Pesticide residues in strawberries cultivated in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Fraga, Guilherme Paim; Berlitz, Fernando; Bender, Renar João

doi:10.1590/0103-8478cr20220153

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CROP PROTECTION • Cienc. Rural 53 (6) • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20220153 copy

Pesticide residues in strawberries cultivated in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Resíduos de agrotóxicos em morangos produzidos no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT:

Strawberries are of high social and economic importance and the crop is mainly produced at small family enterprises. Strawberries are repetitively amongst products in which unauthorized pesticide residues are determined. The PARA program launched in Brazil by ANVISA has disclosed that many samples have residues above the maximum residue limit (MRL). The present study appraised the pesticide residues detected in strawberries produced in the state of Rio Grande do Sul and marketed at the CEASA / RS. Along the harvesting seasons of 2018 and 2019, 62 strawberry samples were collected at the CEASA-pavilion destined for growers from the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Each sample was tested for 238 active ingredients of pesticides. Of the 62 samples retrieved, 40% were considered satisfactory and 60% resulted as unsatisfactory. Of the 25 satisfactory samples, three samples did not present any residues, and 22 had residues below the MRL. Of the 37 samples with an unsatisfactory outcome, 11 had active ingredients not allowed (NA) for use on strawberries, 13 presented active ingredients above the MRL and 13 reports presented the sum of both: residues above the MRL and NA. Thirty five different active ingredients were detected in the samples summing up to a total of 303 detection events. The active ingredients detected most frequently were procymidone (66.13%); carbendazim (53.22%) and difenoconazole (50%).

Key words:
Fragaria x ananassa ; agrochemicals; chemical contamination; food safety

Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Centro de Ciências Rurais , 97105-900 Santa Maria RS Brazil , Tel.: +55 55 3220-8698 , Fax: +55 55 3220-8695 - Santa Maria - RS - Brazil
E-mail: cienciarural@mail.ufsm.br

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[1] E-mail: rjbe@ufrgs.br. ^*Corresponding author

2,4D	Clomazone	Fenamidone	Metalaxyl-M	Quizalofpop-P-Ethyl
Acephate	Clothianidin	Fenamiphos	Metamitron	Rotenone
Acetamiprid	Coumaphos	Fenarimol	Methidathion	Simazine
Acibenzolar-S-Methyl	Cyanofenphos	Fenbuconazole	Methiocarb	Spinosad
Alachlor	Cyazofamid	Fenhexamid	Methomyl	Spirodiclofen
Allethrin	Cyfluthrin	Fenitrothion	Methoxyfenozide	Spiromesifen
Ametryn	Cyfluthrin beta	Fenothrin	Metribuzin	Spiroxamine
Aminocarb	Cymoxanil	Fenoxycarb	Monuron	Sulfentrazone
Asulan	Cypermethrin	Fenpropimorph	Myclobutanil	Sulfometuron methyl
Atrazine	Cyproconazole	Fenvarelate	Neburon	Sulfosulfuron
Azaconazole	Cyromazine	Fipronil	Nitempyram	Sulfotep
Azinphos-Methyl	Dazomet	Flazasulforon	Nuarimol	Tebufenozide
Benalaxyl	Deltamethrin	Fluazifop-P-buthyl	Oxifluorfen	Tebufenpyrad
Bendiocarb	Diafenthiuron	Flufenoxuron	Paclobutrazol	Tebuthiuron
Bifenthrin	Diallate	Fluquinconazole	Paraoxon methyl	Temephos
Bioalethrin 1 & 2	Diazinon	Flusilazol	Penconazole	Terbufos
Bromacyl	Dichlofluanid	Flutriafol	Pencycuron	Tetraconazole
Bromuconazole	Dichlorvos	Folpet	Pendimenthalin	Tetradifon
Bupirimate	Dieldrin	Fonophos	Permethrin	Thiabendazole
Buprofezin	Diflubenzuron	Forchlorfenuron	Phosmet	Thiacloprid
Cadusafos	Dimethoate	Fostiazate	Picloran	Thiobencarb
Captan	Dimethomorph	Halosulfuron methyl	Picoxystrobin	Thiodicarb
Carbaryl	Diniconazole	Heptenophos	Pirimicarb	Thionazin
Carbosulfan	Disulfoton	Hexachlorobenzene	Pirimiphos ethyl	Tralkoxydim
Carboxin	Diuron	Hexazinone	Pirimiphos methyl	Triadimefon
Chlordane	Dodecachlor	Hexythiazox	Profenophos	Triazophos
Chlorfluazuron	Dodemorph	Imazalil	Prometryn	Trifloxisulfuron
Chlorimuron ethyl	Epoxiconazole	Imidacloprid	Propamocarb	Triflumizole
Chlorotalonyl	Esfenvarelate	Indoxacarb	Propiconazole	Trifluralin
Chlorpyrifos	Ethephon	Iprovalicarb	Propoxur	Zoxamide
Chlorpyriphos Methyl	Ethoprophos	Linuron	Pyraclostrobin
Chlorthiophos	Etofenprox	Lufenuron	Pyriproxyfem
Clethodin	Famoxadone	Malaoxon	Quintozene

Active Ingredient	MLQ	MRL	Active ingredient	MLQ	MRL
Abamectin	0.01	0.02	Iprodione	0.01	2
Aldicarb	0.01	Prohibited	Kresoximmethyl	0.01	1
Aldrin	0.01	Prohibited	Lambda cyhalothrin	0.05	0.5
Azinphos-Ethyl	0.01	Prohibited	Malathion	0.01	1
Azoxistrobin	0.01	0.3	Metconazole	0.01	0.1
Bitertanol	0.01	Prohibited	Methamidophos	0.01	Prohibited
Boscalid	0.01	5	Methoxychlor	0.05	Prohibited
Bromopropylate	0.01	Prohibited	Metolachlor	0.01	Prohibited
Carbendazim	0.01	0.5	Mevinphos	0.01	Prohibited
Carbofuran	0.01	Prohibited	Monocrotophos	0.01	Prohibited
Carbophenothion	0.01	Prohibited	Oxadixyl	0.01	Prohibited
Chlorfenapyr	0.01	2	Oxamyl	0.01	Prohibited
Chlorfenvinphos	0.01	Prohibited	Parathion ethyl	0.01	Prohibited
Clofentezine	0.01	Prohibited	Parathion methyl	0.01	Prohibited
Cyanazine	0.01	Prohibited	Phenthoate	0.01	Prohibited
Cyprodinil	0.01	1	Phorate	0.01	Prohibited
DDT	0.01	Prohibited	Phosalone	0.01	Prohibited
Demeton-S-methyl	0.01	Prohibited	Phosphamidon	0.01	Prohibited
Dicofol	0.05	Prohibited	Prochloraz	0.01	Prohibited
Dicrotophos	0.01	Prohibited	Procymidone	0.01	3
Difenoconazole	0.01	0.5	Propargite	0.01	0.5
Dithiocarbamates	0.07	0.2	Prothiophos	0.01	Prohibited
Endosulfan	0.01	Prohibited	Pyrazophos	0.01	Prohibited
Endrin	0.01	Prohibited	Pyridaben	0.01	0.1
Ethiofencarb	0.01	Prohibited	Pyridaphenthion	0.01	Prohibited
Ethion	0.01	Prohibited	Pyrifenox	0.01	Prohibited
Etrimfos	0.01	Prohibited	Pyrimethanil	0.01	2
Fenazaquim	0.01	Prohibited	Tebuconazole	0.01	0.7
Fenpropathrin	0.01	2	Teflubenzuron	0.01	1
Fenpyroximate	0.01	0.01	Thiamethoxam	0.01	0.1
Fenthion	0.01	Prohibited	Thiophanate methyl	0.01	0.5
Furathiocarb	0.01	Prohibited	Tolyfluanid	0.01	Prohibited
Heptachlor	0.01	Prohibited	Trichlorfon	0.01	Prohibited
Hexachlorocyclohexane	0.01	Prohibited	Trifloxystrobin	0.01	0.3
Hexaconazole	0.01	Prohibited	Vamidathion	0.01	Prohibited
Imibenconazole	0.01	0.5	Vinclozolin	0.01	Prohibited

Active Ingredient	Class of pesticide	Detections	Frequency (%)
Procymidone	Fungicide	41	66.1
Carbendazim	Fungicide	33	53.2
Difenoconazole	Fungicide	31	50.0
Thiamethoxam	Insecticide	25	40.3
Azoxystrobin	Fungicide	19	30.6
Dithiocarbamate	Acaricide/Fungicide	18	29.0
Boscalid	Fungicide	17	27.4
Metalaxyl-M	Fungicide	12	19.4
Pyrimethanil	Fungicide	10	16.1
Fenpropathrin	Acaricide/Insecticide	9	14.5
Kresoxim methyl	Fungicide	8	12.9
Acetamiprid	Insecticide	7	11.3
Lambda Cyhalothrin	Insecticide	7	11.3
Propargite	Acaricide	7	11.3
Tebuconazole	Fungicide	7	11.3
Thiophanate methyl	Fungicide	7	11.3
Teflubenzuron	Insecticide	6	9.7
Fenpyroximate	Acaricide	5	8.1
Pyraclostrobin	Fungicide	5	8.1
Chlorfenapyr	Acaricide/Insecticide	4	6.4
Pyridaben	Acaricide/Insecticide	4	6.4
Cypermethrin	Insecticide	3	4.8
Clothianidin	Insecticide	3	4.8
2,4D	Herbicide	2	3.2
Imidacloprid	Insecticide	2	3.2
Trifloxystrobin	Fungicide	2	3.2
Abamectin	Acaricide/Insecticide	1	1.6
Chlorothalonyl	Fungicide	1	1.6
Deltamethrin	Insecticide	1	1.6
Spiromesifen	Acaricide/Insecticide	1	1.6
Phosmet	Acaricide/Insecticide	1	1.6
Metconazole	Fungicide	1	1.6
Pyriproxyfen	Insecticide	1	1.6
Propamocarb	Fungicide	1	1.6
Triazophos	Acaricide/Insecticide	1	1.6

Active Ingredient	Sat (N)	Sat (%)	Ins (N)	Ins (%)	Total (%)	MRL^*(ppm)	Cmin (ppm)	Cmax(ppm)	Cmax /MRL
Procymidone	32	78.0	9	21.9	66.1	3	0.02	12.35	4.12
Carbendazim	29	87.9	4	12.1	53.2	0,5	<0.01	0.96	1.92
Difenoconazole	29	93.6	2	6.4	50.0	0,5	<0.01	0.55	1.10
Thiamethoxam	18	72.0	7	28.0	40.3	0,1	<0.01	0.8	8.00
Azoxystrobin	10	52.6	9	47.4	30.6	0,3	<0.01	1.88	6.27
Dithiocarbamate	16	88.9	2	11.1	29.0	0,2	<0.07	1.59	7.95
Boscalid	17	100	0	0.00	27.4	5	<0.01	1.94	0.39
Metalaxyl-M	0	0.00	12	100	19.4	NA^**	<0.01	0.36	NA
Pyrimethanil	10	100	0	0.00	16.1	2	0.01	0.7	0.35
Fenpropathrin	9	100	0	0.00	14.5	2	0.01	1.92	0.96
Kresoxim methyl	8	100	0	0.00	12.9	1	0.02	0.13	0.13
Acetamiprid	0	0.00	7	100	11.3	NA	<0.01	0.82	NA
Lambda Cyhalothrin	6	85.7	1	14.3	11.3	0,5	0.15	1.19	2.38
Propargite	7	100	0	0.00	11.3	0,5	<0.01	0.3	0.60
Tebuconazole	7	100	0	0.00	11.3	0,7	<0.01	0.18	0.26
Thiophanate methyl	6	85.7	1	14.3	11.3	0,5	<0.01	1.41	2.82
Teflubenzuron	6	100	0	0.00	9.7	1	0.01	0.36	0.36
Fenpyroximate	3	60.0	2	40.0	8.1	0,01	<0.01	0.17	17.0
Pyraclostrobin	0	000	5	100	8.1	NA	<0.01	0.02	NA
Chlorfenapyr	3	75.0	1	25.0	6.4	2	0.12	2.22	1.11
Pyridaben	1	25.0	3	75.0	6.4	0,1	0.02	0.7	7.00
Cypermethrin	0	0.00	3	100	4.8	NA	0.02	0.69	NA
Clothianidin	0	0.00	3	100	4.8	NA	0.01	0.02	NA
2,4D	0	0.00	2	100	3.2	NA	<0.01	<0.01	NA
Imidacloprid	0	0.00	2	100	3.2	NA	<0.01	0.34	NA
Trifloxystrobin	2	100	0	0.00	3.2	0,3	<0.01	0.18	0.6
Abamectin	1	100	0	0.00	1.6	0,02	0.02	0.02	1.0
Chlorothalonyl	0	0.00	1	100	1.6	NA	1.7	1.7	NA
Deltamethrin	0	0.00	1	100	1.6	NA	0.04	0.04	NA
Spiromesifen	0	0.00	1	100	1.6	NA	0.58	0.58	NA
Phosmet	0	0.00	1	100	1.6	NA	<0.01	<0.01	NA
Metconazole	1	100	0	0.00	1.6	0,1	<0.01	<0.01	NA
Pyriproxyfen	0	0.00	1	100	1.6	NA	<0.01	<0.01	NA
Propamocarb	0	0.00	1	100	1.6	NA	0.04	0.04	NA
Triazophos	0	0.00	1	100	1.6	NA	<0.01	<0.01	NA