Avian ophthalmic peculiarities

Carvalho, Clarissa Machado de; Rodarte-Almeida, Ana Carolina da Veiga; Santana, Marcelo Ismar Silva; Galera, Paula Diniz

doi:10.1590/0103-8478cr20170904

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CLINIC AND SURGERY • Cienc. Rural 48 (12) • 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20170904 copy

Avian ophthalmic peculiarities

Particularidades oftálmicas em aves

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT:

Morphology and physiology of bird eyes are similar to mammals; although, there are peculiarities that should be considered for a correct interpretation of an ophthalmic examination. While the ophthalmology of domestic species is already well established, there are gaps to be filled regarding birds, particularly due to the large number of existing species. This literature review consists of a brief contribution regarding peculiarities of anatomy, physiology, and ophthalmic semiotechnique of the avian eye.

Key words:
anatomy; eye physiology; intraocular pressure; ophthalmic examination; tear test; wild animals

Authorship

Clarissa Machado de Carvalho

Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brasil. Universidade de Brasília (UnB)BrazilBrasília, DF, BrazilFaculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8253-473X

Ana Carolina da Veiga Rodarte-Almeida

ACR Oftalmologia Veterinária, Brasília, DF, Brasil.ACR Oftalmologia VeterináriaBrasilBrasília, DF, BrasilACR Oftalmologia Veterinária, Brasília, DF, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7465-3966

Marcelo Ismar Silva Santana

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3890-047X

Paula Diniz Galera

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6496-2538

E-mail: dra.paulagalera@gmail.com. ^*Corresponding author.

DECLARATION OF CONFLICTING INTERESTS

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The founding sponsors had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, and in the decision to publish the results.

AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS

All authors contributed equally for the conception and writing of the manuscript. All authors critically revised the manuscript and approved of the final version.

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ACR Oftalmologia Veterinária, Brasília, DF, Brasil.ACR Oftalmologia VeterináriaBrasilBrasília, DF, BrasilACR Oftalmologia Veterinária, Brasília, DF, Brasil.

Tables

Tables (3)

Thumbnail

Table 1
Reference values for Schirmer tear test (mean ± standard deviation mm/min) and phenol red thread test (mean ± standard).

Thumbnail

Table 2
Reference values for applanation tonometry (mean ± standard deviation mmHg).

Thumbnail

Table 3
Reference values for rebound tonometry (mean ± standard deviation mmHg).

Table 1 Reference values for Schirmer tear test (mean ± standard deviation mm/min) and phenol red thread test (mean ± standard).

----------------------------------------------Schirmer tear test-------------------------------------------
Species	Reference values (mm/min)	Authors
American flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber)	12.3±4.5¹	MEEKINS et al. (2015MEEKINS, J.M. et al. Ophthalmic diagnostic tests and ocular findings in a flock of captive american flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber ruber). Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, n.29, v.2, p.95-105, 2015. Available from: < Available from: https://bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1647/2014-021 >. Accessed: Feb. 23, 2017. doi: 10.1647/2014-021. https://bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1647/2014-... )
Bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus)	14±2	KUHN et al. (2013KUHN, S.E. et al. Normal ocular parameters and characterization of ophthalmic lesions in a group of captive bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus). Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, v.27, n.2, p.90-98, 2013. Available from: < Available from: https://bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1647/2012-032 >. Accessed: Feb. 23, 2017. doi: 10.1647/2012-032. https://bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1647/2012-... )
Blue-and-yellow macaw (Ara ararauna)	7.1±0.76²	FALCÃO et al. (2017aFALCÃO, M.S.A. et al. Reference values for selected ophthalmic tests of the blue-and-yellow macaw (Ara ararauna). Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, v.37, n.4, p.389-94, 2017a. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2017000400014 >. Accessed: Feb. 10, 2018. doi: 10.1590/s0100-736x2017000400014. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x201700... )
Blue-fronted parrot (Amazona aestiva)	6.2±0.1¹	FALCÃO et al. (2017bFALCÃO, M.S.A. et al. Modified Schirmer tear test and rebound tonometry in blue-fronted amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva). Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, v.37, n.8, p.871-73, 2017b. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2017000800015 >. Accessed: Feb. 10, 2018. doi: 10.1590/s0100-736x2017000800015. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x201700... )
Brown pelican (Pelecanus ocidentalis)	5.45±1.88	O’CONNELL et al. (2017O’CONNELL, K.M. et al. Ophthalmic diagnostic testing and examination findings in a colony of captive brown pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis). Veterinary Ophthalmology, v.20, n.3, p.196-204, 2017. Available from: < Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/vop.12389/full >. Accessed: Nov. 06, 2018. doi: 10.1111/vop.12389. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1... )
Common buzzard (Buteo buteo)	12.47±2.66	BARSOTTI et al. (2013BARSOTTI, G. et al. Schirmer tear test type I readings and intraocular pressure values assessed by applanation tonometry (Tonopen® XL) in normal eyes of four european species of birds of prey. Veterinary Ophthalmology, v.16, n.5, p.365-69, 2013. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.12008 >. Accessed: Feb. 23, 2017. doi: 10.1111/vop.12008. https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.12008... )
Duck (Anas platyrhynchos)	6.2±2.2³	MOOD et al. (2017MOOD, A. et al. Measurement of tear production and intraocular pressure in ducks and geese. Veterinary Ophthalmology, v.20, n.1, p.53-57, 2017. Available from: < Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/vop.12351/pdf >. Accessed: Feb. 27, 2017. doi: 10.1111/vop.12351. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1... )
Eastern-screech-owl (Megascops asio)	≤2-6⁴	HARRIS et al. (2008HARRIS, M.C. et al. Ophthalmic examination findings in a colony of Screech owls (Megascops asio). Veterinary ophthalmology, v.11, n.3, p.186-92, 2008. Available from: < Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.00618.x >. Accessed: Jan. 27, 2017. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.00618.x. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2... )
Eurasian black vulture (Aegypius monachus) (OD)⁵	10.9±3.3	KOMNENOU et al. (2013KOMNENOU, A.T. et al. Estimation of normal tear production in free-living eurasian black vultures (Aegypius monachus) and griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus) in Dadia National Park, Greece. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, v.44, n.2, p.315-23, 2013. Available from: < Available from: https://bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1638/2012-0144R1.1 >. Accessed: Feb. 23, 2017. doi: 10.1638/2012-0144R1.1. https://bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1638/2012-... )
Eurasian black vulture (Aegypius monachus) (OS)⁶	11.9±3.3	KOMNENOU et al. (2013KOMNENOU, A.T. et al. Estimation of normal tear production in free-living eurasian black vultures (Aegypius monachus) and griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus) in Dadia National Park, Greece. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, v.44, n.2, p.315-23, 2013. Available from: < Available from: https://bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1638/2012-0144R1.1 >. Accessed: Feb. 23, 2017. doi: 10.1638/2012-0144R1.1. https://bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1638/2012-... )
Eurasian tawny owl (Strix aluco)	3.2±0.4¹	WILLIAMS et al. (2006WILLIAMS, D. et al. Chronic ocular lesions in tawny owls (Strix aluco) injured by road traffic. The Veterinary Record, v.159, p.148-53, 2006. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.159.5.148 >. Accessed: Feb. 27, 2017. doi: 10.1136/vr.159.5.148. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.159.5.148... )
Eurasian tawny owl (Strix aluco)	3.12±1.92	BARSOTTI et al. (2013BARSOTTI, G. et al. Schirmer tear test type I readings and intraocular pressure values assessed by applanation tonometry (Tonopen® XL) in normal eyes of four european species of birds of prey. Veterinary Ophthalmology, v.16, n.5, p.365-69, 2013. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.12008 >. Accessed: Feb. 23, 2017. doi: 10.1111/vop.12008. https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.12008... )
European kestrel (Falco tinnunculus)	6.20±3.67	BARSOTTI et al. (2013BARSOTTI, G. et al. Schirmer tear test type I readings and intraocular pressure values assessed by applanation tonometry (Tonopen® XL) in normal eyes of four european species of birds of prey. Veterinary Ophthalmology, v.16, n.5, p.365-69, 2013. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.12008 >. Accessed: Feb. 23, 2017. doi: 10.1111/vop.12008. https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.12008... )
Goose (Anser anser)	5.5±2.6³	MOOD et al. (2017MOOD, A. et al. Measurement of tear production and intraocular pressure in ducks and geese. Veterinary Ophthalmology, v.20, n.1, p.53-57, 2017. Available from: < Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/vop.12351/pdf >. Accessed: Feb. 27, 2017. doi: 10.1111/vop.12351. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1... )
Great grey owl (Strix nebulosa)	9.8±2.8	WILLS et al. (2016WILLS, S. et al. Ophthalmic reference values and lesions in two captive populations of northern owls: great grey owls (Strix nebulosa) and snowy owls (Bubo scandiacus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, v.47, n.1, p.244-55, 2016. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1638/2015-0009.1 >. Accessed: Jan. 31, 2017. doi: 10.1638/2015-0009.1. https://doi.org/10.1638/2015-0009.1... )
Griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus) (OD)⁵	6.4±1.8	KOMNENOU et al. (2013KOMNENOU, A.T. et al. Estimation of normal tear production in free-living eurasian black vultures (Aegypius monachus) and griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus) in Dadia National Park, Greece. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, v.44, n.2, p.315-23, 2013. Available from: < Available from: https://bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1638/2012-0144R1.1 >. Accessed: Feb. 23, 2017. doi: 10.1638/2012-0144R1.1. https://bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1638/2012-... )
Griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus) (OS)⁶	6.5±1.8	KOMNENOU et al. (2013KOMNENOU, A.T. et al. Estimation of normal tear production in free-living eurasian black vultures (Aegypius monachus) and griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus) in Dadia National Park, Greece. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, v.44, n.2, p.315-23, 2013. Available from: < Available from: https://bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1638/2012-0144R1.1 >. Accessed: Feb. 23, 2017. doi: 10.1638/2012-0144R1.1. https://bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1638/2012-... )
Humboldt penguin (Spheniscus humboldti)	6.45±2.9	SWINGER et al. (2009SWINGER, R.L. et al. Ocular bacterial flora, tear production, and intraocular pressure in a captive flock of Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, v.40, n.3, p.430-36, 2009. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1638/2007-0126.1 >. Accessed: Feb. 27, 2017. doi: 10.1638/2007-0126.1. https://doi.org/10.1638/2007-0126.1... )
Little owl (Athene noctua)	3.5±1.96	BARSOTTI et al. (2013BARSOTTI, G. et al. Schirmer tear test type I readings and intraocular pressure values assessed by applanation tonometry (Tonopen® XL) in normal eyes of four european species of birds of prey. Veterinary Ophthalmology, v.16, n.5, p.365-69, 2013. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.12008 >. Accessed: Feb. 23, 2017. doi: 10.1111/vop.12008. https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.12008... )
Ostrich (Struthio camelus)	16.3±2.5	GHAFFARI et al. (2012GHAFFARI, M.S. et al. Determination of reference values for intraocular pressure and Schirmer tear test in clinically normal ostriches (Struthio camelus)” Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, v.43, n.2, p.229-32, 2012. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1638/2010-0103.1 >. Accessed: Feb. 23, 2017. doi: 10.1638/2010-0103.1. https://doi.org/10.1638/2010-0103.1... )
Snowy owl (Bulbo scandiacus)	9.8±2.4	WILLS et al. (2016WILLS, S. et al. Ophthalmic reference values and lesions in two captive populations of northern owls: great grey owls (Strix nebulosa) and snowy owls (Bubo scandiacus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, v.47, n.1, p.244-55, 2016. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1638/2015-0009.1 >. Accessed: Jan. 31, 2017. doi: 10.1638/2015-0009.1. https://doi.org/10.1638/2015-0009.1... )
Southern caracara (Caracara plancus)	7.84±3.05	BALDOTTO (2012BALDOTTO, S.B. Investigações sobre oftalmologia de animais de companhia não convencionais, com ênfase na soroprevalência do Encephalitozoon cuniculi.2012. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciências Agrárias) - Universidade Federal do Paraná. Available from: <Available from: https://acervodigital.ufpr.br/handle/1884/29691 >. Accessed: May 13, 2017. https://acervodigital.ufpr.br/handle/18... )
Striped owl (Asio clamator)	5.03±3.29	RODARTE-ALMEIDA et al. (2013RODARTE-ALMEIDA, A.C.V. et al. O olho da coruja-orelhuda: observações morfológicas, biométricas e valores de referência para testes de diagnóstico oftálmico. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, v.33, n.10, p.1275-1289, 2013. Available from: < Available from: https://scielo.br/pdf/pvb/v33n10/14.pdf >. Accessed: Jan. 27, 2017. doi: 10.1590/S0100-736X2013001000014. https://scielo.br/pdf/pvb/v33n10/14.pdf... )
-------------------------------------Phenol red thread test----------------------------------------------
Species	Reference values (mm/15s)	Authors
American flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber)	24.2±4.4	MEEKINS et al. (2015MEEKINS, J.M. et al. Ophthalmic diagnostic tests and ocular findings in a flock of captive american flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber ruber). Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, n.29, v.2, p.95-105, 2015. Available from: < Available from: https://bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1647/2014-021 >. Accessed: Feb. 23, 2017. doi: 10.1647/2014-021. https://bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1647/2014-... )
Blue-and-yellow macaw (Ara ararauna)	11.14±0.38	MONÇÃO-SILVA et al. (2016MONÇÃO-SILVA, R.M. et al. Ophthalmic parameters of blue-and-yellow macaws (Ara ararauna) and Lear’s macaws (Anodorhynchus leari). Avian Biology Research, n.9, v.4, p.240-49, 2016. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.3184/175815516X14725499175746 >. Accessed: Feb. 27, 2017. doi: 10.3184/175815516X14725499175746. https://doi.org/10.3184/175815516X147254... )
Caatinga parakeet (Eupsittula cactorum)	3.51±2.2	OLIVERA et al. (2017)
Common mynah (Acridotheres tristis)	19.2±2.5	RAJAEI et al. (2015RAJAEI, S.M. et al. Measurement of tear production using the phenol red thread test in the common mynah (Acridotheres tristis). Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, v.29, n.2, p.146-48, 2015. Available from: < Available from: https://bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1647/2013-079 >. Accessed: Feb. 27, 2017. doi: 10.1647/2013-079. https://bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1647/2013-... )
Eastern-screech-owl (Megascops asio)	15±4.3	HARRIS et al. (2008HARRIS, M.C. et al. Ophthalmic examination findings in a colony of Screech owls (Megascops asio). Veterinary ophthalmology, v.11, n.3, p.186-92, 2008. Available from: < Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.00618.x >. Accessed: Jan. 27, 2017. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.00618.x. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2... )
Falco sp.	30.6±4.2	SMITH et al. (2015SMITH, S.P., et al. Evaluation of the phenol red thread tear test in Falconiformes. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, v.29, n.1, p.25-29, 2015. Available from: < Available from: https://bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1647/2008-050 >. Accessed: Feb. 27, 2017. doi: 10.1647/2008-050. https://bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1647/2008-... )
Yellow-chevroned parakeet (Brotogeris chiriri)	1.67±1.95	OLIVEIRA et al. (2017OLIVEIRA, M.M.S. et al. Reference values for selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests in the caatinga parakeet (Eupsitulla cactorum) and yellow-chevroned parakeet (Brotogeris chiriri). Avian Biology Research, v.10, n.4, p.211-217, 2017. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.3184/175815617X14951979279286 >. Accessed: Jan. 10, 2018. doi: 10.3184/175815617X14951979279286. https://doi.org/10.3184/175815617X149519... )

¹Modified Schirmer, ²Under anesthesia, ³Mean±2 standard deviations, ⁴Range, ⁵Right eye, ⁶Left ey.

Table 2 Reference values for applanation tonometry (mean ± standard deviation mmHg).

Species	Reference values (mmHg)	Authors
American flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber)	16.1±4.2	MEEKINS et al. (2015MEEKINS, J.M. et al. Ophthalmic diagnostic tests and ocular findings in a flock of captive american flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber ruber). Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, n.29, v.2, p.95-105, 2015. Available from: < Available from: https://bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1647/2014-021 >. Accessed: Feb. 23, 2017. doi: 10.1647/2014-021. https://bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1647/2014-... )
American kestrel (Falco sparverius)	8.5±4.4	LABELLE et al. (2012LABELLE, A.L. et al. Clinical utility of a complete diagnostic protocol for the ocular evaluation of free living raptors. Veterinary Ophthalmology, v.15, n.1, p.5-17, 2012. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2011.00899.x >. Accessed: Jan. 27, 2017. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2011.00899.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.201... )
Bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus)	20.6±2.0	STILES et al. (1994STILES, J. et al. Tonometry of normal eyes in raptors. American Journal of Veterinary Research, v.55, n.4, p.477-79, 1994. Available from: < Available from: https://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8017692 >. Accessed: Feb. 27, 2017. https://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8017692... )
Bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus)	21.5±1.7	KUHN et al. (2013KUHN, S.E. et al. Normal ocular parameters and characterization of ophthalmic lesions in a group of captive bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus). Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, v.27, n.2, p.90-98, 2013. Available from: < Available from: https://bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1647/2012-032 >. Accessed: Feb. 23, 2017. doi: 10.1647/2012-032. https://bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1647/2012-... )
Barred owl (Strix varia)	11.7±3.8	LABELLE et al. (2012LABELLE, A.L. et al. Clinical utility of a complete diagnostic protocol for the ocular evaluation of free living raptors. Veterinary Ophthalmology, v.15, n.1, p.5-17, 2012. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2011.00899.x >. Accessed: Jan. 27, 2017. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2011.00899.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.201... )
Black-footed penguin (Spheniscus dermersus)	31.77±3.30	GONZALEZ‐ALONSO‐ALEGRE et al. (2014)GONZALEZ ALONSO ALEGRE, E.M. et al. Central corneal thickness and intraocular pressure in captive black footed penguins (Spheniscus dermersus). Veterinary Ophthalmology, v.18, s.1, p.94-97, 2015. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.12206 >. Accessed: Mar. 08, 2017. doi: 10.1111/vop.12206. https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.12206...
Blue-and-yellow macaw (Ara ararauna)	7.0±2.0	MONÇÃO-SILVA et al. (2016MONÇÃO-SILVA, R.M. et al. Ophthalmic parameters of blue-and-yellow macaws (Ara ararauna) and Lear’s macaws (Anodorhynchus leari). Avian Biology Research, n.9, v.4, p.240-49, 2016. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.3184/175815516X14725499175746 >. Accessed: Feb. 27, 2017. doi: 10.3184/175815516X14725499175746. https://doi.org/10.3184/175815516X147254... )
Brown pelican (Pelecanus ocidentalis)	10.86±1.61	O’CONNELL et al. (2017O’CONNELL, K.M. et al. Ophthalmic diagnostic testing and examination findings in a colony of captive brown pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis). Veterinary Ophthalmology, v.20, n.3, p.196-204, 2017. Available from: < Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/vop.12389/full >. Accessed: Nov. 06, 2018. doi: 10.1111/vop.12389. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1... )
Common buzzard (Buteo buteo)	17.2±3.53	BARSOTTI et al. (2013BARSOTTI, G. et al. Schirmer tear test type I readings and intraocular pressure values assessed by applanation tonometry (Tonopen® XL) in normal eyes of four european species of birds of prey. Veterinary Ophthalmology, v.16, n.5, p.365-69, 2013. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.12008 >. Accessed: Feb. 23, 2017. doi: 10.1111/vop.12008. https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.12008... )
Cooper’s hawk (Accipiter cooperii)	16±1.8	LABELLE et al. (2012LABELLE, A.L. et al. Clinical utility of a complete diagnostic protocol for the ocular evaluation of free living raptors. Veterinary Ophthalmology, v.15, n.1, p.5-17, 2012. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2011.00899.x >. Accessed: Jan. 27, 2017. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2011.00899.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.201... )
Eastern-screech-owl (Megascops asio)	11±1.9	HARRIS et al. (2008HARRIS, M.C. et al. Ophthalmic examination findings in a colony of Screech owls (Megascops asio). Veterinary ophthalmology, v.11, n.3, p.186-92, 2008. Available from: < Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.00618.x >. Accessed: Jan. 27, 2017. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.00618.x. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2... )
Eastern-screech-owl (Megascops asio)	9.3±2.6	LABELLE et al. (2012LABELLE, A.L. et al. Clinical utility of a complete diagnostic protocol for the ocular evaluation of free living raptors. Veterinary Ophthalmology, v.15, n.1, p.5-17, 2012. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2011.00899.x >. Accessed: Jan. 27, 2017. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2011.00899.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.201... )
Eurasian eagle owl (Bubo bubo)	9.35±1.81	JEONG et al. (2007JEONG, M. et al. Comparison of the rebound tonometer (TonoVet®) with the applanation tonometer (TonoPen XL®) in normal eurasian eagle owls (Bubo bubo).” Veterinary Ophthalmology, v.10, n.6, p.376-79, 2007. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2007.00573.x >. Accessed: Jan. 27, 2017. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2007.00573.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2007... )
European kestrel (Falco tinnunculus)	8.53±1.59	BARSOTTI et al. (2013BARSOTTI, G. et al. Schirmer tear test type I readings and intraocular pressure values assessed by applanation tonometry (Tonopen® XL) in normal eyes of four european species of birds of prey. Veterinary Ophthalmology, v.16, n.5, p.365-69, 2013. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.12008 >. Accessed: Feb. 23, 2017. doi: 10.1111/vop.12008. https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.12008... )
Golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos)	20.6±2.0	STILES et al. (1994STILES, J. et al. Tonometry of normal eyes in raptors. American Journal of Veterinary Research, v.55, n.4, p.477-79, 1994. Available from: < Available from: https://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8017692 >. Accessed: Feb. 27, 2017. https://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8017692... )
Great horned owl (Bulbo virginianus)	10.8±3.6	STILES et al. (1994STILES, J. et al. Tonometry of normal eyes in raptors. American Journal of Veterinary Research, v.55, n.4, p.477-79, 1994. Available from: < Available from: https://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8017692 >. Accessed: Feb. 27, 2017. https://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8017692... )
Great horned owl (Bubo virginianus)	9.9±2.4	LABELLE et al. (2012LABELLE, A.L. et al. Clinical utility of a complete diagnostic protocol for the ocular evaluation of free living raptors. Veterinary Ophthalmology, v.15, n.1, p.5-17, 2012. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2011.00899.x >. Accessed: Jan. 27, 2017. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2011.00899.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.201... )
Humboldt penguin (Spheniscus humboldti)	20.36±4.1	SWINGER et al. (2009SWINGER, R.L. et al. Ocular bacterial flora, tear production, and intraocular pressure in a captive flock of Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, v.40, n.3, p.430-36, 2009. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1638/2007-0126.1 >. Accessed: Feb. 27, 2017. doi: 10.1638/2007-0126.1. https://doi.org/10.1638/2007-0126.1... )
Lear’s macaw (Ara leari)	7.0±1.75	MONÇÃO-SILVA et al. (2016MONÇÃO-SILVA, R.M. et al. Ophthalmic parameters of blue-and-yellow macaws (Ara ararauna) and Lear’s macaws (Anodorhynchus leari). Avian Biology Research, n.9, v.4, p.240-49, 2016. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.3184/175815516X14725499175746 >. Accessed: Feb. 27, 2017. doi: 10.3184/175815516X14725499175746. https://doi.org/10.3184/175815516X147254... )
Little owl (Athene noctua)	9.83±3.41	BARSOTTI et al. (2013BARSOTTI, G. et al. Schirmer tear test type I readings and intraocular pressure values assessed by applanation tonometry (Tonopen® XL) in normal eyes of four european species of birds of prey. Veterinary Ophthalmology, v.16, n.5, p.365-69, 2013. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.12008 >. Accessed: Feb. 23, 2017. doi: 10.1111/vop.12008. https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.12008... )
Ostrich (Struthio camelus)	18.8±3.5	GHAFFARI et al. (2012GHAFFARI, M.S. et al. Determination of reference values for intraocular pressure and Schirmer tear test in clinically normal ostriches (Struthio camelus)” Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, v.43, n.2, p.229-32, 2012. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1638/2010-0103.1 >. Accessed: Feb. 23, 2017. doi: 10.1638/2010-0103.1. https://doi.org/10.1638/2010-0103.1... )
Red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis)	20.6±3.4	STILES et al. (1994STILES, J. et al. Tonometry of normal eyes in raptors. American Journal of Veterinary Research, v.55, n.4, p.477-79, 1994. Available from: < Available from: https://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8017692 >. Accessed: Feb. 27, 2017. https://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8017692... )
Red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis)	20.3±2.8	LABELLE et al. (2012LABELLE, A.L. et al. Clinical utility of a complete diagnostic protocol for the ocular evaluation of free living raptors. Veterinary Ophthalmology, v.15, n.1, p.5-17, 2012. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2011.00899.x >. Accessed: Jan. 27, 2017. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2011.00899.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.201... )
Southern caracara (Caracara plancus)	19.18±3.06	BALDOTTO (2012BALDOTTO, S.B. Investigações sobre oftalmologia de animais de companhia não convencionais, com ênfase na soroprevalência do Encephalitozoon cuniculi.2012. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciências Agrárias) - Universidade Federal do Paraná. Available from: <Available from: https://acervodigital.ufpr.br/handle/1884/29691 >. Accessed: May 13, 2017. https://acervodigital.ufpr.br/handle/18... )
Striped owl (Asio clamator)	13.81±5.63	RODARTE-ALMEIDA et al. (2013RODARTE-ALMEIDA, A.C.V. et al. O olho da coruja-orelhuda: observações morfológicas, biométricas e valores de referência para testes de diagnóstico oftálmico. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, v.33, n.10, p.1275-1289, 2013. Available from: < Available from: https://scielo.br/pdf/pvb/v33n10/14.pdf >. Accessed: Jan. 27, 2017. doi: 10.1590/S0100-736X2013001000014. https://scielo.br/pdf/pvb/v33n10/14.pdf... )
Swaison’s hawk (Buteo swainsoni)	21.5±3.0	STILES et al. (1994STILES, J. et al. Tonometry of normal eyes in raptors. American Journal of Veterinary Research, v.55, n.4, p.477-79, 1994. Available from: < Available from: https://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8017692 >. Accessed: Feb. 27, 2017. https://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8017692... )
Tawny owl (Strix aluco)	15.6±3.4	WILLIAMS et al. (2006WILLIAMS, D. et al. Chronic ocular lesions in tawny owls (Strix aluco) injured by road traffic. The Veterinary Record, v.159, p.148-53, 2006. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.159.5.148 >. Accessed: Feb. 27, 2017. doi: 10.1136/vr.159.5.148. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.159.5.148... )
Tawny owl (Strix aluco)	11.21±3.12	BARSOTTI et al. (2013BARSOTTI, G. et al. Schirmer tear test type I readings and intraocular pressure values assessed by applanation tonometry (Tonopen® XL) in normal eyes of four european species of birds of prey. Veterinary Ophthalmology, v.16, n.5, p.365-69, 2013. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.12008 >. Accessed: Feb. 23, 2017. doi: 10.1111/vop.12008. https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.12008... )
Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo)	25¹	BAYÓN et al. (2007BAYÓN, A. et al. Avian ophthalmology. European Journal of Companion Animal Practice, v.17, n.3, p.253-266, 2007. Available from: <Available from: https://kruuse.com/da-DK/VidenOm/~/media/Files/ALL/Avian%20ophthalmology.ashx >. Accessed: Jan. 27, 2017. https://kruuse.com/da-DK/VidenOm/~/medi... )
Turkey vulture (Cathartes aura)	15.0±2.1	LABELLE et al. (2012LABELLE, A.L. et al. Clinical utility of a complete diagnostic protocol for the ocular evaluation of free living raptors. Veterinary Ophthalmology, v.15, n.1, p.5-17, 2012. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2011.00899.x >. Accessed: Jan. 27, 2017. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2011.00899.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.201... )

¹Single value of reference provided by the author.

Table 3 Reference values for rebound tonometry (mean ± standard deviation mmHg).

Species	Reference values (mmHg)	Authors
American flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber) (OD)¹	10.9±1.8	MOLTER et al. (2014MOLTER, C.M. et al. Intraocular pressure in captive american flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber) as measured by rebound tonometry. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, v.45, n.3, p.664-67, 2014. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1638/2013-0123R1.1 >. Accessed: Feb. 15, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1638/2013-0123R1.1... )
American flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber) (OS)²	11.1±2.3	MOLTER et al. (2014MOLTER, C.M. et al. Intraocular pressure in captive american flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber) as measured by rebound tonometry. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, v.45, n.3, p.664-67, 2014. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1638/2013-0123R1.1 >. Accessed: Feb. 15, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1638/2013-0123R1.1... )
American flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber)	9.5±1.7	MEEKINS et al. (2015MEEKINS, J.M. et al. Ophthalmic diagnostic tests and ocular findings in a flock of captive american flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber ruber). Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, n.29, v.2, p.95-105, 2015. Available from: < Available from: https://bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1647/2014-021 >. Accessed: Feb. 23, 2017. doi: 10.1647/2014-021. https://bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1647/2014-... )
American kestrel (Falco sparverius)	6.8±1.7	LABELLE et al. (2012LABELLE, A.L. et al. Clinical utility of a complete diagnostic protocol for the ocular evaluation of free living raptors. Veterinary Ophthalmology, v.15, n.1, p.5-17, 2012. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2011.00899.x >. Accessed: Jan. 27, 2017. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2011.00899.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.201... )
Barn owl (Tyto alba)	10.8±3.8	REUTER et al. (2011REUTER, A. et al. Reference intervals for intraocular pressure measured by rebound tonometry in ten raptor species and factors affecting the intraocular pressure. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, n.25, v.3, p.165-72, 2011. Available from: < Available from: https://bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1647/2009-056.1 >. Accessed: Feb. 27, 2017. doi: 10.1647/2009-056.1. https://bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1647/2009-... )
Barred owl (Strix varia)	8.3±3.2	LABELLE et al. (2012LABELLE, A.L. et al. Clinical utility of a complete diagnostic protocol for the ocular evaluation of free living raptors. Veterinary Ophthalmology, v.15, n.1, p.5-17, 2012. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2011.00899.x >. Accessed: Jan. 27, 2017. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2011.00899.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.201... )
Black-footed penguin (Spheniscus demersus) (OD)¹	30.41±4.27	MERCADO et al. (2010MERCADO, J.A. et al. Intraocular pressure in captive black-footed penguins (Spheniscus demersus) measured by rebound tonometry. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, v.24, n.2, p.138-41, 2010. Available from: < Available from: https://bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1647/2009-002.1 >. Accessed: Feb. 15, 2017. doi:10.1647/2009-002.1. https://bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1647/2009-... )
Black-footed penguin (Spheniscus demersus) (OS)²	28.13±6.84	MERCADO et al. (2010MERCADO, J.A. et al. Intraocular pressure in captive black-footed penguins (Spheniscus demersus) measured by rebound tonometry. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, v.24, n.2, p.138-41, 2010. Available from: < Available from: https://bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1647/2009-002.1 >. Accessed: Feb. 15, 2017. doi:10.1647/2009-002.1. https://bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1647/2009-... )
Blue-and-yellow macaw (Ara ararauna)	11.49±0.22	FALCÃO et al. (2017aFALCÃO, M.S.A. et al. Reference values for selected ophthalmic tests of the blue-and-yellow macaw (Ara ararauna). Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, v.37, n.4, p.389-94, 2017a. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2017000400014 >. Accessed: Feb. 10, 2018. doi: 10.1590/s0100-736x2017000400014. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x201700... )
Blue-and-yellow macaw (Ara ararauna)	7.71±0.08³	FALCÃO et al. (2017aFALCÃO, M.S.A. et al. Reference values for selected ophthalmic tests of the blue-and-yellow macaw (Ara ararauna). Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, v.37, n.4, p.389-94, 2017a. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2017000400014 >. Accessed: Feb. 10, 2018. doi: 10.1590/s0100-736x2017000400014. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x201700... )
Blue-fronted parrot (Amazona aestiva)	6.4±0.1	FALCÃO et al. (2017bFALCÃO, M.S.A. et al. Modified Schirmer tear test and rebound tonometry in blue-fronted amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva). Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, v.37, n.8, p.871-73, 2017b. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2017000800015 >. Accessed: Feb. 10, 2018. doi: 10.1590/s0100-736x2017000800015. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x201700... )
Common buzzard (Buteo buteo)	26.9±7.0	REUTER et al. (2011REUTER, A. et al. Reference intervals for intraocular pressure measured by rebound tonometry in ten raptor species and factors affecting the intraocular pressure. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, n.25, v.3, p.165-72, 2011. Available from: < Available from: https://bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1647/2009-056.1 >. Accessed: Feb. 27, 2017. doi: 10.1647/2009-056.1. https://bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1647/2009-... )
Common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus)	9.8±2.5	REUTER et al. (2011REUTER, A. et al. Reference intervals for intraocular pressure measured by rebound tonometry in ten raptor species and factors affecting the intraocular pressure. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, n.25, v.3, p.165-72, 2011. Available from: < Available from: https://bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1647/2009-056.1 >. Accessed: Feb. 27, 2017. doi: 10.1647/2009-056.1. https://bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1647/2009-... )
Cooper’s hawk (Accipiter cooperii)	10.7±1.4	LABELLE et al. (2012LABELLE, A.L. et al. Clinical utility of a complete diagnostic protocol for the ocular evaluation of free living raptors. Veterinary Ophthalmology, v.15, n.1, p.5-17, 2012. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2011.00899.x >. Accessed: Jan. 27, 2017. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2011.00899.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.201... )
Domestic pigeon (Columba livia)	6.1±0.9	MOOD et al. (2016MOOD, A. et al. Measurement of intraocular pressure in the domestic pigeon (Columbia livia). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, v.47, n.3, p.935-38, 2016. Available from: <Available from: https://bioone.org/doi/full/10.1638/2015-0102.1 >. Accessed: Feb. 27, 2017. doi: 10.1638/2015-0102.1. https://bioone.org/doi/full/10.1638/201... )
Domestic pigeon (Columba livia)	11.7±1.6	PARK et al. (2017)PARK, S. et al. Ultrasound biomicroscopy and tonometry in ophthalmologically normal pigeon eyes. Veterinary Ophthalmology , v.20, n.5, p.468-471, 2017. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.12450 >. Accessed: Jan. 10, 2018. doi: 10.1111/vop.12450. https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.12450...
Duck (Anas platyrhynchos)	10.2±2.2³	MOOD et al. (2017MOOD, A. et al. Measurement of tear production and intraocular pressure in ducks and geese. Veterinary Ophthalmology, v.20, n.1, p.53-57, 2017. Available from: < Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/vop.12351/pdf >. Accessed: Feb. 27, 2017. doi: 10.1111/vop.12351. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1... )
Eastern-screech-owl (Megascops asio)	9±1.8	HARRIS et al. (2008HARRIS, M.C. et al. Ophthalmic examination findings in a colony of Screech owls (Megascops asio). Veterinary ophthalmology, v.11, n.3, p.186-92, 2008. Available from: < Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.00618.x >. Accessed: Jan. 27, 2017. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.00618.x. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2... )
Eastern-screech-owl (Megascops asio)	6.3±1.3	LABELLE et al. (2012LABELLE, A.L. et al. Clinical utility of a complete diagnostic protocol for the ocular evaluation of free living raptors. Veterinary Ophthalmology, v.15, n.1, p.5-17, 2012. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2011.00899.x >. Accessed: Jan. 27, 2017. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2011.00899.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.201... )
Eurasian eagle owl (Bubo bubo)	10.45±1.64	JEONG et al. (2007JEONG, M. et al. Comparison of the rebound tonometer (TonoVet®) with the applanation tonometer (TonoPen XL®) in normal eurasian eagle owls (Bubo bubo).” Veterinary Ophthalmology, v.10, n.6, p.376-79, 2007. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2007.00573.x >. Accessed: Jan. 27, 2017. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2007.00573.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2007... )
Eurasian sparrow hawk (Accipiter nisus)	15.5±2.5	REUTER et al. (2011REUTER, A. et al. Reference intervals for intraocular pressure measured by rebound tonometry in ten raptor species and factors affecting the intraocular pressure. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, n.25, v.3, p.165-72, 2011. Available from: < Available from: https://bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1647/2009-056.1 >. Accessed: Feb. 27, 2017. doi: 10.1647/2009-056.1. https://bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1647/2009-... )
Goose (Anser anser)	9.1±2.0⁴	MOOD et al. (2017MOOD, A. et al. Measurement of tear production and intraocular pressure in ducks and geese. Veterinary Ophthalmology, v.20, n.1, p.53-57, 2017. Available from: < Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/vop.12351/pdf >. Accessed: Feb. 27, 2017. doi: 10.1111/vop.12351. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1... )
Great grey owl (Strix nebulosa)	9.6±2.6	WILLS et al. (2016WILLS, S. et al. Ophthalmic reference values and lesions in two captive populations of northern owls: great grey owls (Strix nebulosa) and snowy owls (Bubo scandiacus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, v.47, n.1, p.244-55, 2016. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1638/2015-0009.1 >. Accessed: Jan. 31, 2017. doi: 10.1638/2015-0009.1. https://doi.org/10.1638/2015-0009.1... )
Great horned owl (Bubo virginianus)	9.9±2.2	LABELLE et al. (2012LABELLE, A.L. et al. Clinical utility of a complete diagnostic protocol for the ocular evaluation of free living raptors. Veterinary Ophthalmology, v.15, n.1, p.5-17, 2012. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2011.00899.x >. Accessed: Jan. 27, 2017. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2011.00899.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.201... )
Long-eared owl (Asio otus)	7.8±3.2	REUTER et al. (2011REUTER, A. et al. Reference intervals for intraocular pressure measured by rebound tonometry in ten raptor species and factors affecting the intraocular pressure. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, n.25, v.3, p.165-72, 2011. Available from: < Available from: https://bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1647/2009-056.1 >. Accessed: Feb. 27, 2017. doi: 10.1647/2009-056.1. https://bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1647/2009-... )
Northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis)	18.3±3.8	REUTER et al. (2011REUTER, A. et al. Reference intervals for intraocular pressure measured by rebound tonometry in ten raptor species and factors affecting the intraocular pressure. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, n.25, v.3, p.165-72, 2011. Available from: < Available from: https://bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1647/2009-056.1 >. Accessed: Feb. 27, 2017. doi: 10.1647/2009-056.1. https://bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1647/2009-... )
Peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus)	12.7±5.8	REUTER et al. (2011REUTER, A. et al. Reference intervals for intraocular pressure measured by rebound tonometry in ten raptor species and factors affecting the intraocular pressure. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, n.25, v.3, p.165-72, 2011. Available from: < Available from: https://bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1647/2009-056.1 >. Accessed: Feb. 27, 2017. doi: 10.1647/2009-056.1. https://bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1647/2009-... )
Red kite (Milvus milvus)	13.0±5.5	REUTER et al. (2011REUTER, A. et al. Reference intervals for intraocular pressure measured by rebound tonometry in ten raptor species and factors affecting the intraocular pressure. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, n.25, v.3, p.165-72, 2011. Available from: < Available from: https://bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1647/2009-056.1 >. Accessed: Feb. 27, 2017. doi: 10.1647/2009-056.1. https://bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1647/2009-... )
Red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis)	19.8±4.9	LABELLE et al. (2012LABELLE, A.L. et al. Clinical utility of a complete diagnostic protocol for the ocular evaluation of free living raptors. Veterinary Ophthalmology, v.15, n.1, p.5-17, 2012. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2011.00899.x >. Accessed: Jan. 27, 2017. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2011.00899.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.201... )
Snowy owl (Bulbo scandiacus)	9.1±1.9	WILLS et al. (2016WILLS, S. et al. Ophthalmic reference values and lesions in two captive populations of northern owls: great grey owls (Strix nebulosa) and snowy owls (Bubo scandiacus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, v.47, n.1, p.244-55, 2016. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1638/2015-0009.1 >. Accessed: Jan. 31, 2017. doi: 10.1638/2015-0009.1. https://doi.org/10.1638/2015-0009.1... )
Tawny owl (Strix aluco)	9.4±4.1	REUTER et al. (2011REUTER, A. et al. Reference intervals for intraocular pressure measured by rebound tonometry in ten raptor species and factors affecting the intraocular pressure. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, n.25, v.3, p.165-72, 2011. Available from: < Available from: https://bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1647/2009-056.1 >. Accessed: Feb. 27, 2017. doi: 10.1647/2009-056.1. https://bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1647/2009-... )
Turkey vulture (Cathartes aura)	11.7±1.0	LABELLE et al. (2012LABELLE, A.L. et al. Clinical utility of a complete diagnostic protocol for the ocular evaluation of free living raptors. Veterinary Ophthalmology, v.15, n.1, p.5-17, 2012. Available from: <Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2011.00899.x >. Accessed: Jan. 27, 2017. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2011.00899.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.201... )
White-tailed sea eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla)	26.9±5.8	REUTER et al. (2011REUTER, A. et al. Reference intervals for intraocular pressure measured by rebound tonometry in ten raptor species and factors affecting the intraocular pressure. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, n.25, v.3, p.165-72, 2011. Available from: < Available from: https://bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1647/2009-056.1 >. Accessed: Feb. 27, 2017. doi: 10.1647/2009-056.1. https://bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1647/2009-... )

¹Right eye, ²Left eye, ³Under anesthesia, ⁴Mean±2 standard deviations.

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[1] E-mail: dra.paulagalera@gmail.com. ^*Corresponding author.