Stress and well-being at work: a literature review

Hirschle, Ana Lucia Teixeira; Gondim, Sônia Maria Guedes

doi:10.1590/1413-81232020257.27902017

Ana Lucia Teixeira Hirschle

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia. Rua Prof. Aristides Novis 197, Federação. 40210-630 Salvador BA Brasil. analuciate@gmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8228-7882

Sônia Maria Guedes Gondim

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia. Rua Prof. Aristides Novis 197, Federação. 40210-630 Salvador BA Brasil. analuciate@gmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3482-166X

Collaborations

ALT Hirschle worked on the design, introduction, bibliographic research, methodology, data analysis and interpretation, conclusion and final writing. SMG Gondim worked on analyzing and interpreting the data, guiding and correcting the conclusion, critical review and final writing.

Authorship/Publication Year	Type of Review and Sample	IV and DV	Other variables	Conclusions
Bragard et al.⁵⁹59 Bragard I, Dupuis G, Fleet R. Quality of work life, burnout, and stress in emergency department physicians: a qualitative review. Eur J Emerg Med 2015; 22(4):227-234./2015	Empirical, cross-sectional studies with emergency physicians.	IV: Occupational stress. DV: Burnout and Quality of Work Life - QWL (satisfaction and well-being at work).		- Burnout predictors: stressors such as high demands and lack of resources at work (low control, lack of support from supervisors/coworkers, and lack of training). - Relevant factor that minimized the impact of stressors at work, improving QWL: perception of the work as rewarding.
Ilies et al.²³23 Ilies R, Aw SSY, Pluut H. Intraindividual models of employee well-being: What have we learned and where do we go from here? Eur J Work Organ Psychol 2015; 24(6):827-838./2015	Theoretical and empirical studies, cross-sectional and longitudinal, and meta-analyses. Workers.	IV: WBW antecedents (stressors, affective events at work, personal factors, work-family balance). DV: Effects on WBW (stress reactions, job satisfaction, psychological well-being - PWB).	Moderators: control at work, social support, other resources at work, positive affects, psychobiological recovery process.	- Predictors (-) of WBW: psychosocial stressors at work, negative affective events at work, and the experience of work-family conflict. - Predictors (+) of WBW: positive events at work. - Moderators that minimize the effects (-) of the demands and stressors on WBW: control at work, social support and other resources at work, positive affects, and psychobiological recovery process (psychological detachment from work, experiences of relaxation, control, and self-mastery).
Sonnentag ¹⁷17 Sonnentag S. Dynamics of Well-Being. Annu Rev Organ Psychol Organ Behav 2015; 2:17.1-17.33./2015	Empirical studies, cross-sectional and longitudinal. Workers.	IV: Work factors (stressors, resources, and interpersonal relations at work); Personal resources; Work-home interface. DV: Well-being at work (WBW).	Moderators: Environment: positive events, autonomy, support at work, climate of security. Individuals: emotional stability, self-regulation strategies.	- Predictors (-) of WBW: stressors at work, negative social interactions and lack of social support at work, work-home conflict. - Predictors (+) of WBW: resources and social support at work, personal resources (self-esteem, coping, optimism, self-efficacy). - Moderators of the environment that mitigate the effects of stressors on WB: events (+), autonomy, perception of support and climate of psychological security at work. - Individual moderators that mitigate the stressors: emotional stability and use of self-regulation strategies.
Sonnentag and Fritz²⁵25 Sonnentag S, Fritz C. Recovery from job stress: the stressor-detachment model as an integrative framework. J Organ Behav 2015; 36(S1):S72-S103./2015	Empirical studies, cross-sectional and longitudinal. Workers.	IV: Stressors at work. DV: Psychological reactions (affects, tension, and health symptoms); Well-being/WB (satisfaction with life and engagement at work).	Psychological detachment from work during time off / leave from work.	- Predictors (-) of WB: stressors at work (pressure and overload) and < level of psychological detachment. - Moderator that mitigates the impact of stressors on WB: > psychological detachment from work.
Ford et al.²2 Ford MT, Matthews RA, Wooldridge JD, Mishra V, Kakar UM, Strahan SR. How do occupational stressor-strain effects vary with time? A review and meta-analysis of the relevance of time lags in longitudinal studies. Work Stress 2014; 28(1):9-30./2014	Meta-analysis of longitudinal empirical studies. Workers.	IV: Occupational stressor. DV: Occupational tension (psychological and physiological).		- Predictors (+) of tension over time: chronic stressors that accumulate through systematic exposure at work. - Factors having impact on > tension: high demands and difficulty in disconnecting from work during free time (psychological detachment).
Schaufeli and Taris⁴4 Schaufeli WB, Taris TW. A critical review of the Job Demands-Resources Model: implications for improving work and health. In: Bauer GF, Hämmig O, editores. Bridging occupational, organizational and public health a transdisciplinary approach. Netherlands: Springer; 2014. p. 43-68./2014	Empirical cross-sectional and longitudinal studies with workers.	Model 1 IV: Demands at work. DV: Tension and results (-) on health. Model 2 IV: Resources at work. DV: Well-being (engagement).	Moderator: Personal resources (self-esteem, self-efficacy, control, and resilience).	- Model 1: demands predict tension and health problems in the long term. - Moderator that reduces effects of demands on tension: personal resources. - Model 2: resources at work predict WB and good performance at work. - Moderator that increases effects of resources on engagement at work: personal resources (also a partial mediator in the relationship).
Ganster and Rosen¹⁸18 Ganster DC, Rosen CC. Work stress and employee health: a multidisciplinary review. J Management 2013; 20(10):1-38./2013	Empirical cross-sectional and longitudinal studies with workers.	IV: Psychosocial stressors at work. DV: Well-being as physical and psychological health (tertiary effects on health).	Primary effects: stress hormones, tension, anxiety, fatigue, and insomnia. Secondary effects: high BP, cholesterol.	- Predictors (-) of WB: high demands and low control. - Effects of stressors: anxiety and tension, high blood pressure and cholesterol, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and depression. - Moderator that mitigates the effects (-) of demands on WB:> control.
Scheibe and Zacher⁹9 Scheibe S, Zacher H. The role of emotion and emotion regulation in job stress and wellbeing. Res Occupational Stress Well-being 2013; 11:163-193./2013	Empirical cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Workers.	IV: Affective events at work. DV: Tension, stress, and well-being (WB).	Moderator: Age.	- Predictor (+) of WB :> age and better emotion regulation. - Moderator that mitigates the impact of stress: age.
Silva et al.²²22 Silva JLL, Santos RSFB, Costa FS, Taveira RPC, Teixeira LR. Estressores na atividade gerencial do enfermeiro: implicações para saúde. Avances Enfermería 2013; 31(2):144-152./2013	Theoretical and empirical studies with nurses.	IV: Stressors at work (overload, conflicts, and accumulation of functions). DV: WB/Health (physical/psychological).		- Predictors (-) of WB: overload of work and accumulation of functions (managerial and assistance activities). - Effects of stressors: physical and mental exhaustion and psychosomatic disorders.
Lang et al.¹⁹19 Lang J, Ochsmann E, Kraus T, Lang JW. Psychosocial work stressors as antecedents of musculoskeletal problems: a systematic review and meta-analysis of stability-adjusted longitudinal studies. Soc Sci Med 2012; 75(7):1163-1174./2012	Meta-analysis of empirical longitudinal studies. Industry Workers.	IV: Psychosocial stressors at work. DV: Physical health (musculoskeletal symptoms).		- Predictors (+) of musculoskeletal symptoms: monotonous work, high demands and low control over work, high level of stress, low supervisor support, and job insecurity.
Lawrence et al.³²32 Lawrence SA, Troth AC, Jordan PJ, Collins AL. A review of emotion regulation and development of a framework for emotion regulation in the workplace. In: Perrewé PL, Ganster DC, editores. Research in Occupational Stress and Well-being. Bingley: Emerald; 2011. p. 197-263./2011	Theoretical and empirical studies with workers.	IV: Affective events at work and emotional experience. DV: Short- and long-term effects on Well-being/WB (physical and psychological health, attitudes, social relationships).	Strategies for emotion regulation (ER) and emotional expression, Emotional intelligence (EI), Organizational rules of expression.	- Short and long term predictors (+) of WB: positive emotional experience, functional ER, and emotional expression. - Long-term predictors (-) of WB: experience of negative emotions and habitual dysfunctional ER (suppression). - Moderator between experience and ER that mitigates the negative impacts of affective events on the results of WB: EI. - Moderators between experience and emotional expression, with impact (+) on relationships: EI and rules of expression.

Authorship/Publication Year	Type of Review and Sample	IV and DV	Other variables	Conclusions
Häusser et al.¹¹11 Häusser JA, Mojzisch A, Niesel M, Schulz-Hardt S. Ten years on: A review of recent research on the Job Demand-Control (-Support) model and psychological well-being. Work Stress 2010; 24(1):1-35./2010	Cross-sectional and longitudinal empirical studies with workers.	IV: Model 1 - Demand-control at work. IV: Model 2 - Demand-control-support at work. DV: Psychological well-being.	Model 1 - Moderator: control. Model 2 - Moderator: social support and control.	- Both models have good empirical support. - Moderator in Model 1:> Control attenuates the negative impact of job demands on PWB (psychological well-being). - Moderators in Model 2: social support and control mitigate the impact (-) of high demands on PWB.
Meyer and Maltin³³33 Meyer JP, Maltin ER. Employee commitment and well-being: a critical review, theoretical framework and research agenda. J Vocat Behav 2010; 77(2):323-337./2010	Theoretical and empirical studies with workers.	IV: Stressors at work; and Commitment. DV: Tension and Well-being (physical and psychological).	Moderators: Affective (AC), Normative (NC), and Continuance (CC) Commitment; Motivational state.	- Predictor (+) of WB: AC. - Predictor (+) of tension: CC; Predictor (-) of tension: AC. - Moderators that either reduce or exacerbate the effect (-) of stressors: type of commitment and motivational state.
Nieuwenhuijsen et al.³⁴34 Nieuwenhuijsen K, Bruinvels D, Frings-Dresen M. Psychosocial work environment and stress-related disorders, a systematic review. Occup Med (Lond) 2010; 60(4):277-286./2010	Meta-analysis of empirical studies with workers.	IV: Psychosocial risk factors at work. DV: Mental disorders related to stress.		- Predictors (+) of mental disorders: high demands and low control at work, low support from coworkers and supervisors, low organizational justice, and high effort-reward imbalance.
Laranjeira²⁰20 Laranjeira CA. O contexto organizacional e a experiência de estresse: uma perspectiva integrativa. Rev Salud Publica 2009; 11(1):123-133./2009	Empirical studies with workers.	IV: Organizational factors of stress and well-being (WB). DV: Effects of stress and well-being (physical, emotional).		- Predictors (+) of stress and (-) of WB: monotony, lack of control, impossibility of making decisions, and lack of support from peers and leadership. - Predictors (+) of WB: social cohesion and collective efficacy.

Authorship/Publication Year	Type of Study and Participants	Focus of Study	Conclusions
Malik and Noreen¹²12 Malik S, Noreen S. Perceived Organizational Support as a Moderator of Affective Well-being and Occupational Stress among Teachers. Pak J Commerce Soc Sci 2015; 9(3):865-874./2015	Correlational and cross-sectional. University and school teachers. Pakistan.	Investigar o suporte organizacional percebido (SOP) como moderador da relação entre estresse ocupacional e bem-estar afetivo no trabalho (BEA).	- Moderator that exacerbates the impact (-) of stress on WB: low perception of organizational support.
Mihăilă³/2015	Correlational and cross-sectional. Workers selected via LinkedIn, employed at the moment.	Study the relationship between stress at work and organizational behavior (well-being, job satisfaction, turnover, and frustration at work).	- Predictor (-) of WB and satisfaction at work: stress at work. - Predictor (+) of frustration at work and desire to leave the company: stress.
Semmer et al.³⁷37 Semmer NK, Jacobshagen N, Meier LL, Elfering A, Beehr TA, Kälin W, Tschan F. Illegitimate tasks as a source of work stress. Work Stress 2015; 29(1):32-56./2015	Correlational, cross-sectional and longitudinal. Swiss Workers.	Describe the concept of illegitimate (unnecessary) tasks and test their association with Well-being (WB)/Tension.	- Predictors (-) of WB: illegitimate tasks - Predictors (+) of tension after 2 months: illegitimate tasks.
Carvalho et al.⁴²42 Carvalho CMSD, Barata EMMA, Parreira PMSD, Oliveira DC. Trabalho emocional e gestão de emoções em equipes de saúde oncológicas: um estudo qualitativo. Rev Enferm UERJ 2014; 22(1):9-15./2014	Case study with hospital health professionals from Portugal.	Understand individual perceptions, mental representations, and attributes related to managing emotions and stress at work.	- The better the management of emotions, the better the control, ER, and < emotional stress. - The > the level of consciousness of emotional states and the > the quality support and development of appropriate activities, the > the well-being and QWL.
Millán de Lange et al.²⁴24 Millán de Lange AC, Garcia-Alvarez DJ, D’Aubeterre Lopez ME. Efecto de la inteligencia emocional y flujo de trabajo sobre estresores y bienestar psicologico: analisis de ruta en docentes. Rev Colombiana Psicol 2014; 23(1):207-228./2014	Correlational and cross-sectional. University teachers from Venezuela.	Study emotional intelligence (EI) and the willingness to flow at work as protective factors against work stress and as promoters of PWB.	- Protective factors against work stress and predictors of PWB (psychological well-being): EI and willingness to flow at work.
Gomes et al.⁴⁴44 Gomes SDFS, Santos MMMCC, Carolino, ETDMA. Psycho-social risks at work: stress and coping strategies in oncology nurses. Rev Lat Am Enferm 2013; 21(6):1282-1289./2013	Correlational and cross-sectional. Nurses from hospitals in Portugal.	Identify sources of stress, coping strategies, and relation with the general health of nurses in oncology services.	- Stressors: related to organizational aspects and working conditions. - Coping strategies: focus on problem solving and WB improvement. - Correlation (-) between general health and avoidance coping strategies.
Narainsamy and Van Der Westhuizen⁵⁵55 Narainsamy K, Van Der Westhuizen S. Work related well-being: burnout, work engagement, occupational stress and job satisfaction within a medical laboratory setting. J Psychol Afr 2013; 23(3):467-474./2013	Correlational and cross-sectional. Clinical lab. workers in South Africa.	Investigate whether WBW consists of 4 factors: occupational stress, burnout, work engagement, and job satisfaction.	- The results support the four-factor WBW model. - Correlation factors (-) with WBW: occupational stress and burnout. - Correlation factors (+) with WBW: satisfaction and engagement in the work.
Rahimnia et al.³⁹39 Rahimnia F, Mazidi A, Mohammadzadeh Z. Emotional mediators of psychological capital on well-being: the role of stress, anxiety, and depression. Management Sci Letters 2013; 3(3):913-926./2013	Correlational and cross-sectional Hospital Nurses from Iran	Test a model in which psychological capital (self-efficacy, optimism, and resilience), constructive and destructive emotions, stress, anxiety, and depression are antecedents of WB.	-> psychological capital: > constructive emotions, < destructive emotions and > WB. - Predictor (+) of WB: constructive emotions. - Predictor (-) of WB: destructive emotions. - The reduction of destructive emotions has > effect in increasing WB.
Sanches and Santos⁷7 Sanches EN, Santos JDF. Estresse em docentes universitários da saúde: situações geradoras, sintomas e estratégias de enfrentamento. Psicol Argum 2013; 31(75):615-626./2013	Case study with university professors from the health area in Brazil.	Analyze the situations that generate occupational stress (stressors), the symptoms, and coping strategies used.	- Stressors: unprepared students, work overload, context, concern about student learning and institutional deadlines. - Coping strategies: self-control, social support, problem solving, and re-evaluation.
Bell et al.²¹21 Bell A, Rajendran D, Theiler S. Job stress, wellbeing and work-life balance of academics. J Appl Psychol 2012; 8(1):25-37./2012	Correlational and cross-sectional. Academics from Australian Universities.	Investigate the relationship between perceived stress at work (threat and pressure), work-life interface, and well-being/malaise.	- Predictor (-) of WB and (+) malaise: threat stress. - Predictor of work-life conflicts: threat and pressure stress at work.
Bell et al.³⁶36 Bell A, Rajendran D, Theiler S. Spirituality at Work: An Employee Stress Intervention for Academics? Int J Business Soc Sci 2012; 3(11):68-82./2012	Correlational and cross-sectional. Academics from Australian Universities.	Investigate the influence of spirituality at work (SAW) on WB and stress, and the moderating effect of SAW on the relationship between stress and WB/ malaise.	- SAW: correlation (+) with BE and (-) with malaise and stress. - There was no moderation of spirituality between stress and well-being. - Predictor (-) of WB: stress of psychological threat at work.
Niven et al.⁵⁴54 Niven K, Sprigg CA, Armitage CJ. Does emotion regulation protect employees from the negative effects of workplace aggression? Eur J Work Organ Psychol 2013; 22(1):88-106./2012	Correlational and cross-sectional. Social workers, therapists, and ambulance personnel from the UK.	To investigate whether emotion regulation (ER) can mitigate the negative effects of exposure to aggression in the workplace on tension.	- Moderator that attenuated the aggression-tension relationship in the workplace during interactions within the organization: re-evaluation strategy. - Moderators that exacerbate the effects (-) of aggression in the workplace during interactions outside the organization: ER strategies (reassessment and suppression).
Serafim et al.⁴⁸48 Serafim ADC, Campos ICM, Cruz RM, Rabuske MM. Riscos Psicossociais e Incapacidade do Servidor Público: Um Estudo de Caso. Psicol Cien Prof 2012; 32(3):686-705./2012	Case study with public servants in the Executive Branch, Brazil.	Analyze the psychosocial risk factors at work (PRFW) and the relationships with illness developed at work.	- Predictor of illness and incapacity for work: continuous exposure to PRFW. - PRFW should be considered in evaluating cases of illness and occupational disability, and in promoting occupational health.
Caran et al.³⁵35 Caran VCS, Freitas FCTD, Alves LA, Pedrão LJ, Robazzi MLDCC. Riscos ocupacionais psicossociais e sua repercussão na saúde de docentes universitários. Rev Enferm UERJ 2011; 19(2):255-261./2011	Correlational and cross-sectional. Brazilian Public University Teachers	Identify the existence of Psychosocial Occupational Risks (POR) in the work environment of university professors, and effects on health.	- Predictors of deteriorating health and mental disorders: continuous exposure to POR (perceived by 87% of teachers). - Principle changes: stress, anxiety, and insomnia.
Guido et al.⁶¹61 Guido LA, Linch GFC, Pitthan LO, Umann J. Estresse, coping e estado de saúde entre enfermeiros hospitalares. Rev Esc Enferm USP 2011; 45(6):1434-1439./2011	Correlational and cross-sectional. Nurses at a university hospital in Brazil	Identify stressors, stress level, general health status, and forms of coping used by nurses in the work environment.	- The form of coping most used: problem solving. - The < stress level was associated with good/fair health and > use of problem- focused coping strategies.
Kinman and Grant⁴¹41 Kinman G, Grant L. Exploring Stress Resilience in Trainee Social Workers: The Role of Emotional and Social Competencies. Br J Soc Work 2011; 41(2):261-275./2011	Correlational and cross-sectional. Social workers in England, Africa, and the Caribbean.	Investigate emotional and social competencies as predictors of resilience and their role between emotional intelligence (EI) and distress/PWB.	- Factor protecting against stress and predictor of PWB: emotional competencies. - Predictors of resilience: emotional (EI and empathy) and social competencies. - Resilience was a predictor (-) of psychological distress and mediator between EI and PWB.
Lee et al.⁵⁶56 Lee WL, Tsai SH, Tsai CW, Lee CY. A study on work stress, stress coping strategies and health promoting lifestyle among district hospital nurses in Taiwan. J Occup Health 2011; 53(5):377-383./2011	Correlational and cross-sectional. Hospital nurses in Taiwan.	Analyze the relationships between stress at work, coping strategies, and promotion of a healthy lifestyle.	- > Stress was associated with > use of coping and < with healthy lifestyle promotion. - < stress was associated with > coping for control and support and > healthy lifestyle (health responsibility and keeping updated).
Mosadeghrad et al.⁴⁷47 Mosadeghrad AM, Ferlie E, Rosenberg D. A study of relationship between job stress, quality of working life and turnover intention among hospital employees. Health Serv Manage Res 2011; 24(4):170-181./2011	Correlational and cross-sectional. Hospital Employees in Iran.	Understand the relationships between stress at work, QWL, and the impact on turnover intentions.	- Stress has a relationship (-) with QWL (Quality of Work Life). - Predictors of stress: stressors, policies, relationships, and the work environment.
Rothmann and Malan⁶6 Rothmann S, Malan M. Work-related well-being of South African hospital pharmacists. S Afr J Ind Psychol 2011; 37(1):1-11./2011	Correlational and cross-sectional. Hospital Pharmacists, South Africa.	Investigate whether stress at work and coping strategies predict WBW (burnout/engagement).	- Predictor (+) of WBW: > problem-focused coping and < avoidance coping. - Predictor (-) of WBW: high demands, lack of resources, and avoidance coping.

Authorship/Publication Year	Type of Study and Participants	Focus of Study	Conclusions
Sadir et al.⁵¹51 Sadir MA, Bignotto MM, Lipp MEN. Stress e qualidade de vida: influência de algumas variáveis pessoais. Paideia 2010; 20(45):73-81./2010	Comparison between groups, cross-sectional. Clients of Brazilian psychological clinic.	Verify if the variables of gender, position, age, and marital status interact on the levels of stress and QoL of professionals beginning stress treatment.	- Groups with > stress: professionals between 40 and 49 years, women and married. - QoL (Quality of Life) factor most compromised in all professionals: health. - Damage in the social and affective factor: > for managers and < for self-employed.
Santos and Cardoso⁸8 Santos AFO, Cardoso CL. Profissionais de saúde mental: estresse, enfrentamento e qualidade de vida Psicol Teoria Pesq 2010; 26(3):543-548./ 2010	Correlational and cross-sectional. Brazilian mental health workers.	Evaluate the stress, coping strategies and QoL of mental health service professionals.	- The > the stress index, the > the use of escape-avoidance strategies. - The < the stress index, the > the quality of life (QoL).
Wadsworth et al.³⁸38 Wadsworth EJK, Chaplin KS, Smith AP. The work environment, stress and well-being. Occup Med (Lond) 2010; 60(8):635-639./2010	Correlational and cross-sectional. Workers from England and Wales.	Compare the impact of the presence/absence of work factors and association with mental health and WB.	- > job demands had > impact on stress. - < social support had > impact (-) on WB.
Afonso and Gomes⁴³43 Afonso JMP, Gomes AR. Stress Ocupacional em Profissionais de Segurança Pública: um estudo com militares da Guarda Nacional Republicana. Psicol Reflexão Crítica 2009; 22(2):294-303./2009	Correlational and cross-sectional. Military staff, Portuguese National Guard.	Evaluate their work stress and analyze relationships with proactive coping, organizational commitment, personal satisfaction, and professional fulfillment.	- > stress and < personal and professional satisfaction, > impact (-) on career. - > Proactive coping and > commitment predict > personal/professional satisfaction. - The > the use of confrontation strategies, the > the exhaustion of the military personnel.
Astudillo Diaz et al.⁵²52 Astudillo Díaz PR, Alarcón Muñoz AM, Lema García ML. Protectores de estrés laboral: percepción del personal de enfermería y médicos, Temuco, Chile. Cien Enfermería 2009; 15(3):111-122./2009	Case study with health professionals from hospitals in Chile.	Investigate protective factors against stress present in the work environment, as perceived by the health personnel.	- Stress protectors: well-defined roles, committed leadership, chance to break the routine, quality of resources, teamwork, pleasant environment, and good relationships. Factors (+) that are useful for guiding actions to promote health at work.
Chen et al.¹1 Chen WQ, Wong TW, Yu TS. Influence of occupational stress on mental health among chinese off-shore oil workers. Scand J Public Health 2009; 37(7):766-773./2009	Correlational and cross-sectional. Offshore oil workers. China.	Explore the relationship between occupational stress and mental health of Chinese workers.	- Predictor (-) of mental health: occupational stress. - The < the managerial support, the > the risk to mental health.
Goto et al.⁵⁸58 Goto AK, Souza MTS, Lima Jr. JV. Um estudo sobre o estresse em profissionais da área de logística da indústria automobilística. Psicol Política 2009; 9(18):291-311./2009	Case study with Brazilian automobile industry professionals.	Investigate the factors perceived as stressors at work, the coping strategies, and perceived WB (satisfaction with life and work).	- Stressors: tight deadlines and excessive volume of work, low autonomy. - Coping strategies: Handling stress through the control of career and work content, engaging in recreational activities outside the company.
Paris and Omar⁴⁰40 Paris L, Omar A. Predictores de satisfacción laboral en médicos y enfermeros. Estud Psicol 2008; 13(3):233-244./2008	Correlational and cross-sectional. Doctors and nurses from Argentina.	Identify stressors and coping strategies used by health professionals; and explore the relationships between stress, well-being, and job satisfaction.	- Stressors: overload, lack of support, and perceived injustice at work. - < Stress > use of problem solving/distancing strategies, > satisfaction and WB. - > Stress > use of maladaptive strategies, < satisfaction and WB.
Shimazu and Schaufeli⁴⁵45 Shimazu A, Schaufeli WB. Does distraction facilitate problem-focused coping with job stress? A one year longitudinal study. J Behav Med 2007; 30(5):423-434./ 2007	Correlational and longitudinal. Machine construction company workers in Japan.	Examine the effects of problem-focused coping and of distraction on well-being (responses to stress; performance at work).	- > Use of problem-focused coping is associated with < stress in individuals with high distraction, and > stress in those who had low distraction. - There was a short-term effect (+) of problem-focused coping on WB and performance
Uncu et al.⁵⁷57 Uncu Y, Bayram N, Bilgel N. Job related affective well-being among primary health care physicians. Eur J Public Health 2007; 17(5):514-519./2007	Correlational and cross-sectional. Attending physicians in Turkey.	Analyze the relationships between affective well-being at work and stress, anxiety, and depression.	- Affective WB: correlation (-) with stress, depression, and anxiety. - Affections (-) at work correlate with stress, anxiety, and depression.
Fonseca and Soares⁴⁹49 Fonseca AM, Soares E. Desgaste emocional: depoimentos de enfermeiros que atuam no ambiente hospitalar. RENE Fortaleza 2006; 7(1):91-97./2006	Case study with Brazilian nurses.	Analyze the relationships between affective well-being at work and stress, anxiety, and depression.	- Stressors: interpersonal relationships, environmental conditions, lack of resources at work. They are seen as negative predictors of health and WBW. - Coping: praying, physical activities, warmth of home and in the work itself. - Health problems: hypertension and migraines.
Fortes- Ferreira et al.²⁶26 Fortes-Ferreira L, Peiró JM, González-Morales MG, Martín I. Work-related stress and well-being: the roles of direct action coping and palliative coping. Scand J Psychol 2006; 47(4):293-302./2006	Correlational and cross-sectional. Bank employees in Spain.	Analyze the roles of direct-action coping and palliative coping in the relationship between stressors and PWB (distress, complaints, and satisfaction at work).	- Predictor (+) of PWB: direct-action or problem-focused coping. - Predictor (+) of distress: palliative or avoidance coping. - Moderator that exacerbated the effect of stressors on complaints: palliative coping.
Gelsema et al.⁵⁰50 Gelsema TI, Van der Doef M, Maes S, Janssen M, Akerboom S, Verhoeven C. A longitudinal study of job stress in the nursing profession: causes and consequences. J Nurs Manag 2006; 14(4):289-299./2006	Correlational and longitudinal. University Hospital Nurses in the Netherlands.	Analyze the influence of working conditions (demands, resources, decisions, rewards) on health and WB (satisfaction, emotional exhaustion, distress, and physical complaints), and the reverse effect.	- Predictors (+) of satisfaction at work: social support of supervisor, rewards, and control over work. - Predictors (+) of emotional exhaustion: time pressure, increased demands at work and physical requirements. There is a reverse effect.
Jackson et al.⁴⁶46 Jackson LT, Rothmann S, Van de Vijver FJ. A model of work related wellbeing for educators in South Africa. Stress Health 2006; 22(4):263-274./2006	Correlational and cross-sectional. Educators from South Africa.	Assess the internal validity and consistency of constructs in a well-being at work (WBW) model and test a structural model of their relationships.	- Predictors (+) of WBW: work resources (support and career opportunities). - Engagement mediated the relationship between work resources and organizational commitment. Burnout mediated the relationship between demands and illness.
Karlsen et al.²⁷27 Karlsen E, Dybdahl R, Vitterso J. The possible benefits of difficulty: how stress can increase and decrease subjective well-being. Scand J Psychol 2006; 47(5):411-417./2006	Correlational and cross-sectional. War Veterans of Norway.	Explore the effects of stress, trauma, coping, and growth orientation on subjective well-being (SWB).	- The effect of stress was positively mediated by a problem-focused coping process, associated with a growth component, leading to the improvement of SWB. - Stress was negatively mediated by an avoidance coping process and a distress component, leading to the worsening of SWB
McCalister et al.⁵³53 McCalister KT, Dolbier CL, Webster J, Mallon MW, Steinhardt MA. Hardiness and support at work as predictors of work stress and job satisfaction. Am J Health Promot 2006; 20(3):183-191./2006	Correlational and cross-sectional. US technology workers.	Test the relationship between resilience and social support and the effects on stress and satisfaction at work, and the influence of negative affects on the relationship between stress and satisfaction at work.	- Resiliency resources, support from supervisor and coworkers has a protective function that minimizes stress and improves satisfaction at work. - The > the negative affects, the < the job satisfaction. - When the other variables were included as predictors in the model, there was no correlation between negative affects and job satisfaction.

[1] Collaborations

ALT Hirschle worked on the design, introduction, bibliographic research, methodology, data analysis and interpretation, conclusion and final writing. SMG Gondim worked on analyzing and interpreting the data, guiding and correcting the conclusion, critical review and final writing.

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Stress and well-being at work: a literature review

Abstract