02	0.08	0.10	0.06
Mean	0.03	0.11	0.10
	---------------------------------------Cu-EDTA (mg kg^-1) ----------------------------------------
0	2.03aB	2.32aB	2.61aB	2.32B
50	35.73aA	36.89aA	39.36aA	37.33A
Mean	18.88	19.61	20.98

⁽¹⁾Means followed by the same capital letter in the column and by the same lowercase letter in the row do not differ by the Tukey test (P <0.05); NA = not analyzed;⁽²⁾Means of the doses of 1.5 and 3.0 Mg ha^-1 limestone, as there is no rhizosphere soil in the treatment without liming and with 50 mg kg^-1Cu.

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Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Centro de Ciências Rurais , 97105-900 Santa Maria RS Brazil , Tel.: +55 55 3220-8698 , Fax: +55 55 3220-8695 - Santa Maria - RS - Brazil
E-mail: cienciarural@mail.ufsm.br

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Liming as a means of reducing copper toxicity in black oats

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[1] E-mail: j.comin@ufsc.br. ^*Corresponding author