Hypomagnesemia in beef cattle from the central region of Argentina: retrospective study

Cantón, Germán José; Fernández, Eduardo Luján; Poo, Juan Ignacio; Späth, Ernesto Juan Alfredo; Odriozola, Ernesto Raúl; Monterubbianesi, María Gloria; Moreno, Fabiana Carina

doi:10.1590/0103-8478cr20210285

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Pathology • Cienc. Rural 52 (4) • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20210285 copy

Hypomagnesemia in beef cattle from the central region of Argentina: retrospective study

Hipomagnesemia em bovinos de corte da região central da Argentina: estudo retrospectivo

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT:

Hypomagnesaemia (grass tetany) is a metabolic disorder of ruminants due to a reduced dietary intake of magnesium (primary deficiency), incorrect digestibility or associated metabolic factors reducing Mg intake (secondary deficiency). Grass tetany is a production disease responsible for important economic losses in beef herds from Argentina. Several factors influence the development of grass tetany in cattle, including physiological status, weather, soil and forage. This research described a retrospective analysis over the past 20 years, revising the cases of beef cattle clinical hypomagnesaemia registered at the Veterinary Diagnostic Service in INTA Balcarce, Argentina.

Key words:
magnesium; deficiency; cattle; epidemiology

Authorship

Germán José Cantón ^*E-mail: canton.german@inta.gob.ar. *Corresponding author

Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA)ArgentinaBalcarce, ArgentinaInstituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina.

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3494-8193

Eduardo Luján Fernández

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7448-881X

Juan Ignacio Poo

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8876-1490

Ernesto Juan Alfredo Späth

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5411-9195

Ernesto Raúl Odriozola

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4618-973X

María Gloria Monterubbianesi

Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Balcarce, Argentina.Universidad Nacional de Mar del PlataArgentinaBalcarce, ArgentinaFacultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Balcarce, Argentina.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3048-8313

Fabiana Carina Moreno

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0106-8018

E-mail: canton.german@inta.gob.ar. ^*Corresponding author

Editor:

Rudi Weiblen

DECLARATION OF CONFLICT OF INTEREST

None of the authors has any other financial or personal relationships that could inappropriately influence or bias the content of the paper.

AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS

GJC conceived and designed experiments. GJC, ELF, JIP and ERO performed the experiments. ELF and JIP carried out the lab analyses. GJC and ERO supervised and coordinated the animal experiments and provided clinical data. EJAS, GM and FCM performed statistical analyses of experimental data. GJC and FCM prepared the draft of the manuscript. All authors critically revised the manuscript and approved of the final version.

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (3)
Tables (2)

Thumbnail

Figure 1
Number of hypomagnesemia outbreaks registered in beef cattle in the different departments of Buenos Aires province, Argentina, during 1998- 2017.

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Figure 2
Relative percentage of hypomagnesemia outbreaks registered in beef cattle in relationship to total cases registered in the Veterinary Diagnostic Service (INTA Balcarce) database during 1998-2017. Outbreaks during years 2001, 2010, 2012 and 2013 were more frequent in comparison with the other years of this study (P < 0.05).

Thumbnail

Figure 3
Month distribution of hypomagnesemia outbreaks registered in beef cattle by the Veterinary Diagnostic Service (INTA Balcarce) during 1998-2017.

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Table 1
Clinical hypomagnesemia outbreaks in beef cattle of Buenos Aires province registered during 1998-2017. Total cases (registered at the Veterinary Diagnostic Service database), hypomagnesemia outbreaks (among this database), exposed and deceased animals.

Thumbnail

Table 2
Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg) and Potassium (K) concentration, tetany-potential (K/Ca+Mg) in different fodders sampled and analyzed during hypomagnesemia outbreaks.

Figure 1 Number of hypomagnesemia outbreaks registered in beef cattle in the different departments of Buenos Aires province, Argentina, during 1998- 2017.

Figure 2 Relative percentage of hypomagnesemia outbreaks registered in beef cattle in relationship to total cases registered in the Veterinary Diagnostic Service (INTA Balcarce) database during 1998-2017. Outbreaks during years 2001, 2010, 2012 and 2013 were more frequent in comparison with the other years of this study (P < 0.05).

Figure 3 Month distribution of hypomagnesemia outbreaks registered in beef cattle by the Veterinary Diagnostic Service (INTA Balcarce) during 1998-2017.

Table 1 Clinical hypomagnesemia outbreaks in beef cattle of Buenos Aires province registered during 1998-2017. Total cases (registered at the Veterinary Diagnostic Service database), hypomagnesemia outbreaks (among this database), exposed and deceased animals.

Year	Total cases¹	-----Hypomagnesemia outbreaks²-----		Exposed animals³	-------Deceased animals⁴------
	n	n	%	n	n	%
1998	929	5	0.54	2038	37	1.82
1999	804	11	1.37	3037	100	3.29
2000	969	12	1.24	2195	95	4.33
2001	875	32	3.66	9769	300	3.07
2002	729	4	0.55	760	17	2.24
2003	1070	2	0.19	780	10	1.28
2004	1033	4	0.39	459	22	4.79
2005	1295	9	0.69	712	65	9.13
2006	1100	3	0.27	189	23	12.17
2007	948	6	0.63	1160	20	1.72
2008	899	7	0.78	1150	36	3.13
2009	769	13	1.69	3667	121	3.30
2010	823	25	3.04	9540	343	3.60
2011	976	15	1.54	1526	67	4.39
2012	841	21	2.50	3765	81	2.15
2013	742	18	2.43	2223	57	2.56
2014	739	8	1.08	2919	195	6.68
2015	816	12	1.47	1461	68	4.65
2016	813	10	1.23	3794	56	1.48
2017	797	15	1.88	2959	85	2.87
Total	17967	232	1.29	54103	1798	3.32

¹Total cases registered in the Veterinary Diagnostic Service database during the year.
²Hypomagnesemia outbreaks registered during this year and percentage in comparison with total cases.
³Exposed animals in herds where hypomagnesemia outbreaks were registered.
⁴Deceased animals and percentage in comparison with exposed animals in the herd where hypomagnesemia outbreaks were registered.

Table 2 Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg) and Potassium (K) concentration, tetany-potential (K/Ca+Mg) in different fodders sampled and analyzed during hypomagnesemia outbreaks.

Forages	Ca%	Mg%	K%	K/Ca+Mg
Natural grasslands	0.28	0.15	1.51	1.45
Improved pastures	0.25	0.12	1.67	1.97
Winter annual grasslands	0.26	0.11	3.34	4.21
Reference values^*	≥0.40%	≥0.20%	≤3.00%	≤2.2

^*reference values (ALLCROFT & BURNS 1968ALLCROFT, R.; BURNS, K. N. Hypomagnesaemia in cattle. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, v16, p.109-128, 1968. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00480169.1968.33757 >. Accessed: Feb. 15, 2021. doi: 10.1080/00480169.1968.33757.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00480169.1968.33... ; GRUNES et al., 1970GRUNES, D., et al. Grass tetany of ruminants. Advances in Agronomy, v.22, p.331-374, 1970. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60272-2 >. Accessed: Feb. 10, 2021. doi: 10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60272-2.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60... ; JOLLEY & LEAVER 1974JOLLEY, J. C.; LEAVER, D. D. Grass tetany: the mineral and species status of sixteen pastures in North-Eastern Victoria and Southern New South Wales. Australian Veterinary Journal, v.50, p.98-104, 1974. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1974.tb05270.x >. Accessed: Feb. 12, 2021. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1974.tb05270.x.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1974... ; GRUNES & MAYLAND 1984; GRUNES & WELCH 1989).

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[1] E-mail: canton.german@inta.gob.ar. ^*Corresponding author