Better use of caiman yacare carcass and physical-chemical characterization of mechanically separated meat

Melhor aproveitamento da carcaça do jacaré e caracterização físico-química da carne separada mecanicamente

ABSTRACT:

The captive breeding of the Pantanal caiman (Caiman yacare) offers great potential for the full use of all the component parts of the animal. The meat is an option for human consumption with good sensory acceptance, the skin is valued on the international market and the carcass can be used for obtaining mechanically separated caiman meat (MSCM). This research evaluated the physical chemical parameters of mechanically separated meat obtained from caiman yacare carcass to improve its yield. The proximate composition, lipid oxidation, pH, total volatile bases (TVB) and color during storage under freezing at -18 °C for 90 days were all evaluated. The MSCM presented low lipid content, high protein content and good stability during storage under freezing for 90 days. These results demonstrated that MSCM can be used in the development of caiman meat products.

Key words:
wild animal; exotic meat; oxidative stability; innovation

RESUMO:

A criação em cativeiro do jacaré do Pantanal (Caiman yacare) oferece grande potencial para o aproveitamento integral de todas as partes componentes do animal. A carne é uma opção para consumo humano com boa aceitação sensorial, a pele é valorizada no mercado internacional e a carcaça pode ser utilizada para obtenção de carne de jacaré mecanicamente separada (CJMS). O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os parâmetros físico-químicos da carne mecanicamente separada obtida da carcaça do jacaré do Pantanal para melhorar seu rendimento. A oxidação lipídica, pH, bases voláteis totais (TVB) e cor durante o armazenamento sob congelamento a -18 °C, foram avaliados por 90 dias. Além disso, foi avaliada a composição centesimal. A CJMS apresentou baixo teor de lipídios, alto teor de proteína e boa estabilidade durante o armazenamento sob congelamento por 90 dias. Esses resultados demonstram que a CJMS pode ser utilizada no desenvolvimento de produtos cárneos de jacaré.

Palavras-chave:
animal selvagem; carne exótica; estabilidade oxidativa; inovação

INTRODUCTION:

Meat from the Pantanal caiman is considered an exotic meat and is highly valued in the consumer market, with low lipid and high protein content while still having an agreeable flavor. In Brazil, caiman meat for human consumption must come from legalized captive breeding (ROMANELLI et al., 2002; VICENTE NETO et al., 2006; CORDEIRO et al., 2022; SANCHES et al., 2023). This captive production provides two main products: the skin, which has high value on the international market, and the meat, with good acceptance on the internal market and brought to table through butchers, restaurants and hotels (VICENTE NETO et al., 2006; FERNANDES et al., 2017). In addition, residues from the slaughter of caiman can be used for the production of meat and bone flour (ALEIXO et al., 2002; GOMES & PHILIPPI, 2018). According to MEDEIROS et al. (2021), who studied the yield of the carcass of caiman yacare produced in the Pantanal in captivity, reported on the yield of animals with an average live weight of 6.5 kg ± 1.31 for male and female caiman yacare, where they found an average yield of 58.9% ± 3.86 for females and 60.4% ± 2.73 for male animals. Thus, to increase the yield and take advantage of the byproduct, mechanically separated caiman meat (MSCM) is an alternative to increase the yield. The MSCM is obtained by separating the meat adhered to the caiman carcass through a mechanical process of grinding and bone separation (GONÇALVES, 2011; WILHELM et al., 2022). The technology of obtaining mechanically separated meat has traditionally been explored for chicken and fish, as highlighted by GONÇALVES (2011). The scientific community has shown interest in investigating its technological properties for product development. HAĆ-SZYMAŃCZUK et al. (2019) evaluated the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) preparations during the storage of low-pressure mechanically separated chicken meat (BAADER meat). SÁ JÚNIOR et al. (2021) conducted a study on optimizing washing cycles for mechanically separated meat and the addition of corn starch in saramunete (Pseudupeneusmaculatus) sausages. In a similar vein, other researchers developed sausages using mechanically separated Nile Tilapia (Oreochromisniloticus Linnaeus, 1758) enriched with pineapple (Ananascomosus (L.) Merril) fibers (FREITAS et al., 2022). However, in the context of MSCM, there remains a dearth of information in the scientific literature, underscoring the importance of studying its physical, physicochemical, and technological properties. The mechanically separated meat from caiman yacare carcass represents an innovation for food science and technology, considering its potential application for the elaboration of products derived from caiman meat, as well as in formulations of nuggets, emulsified sausages (ALTEMIO et al., 2021; PAIVA et al., 2021). Moreover, caiman meat in recent study described by PAIVA et al. (2021) showed that mechanically separated meat in nugget formulations presented microbiological parameters safe for product consumption. The objective of this research was to promote the better use of the caiman yacare carcass, characterize the physical-chemical parameters and analyze the frozen storage time effect.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Raw material

The caiman carcasses were obtained from two Brazilian companies - Coocrijapan (Cáceres, Brazil) and Caimasul (Corumbá, Brazil), which are duly legalized for caiman breeding in captivity and slaughter. The MSCM was obtained using an HT-250 pulper for chicken and fish (Hightech, Chapecó, Brazil), with frozen carcass (approximately -5 ºC) and the temperature of MSCM freshly produced was 10 - 12 ºC. This process was performance in the Training Abattoir at the Fernando Costa Campus, São Paulo University (Pirassununga, Brazil). After obtaining the MSCM (39% yield), it was portioned in plastic polyethylene packages (500 g of MSCM) and frozen at -20 °C in an ultra-freezer (EcoClima, São Paulo, Brazil), in the same locale. Subsequently, the MSCM was transported to São Paulo State University (São José do Rio Preto, Brazil) for analysis.

Proximate composition and pH

Proximate composition analysis was carried out to determine moisture, ash, protein (AOAC, 2007) and lipid content (BLIGH, & DYER, 1959), in triplicate, and the results were expressed in g/100g. A digital pH meter (Tecnopon, Piracicaba, Brazil) equipped with a penetration glass probe and previously calibrated with two standard solutions (pH 4 and pH 7) at room temperature was used to determine pH of sample over 90 days of frozen storage. The samples are at room temperature too.

Lipid oxidation, total volatile bases and color parameters

The lipid oxidation was evaluated using the TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) values according to VYNCHE (1970). The values were expressed as mg of malonaldehyde per kilogram of sample (mg MDA.kg ^{− 1}). The total volatile bases (TVB) were determined according to HOWGATE (1976). The color parameters were measured using a ColorFlex 45/0 colorimeter (Hunterlab, Virginia, USA), aperture 0.75, illuminant D65 and viewing angle 10°, linked to Universal software version 4.10 (Hunterlab, Virginia, USA). The samples were thawed during 2 hours at 4 ºC and 30 minutes at room temperature before this analysis, and ten measurements were taken in each point between 0 and 90 days of frozen storage. All the other analyses were performed after 0, 30, 60 and 90 days of frozen storage, in triplicate. The results of the all analysis of the two sample of MSCM, as they presented a low variation between them, were statistically analyzed observing the storage time.

Statistical analysis

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed using the General Linear Model (GLM) procedure of the Statistica software, version 10.0 (Statsoft Inc., USA) and means were compared by the Tukey test (P < 0.05). Triplicate sampling x one treatment (MSCM) x four times of storage (0, 30, 60 and 90 days) were analyzed for pH, TBARS, TVB and instrumental color parameters (dependent variable). For statistical analysis, the raw meat material of each producer was considered as random term and storage time when the sampling occurred was considered a fixed effect.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

The MSCM presented 77.89 ± 1.39% moisture, 17.45 ± 0.43% protein, 2.43 ± 1.18% lipid, 2.23 ± 0.35% ash content and the yield was 39%. These results corroborated those obtained by SIMONCINI et al. (2020), who evaluated the “in natura” meat of captive-bred Caiman latirostris, where the results of humidity were 77.15% ± 0.39, protein 20.54 ± 0.26 and lipids 0.80% ± 0.33. Furthermore, the values found for moisture and protein in MSCM are higher than those found in mechanically separated meat (MSM) from other animal sources such as chicken (OLIVEIRA et al., 2014) and Nile tilapia (BERNADINO FILHO & XAVIER, 2019), while the lipid value was lower when compared with these same studies. There is nothing in the scientific literature about the characterization of MSCM. For the pH, the MSCM presented values between 6.52 and 6.64, which were similar to those found in MSM of pacu fish (Piaractusmesopotamicus) stored under freezing for 120 days (ZUANAZZI et al., 2016) and european sea-bass, golden, sea and rainbow trout stored under freezing for 90 days (SECCI et al., 2016). The gradual increase of pH can indicate protein degradation, with the production of substances such as ammonia and other amines (KIRSCHNI & MACEDO-VIEGAS, 2009) but this was not the case in this study.

The TBARS values increased (P < 0.05) over frozen storage time (Table 1), the highest value being found after 90 days of storage. The values varied between 0.261 to 0.505 mg of malonaldehyde/ kg of sample, lower values than those found by TRINDADE et al. (2008) in mechanically separated chicken meat stored at -18 °C for 99 days, and similar to those found in MCM chicken stored from 0 to 9 months under freezing (CEGIELKA et al., 2019). The lipid oxidation in meat and meat products is influenced by the amount of lipids and fatty acids present. The process of obtaining MSCM itself favors the destruction of muscle membranes, facilitating the interaction of oxidizing agents with polyunsaturated fatty acids, resulting in the propagation of oxidative reactions (LAROSA et al., 2012). However, the TBARS values found for MSCM in this study were within acceptable sensory conditions that are described by OSPINA et al. (2015), which the values found were less than < 1.0 mg malonaldehyde/kg sample.

Table 1
pH, TBARS (mg malonaldehyde/kg of sample), total volatile bases (mg/100g) and instrumental color in mechanically separated caiman meat.

	-------0 day-------	-----30 days-----	-----60 days-----	-----90 days-----	------SEM------	-----P Value-----
pH	6.54	6.64	6.50	6.52	0.03	0.28ns
TBARS	0.261b	0.331b	0.323b	0.505a	0.03	< 0.01
TVB	6.42	5.37	4.78	6.88	0.31	ns
L	49.51b	51.85a	48.34c	48.92bc	0.17	< 0.01
a*	7.58a	6.53b	7.43a	6.13b	0.10	< 0.01
b*	12.46b	12.49b	13.51a	13.45a	0.08	< 0.01

• ^a,b,cDifferent lowercase letters on the same line represent difference (P < 0.05) between times.
• Instrumental color: L^* = Lightness, a^* = redness and b^* = yellowness.
• SEM = standard error.
• ns = not significant.

For total volatile bases, there was no difference (P < 0.05) during frozen storage (Table 1). The values obtained (4.78 - 6.88 mg/100g of sample) are lower than those found in MSM from the Nile tilapia (Oreochromisniloticus) during storage at -18 ºC (KIRSCHNIK & MACEDO-VIEGAS, 2009). The production of total volatile bases during storage of fish is the result of enzyme action of tissues and microbiological activity, being composed mainly of ammonia, trimethylamine, dimethylamine and, probably, by traces of mono methylamine and propylamine, which would be formed in more advanced stages of decomposition (CONTRERAS-GUZMÁN, 2002). However, the values found for TVB in this study are below the recommended acceptable limit for fresh fish in Brazil, which is 30mg/100g (BRAZIL, 2017). The results of pH, TBARS and TVB found in this study showed good stability of MSCM during frozen storage for 90 days, showing MSCM to be adequate for processing derivative products from caiman meat.

The L^* value was significantly higher (P< 0.05) at 30 days of frozen storage (Table 1). The L^* values varied from 48.34 to 51.85 and were lower than those reported by ZUANAZZI et al. (2016) in MSM from pacu (Piaractusmesopotamicus) stored frozen for 120 days. The lightness is influenced by the amount of water on the surface of the matrix, a consequence of the water retention capacity (REHBEIN & OEHLENSCHLÄGER, 2009; ANDRADE et al., 2010). BARBUT & YOUSSEF (2016) checked that the L^* values of sausages depend on the fat content, being directly linked to the surface in meat and meat products. The a^* values varied from 6.13 to 7.58, higher values than those found in research performed with MSM from Nile tilapia stored for 120 days under freezing (LAROSA et al., 2012) and MSM from pacu (Piaractusmesopotamicus) stored under freezing for 120 days (ZUANAZZI et al., 2016). The b^* values increased over storage time and stayed between 12.46 and 13.51, higher values than those found for MSM from Nile tilapia (LAROSA et al., 2012) and lower values than those found for MSM from pacu (Piaractusmesopotamicus) (ZUANAZZI et al., 2016).

CONCLUSION:

The mechanically separated meat of the Pantanal caiman (Caiman yacare) had low lipid and high protein content when compared to other meat raw materials, besides showing good oxidative and color stability during 90 days of frozen storage. These results demonstrated that mechanically separated caiman meat is a suitable raw material for use in developing new caiman meat products, contributing as a potential ingredient in the meat products market.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors would like to thank the Coocrijapan Ltda. and Caimasul Ltda. companies for their support. Marco Antonio Trindade and Andrea Carla da Silva Barretto are members of the HealthyMeat network, funded by CYTED (ref. 119RT0568).

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• CR-2022-0550.R3

Edited by

Editors: Rudi Weiblen (0000-0002-1737-9817)

Rubén Domínguez (0000-0002-2764-504X)

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  12 Feb 2024
• Date of issue
  June 2024

History

• Received
  10 Apr 2022
• Accepted
  21 Sept 2023
• Reviewed
  14 Dec 2023