Prevalence of sexual violence and associated factors among primary school students – Brazil, 2015

Santos, Marconi de Jesus; Mascarenhas, Márcio Dênis Medeiros; Malta, Deborah Carvalho; Lima, Cheila Marina; Silva, Marta Maria Alves da

doi:10.1590/1413-81232018242.13112017

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Article • Ciênc. saúde colet. 24 (2) • Feb 2019 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232018242.13112017 copy

Prevalence of sexual violence and associated factors among primary school students – Brazil, 2015

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Abstract

The objective of this study was to describe and analyze factors associated with sexual violence (SV) among primary school students in Brazil. Data from the National School Health Survey (PeNSE in Portuguese) in 2015 was analyzed. The prevalence of total and disaggregated SV was calculated according to variables such as sociodemographic data, family context, mental health, risk behaviors, safety, and physical activity. The Odds Ratios of suffering SV were estimated according to variables that were statistically associated (p < 0.05) by means of multivariate analysis. The prevalence of SV was 4.0%. SV among school-age adolescents was associated with characteristics such as: age of < 13 years old; female; black skin color; working; being assaulted by family members; having insomnia; feeling lonely; not having friends; consuming tobacco / alcohol regularly; having tried drugs; having started sexual activity; feeling insecure on the way to or at school; and having suffered bullying. Studying in a private school, having a mother with higher education, living with parents, and supervision by relatives were protective factors to SV. It was possible to identify students’ vulnerabilities to SV, which can support researchers, professionals, and families in the prevention of this type of violence.

Key words
Adolescents; School health; Sexual violence; Health survey

Variable			Sexual Violence
			%	CI (95%)		OR	CI (95%)		p
			%	Lower	Higher	OR	Lower	Higher
Total			4.0	3.9	4,2
Sociodemographic aspects
	Age
		< 13	6.8	4.7	9,8	3,07	2,05	4,57	<0,001
		13	2.3	2.1	2,6	1,00
		14	3.3	3.0	3,6	1,44	1,29	1,60	<0,001
		15	5.6	5.1	6,1	2,49	2,22	2,79	<0,001
		16 and older	7.3	6.8	7,8	3,32	2,94	3,74	<0,001
	Sex
		Male	3.7	3.5	3,9	1,00
		Female	4.3	4.2	4,5	1,18	1,11	1,26	<0,001
	Skin color
		White	3.3	2.8	3,9	1,00
		Black	5.2	4.4	6,1	1,61	1,46	1,77	<0,001
		Yellow	5.5	4.5	6,7	1,71	1,48	1,97	<0,001
		Brown	4.1	3.5	4,8	1,25	1,16	1,34	<0,001
		Indigenous	5.1	4.4	5,9	1,57	1,33	1,85	<0,001
	School
		Public	4.4	3.9	4,9	1,00
		Private	2.0	1.8	2,2	0,45	0,40	0,50	<0,001
	Education level of mother
		No schooling	7.7	6.8	8,7	2,38	2,10	2,71	<0,001
		Primary (incomplete/complete)	4.3	3.9	4,7	1,27	1,15	1,41	<0,001
		Secondary(incomplete/complete)	3.5	3.1	3,9	1,03	0,93	1,15	0,535
		Higher(incomplete/complete)	3.4	3.1	3,6	1,00
	Lives with mother and/or father
		No	7.1	6.4	7.8	1.00
		Yes	3.9	3.7	4.0	0.53	0.48	0.59	<0.001
	Currently working
		No	3.5	3.3	3.8	1.00
		Yes	7.2	6.8	7.6	2.11	1.96	2.28	<0.001
	Remunerated for work
		No	3.6	3.4	3.9	1.00
		Yes	7.0	6.6	7.5	2.00	1.85	2.16	<0.001
Family context
	Skipping classes / school
		No	3.3	3.1	3.5	1.00
		Yes	6.5	6.2	6.9	2.07	1.94	2.21	<0.001
	Family supervision
		No	6.4	6.1	6.8	1.00
		Yes	2.8	2.7	2.9	0.42	0.39	0.45	<0.001
	Harmed by a family member
		No	2.6	2.5	2.8	1.00
		Yes	12.3	11.8	12.8	5.18	4.85	5.53	<0.001
Mental Health
	Insomnia
		No	3.3	3.1	3.5	1.00
		Yes	9.8	9.3	10.4	3.21	2.99	3.45	<0.001
	Feels alone
		No	3.2	3.0	3.4	1.00
		Yes	8.5	8.0	8.9	2.82	2.64	3.02	<0.001
	Friends
		1 or more	3.8	3.4	4.2	1.00
		Do not have	8.8	8.0	9.7	2.43	2.18	2.71	<0.001
Risk Behaviors
	Regular smoking
		No	3.5	3.2	3.8	1.00
		Yes	13.0	12.1	13.9	4.10	3.77	4.46	<0.001
	Regular drinking
		No	2.8	2.6	3.0	1.00
		Yes	8.0	7.6	8.3	3.01	2.82	3.20	<0.001
	Experimented with drugs
		No	3.3	3.1	3.5	1.00
		Yes	11.6	11.0	12.3	3.87	3.60	4.17	<0.001
	Sexual relations
		No	2.2	2.1	2.4	1.00
		Yes	8.8	8.5	9.1	4.18	3.92	4.46	<0.001
Safety
	Feels unsafe going to school or home
		No (No days)	3.2	3.0	3.4	1.00
		Yes (1 or more days)	10.4	9.8	11.0	3.50	3.27	3.76	<0.001
	Feels unsafe at school
		No (No days)	3.1	2.9	3.3	1.00
		Yes (1 or more days)	13.2	12.5	13.9	4.82	4.49	5.17	<0.001
	Suffered bullying
		No	3.6	3.3	3.9	1.00
		Yes	9.5	8.9	10.2	2.83	2.60	3.08	<0.001
Daily physical activity
		No	4.0	3.7	4.3	1.00
		Yes	4.1	3.8	4.3	1.01	0.94	1.10	0.725

Variable			ORa	CI (95%)		p
Variable			ORa	Lower	Higher	p
Sociodemographic Aspects
	Age
		<13	3.63	2.31	5.70	<0.001
		13	1.00
		14	1.10	0.97	1.25	0.140
		15	1.26	1.09	1.45	0.002
		16 and older	1.28	1.09	1.49	0.002
	Sex
		Male	1.00
		Female	1.27	1.17	1.38	<0.001
	Skin color
		White	1.00
		Black	1.31	1.16	1.47	<0.001
		Yellow	1.41	1.18	1.68	<0.001
		Brown	1.05	0.96	1.15	0.294
		Indigenous	1.28	1.05	1.57	0.015
	School
		Public	1.00
		Private	0.71	0.62	0.82	<0.001
	Education level of mother
		No schooling	1.00
		Primary (incomplete/complete)	0.74	0.65	0.84	<0.001
		Secondary (incomplete/complete)	0.67	0.59	0.77	<0.001
		Higher (incomplete/complete)	0.77	0.66	0.89	0.001
	Lives with mother or father
		No	1.00
		Yes	0.71	0.61	0.81	<0.001
	Currently working
		No	1.00
		Yes	1.34	1.22	1.48	<0.001
Family context
	Family supervision
		No	1.00
		Yes	0.75	0.69	0.82	<0.001
	Harmed by a family member
		No	1.00
		Yes	2.48	2.27	2.70	<0.001
Mental health
	Insomnia
		No	1.00
		Yes	1.45	1.31	1.60	<0.001
	Feels alone
		No	1.00
		Yes	1.73	1.58	1.90	<0.001
	Friends
		1 or more	1.00
		Do not have	1.70	1.47	1.95	<0.001
Risk behaviors
	Regular smoking
		No	1.00
		Yes	1.14	1.00	1.29	0.050
	Regular drinking
		No	1.00
		Yes	1.25	1.15	1.37	<0.001
	Experimented with drugs
		No	1.00
		Yes	1.32	1.18	1.47	<0.001
	Sexual relations
		No	1.00
		Yes	2.48	2.26	2.71	<0.001
Safety
	Feels unsafe going to school or home
		No (No days)	1.00
		Yes (1 or more days)	1.39	1.24	1.56	<0.001
	Feels unsafe at school
		No (No days)	1.00
		Yes (1 or more days)	1.85	1.64	2.08	<0.001
	Suffered bullying
		No	1.00
		Yes	1.70	1.53	1.90	<0.001

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[1] Collaborators

MJ Santos, MDM Mascarenhas and DC Malta worked on the conceptualization of the study, in the analysis and interpretation of data, literature review, critical revision, and approval of the draft of the manuscript. CM Lima and MMA Silva contributed to the critical analysis and the final revision of the text. All of the authors approved the final version of the manuscript.