Risk and protective factors for suicide attempt in emerging adulthood

Pereira, Anderson Siqueira; Willhelm, Alice Rodrigues; Koller, Silvia Helena; Almeida, Rosa Maria Martins de

doi:10.1590/1413-812320182311.29112016

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FREE THEMES • Ciênc. saúde colet. 23 (11) • Nov 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-812320182311.29112016 copy

Risk and protective factors for suicide attempt in emerging adulthood

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the risk and protective factors for suicide attempt in emerging adulthood. 189 individuals (18 to 30 years old) participated in the study: 63 had already attempted suicide, 63 had a history of suicidal ideation, and 63 have never had suicidal ideation. They all completed an online research protocol about suicidal attempt and ideation, anxiety, self-esteem, self-efficacy, developmental stressors; social expression, and friendship. Those participants with no history of suicidal attempt showed higher scores of self-efficacy (M = 35.35, SD = 6.44), self-esteem (M = 41.33, SD = 7.02), and family relationships (M = 59.63, SD = 10.01). The suicidal ideation group showed higher scores of social anxiety (M = 26.03, SD = 10.25). Protective factors were essential to prevent the risk of suicide and help in solving problems in emerging adulthood.

Young adults; Suicidal ideation; Suicide attempt; Risk factors; Protective factors

	GAS*	GWSI**	GNOT ***
Mean Age (SD)	23,01 (3,13)	22,28 (2,95)	22,74 (3,00)
Sex
Male	23,8% (n = 15)	36,5% (n = 23)	31,7% (n = 20)
Female	76,2% (n = 48)	63,5% (n = 40)	68,3% (n = 43)
Race
White	58,7% (n = 37)	65,1% (n = 41)	74,6% (n = 47)
Black	14,3% (n = 9)	1,6% (n = 1)	0%
Brown	20,6% (n = 13)	27% (n = 17)	23,8% (n = 15)
Other	6,4% (n = 4)	1,6% (n = 1)	1,6% (n = 1)
Marital Status
Not Married	84,1% (n = 53)	79,4% (n = 50)	84,1% (n = 53)
Married/Living together	11,1% (n = 7)	17,4% (n = 11)	14,2% (n = 9)
ivorced	0%	0%	1,6% (n = 1)
Scholarity
Bellow High School	0%	1,6% (n = 1)	0%
High school	4,8% (n = 3)	9,5% (n = 6)	0%
Undergraduated	73% (n = 46)	65,1% (n = 41)	69,8% (n = 44)
Graduated	22,2% (n = 14)	23,8% (n = 15)	30,2% (n = 19)

Variables	Group means (SD)			F	p	Post hoc tests Bonferroni		Cohen’s d

	GAS*	GWSI**	GNOT***			Comparation	P
Friendship	124,26 (23,16)	126,19 (20,15)	137,63 (12,06)	9,06	> ,001	TS x STCI	1,000	0,10
						TS x STS	< ,001	0,72
						STS x STCI	,003	0,57
Social anxiety	30,89 (11,75)	26,03 (10,25)	19,33 (6,69)	22,08	> ,001	TS x STCI	,019	0,44
						TS x STS	< ,001	1,20
						STS x STCI	,001	0,77
Self-efficacy	30,32 (6,82)	30,74 (6,02)	35,35 (6,44)	11,39	>,001	TS x STCI	1,000	0,06
						TS x STS	< ,001	0,76
						STS x STCI	< ,001	0,73
self esteem	30,61 (9,61)	33,00 (7,40)	41,33 (7,02)	30,38	> ,001	TS x STCI	,306	0,28
						TS x STS	< ,001	1,27
						STS x STCI	< ,001	1,15
Family relationship	46,17 (13,00)	50,98 (12,30)	59,63 (10,01)	20,91	> ,001	TS x STCI	,071	0,38
						TS x STS	< ,001	1,16
						STS x STCI	< ,001	0,77
Family Violence	2,41 (1,38)	1,92 (1,13)	0,73 (0,98)	32,54	> ,001	TS x STCI	,059	0,38
						TS x STS	< ,001	1,40
						STS x STCI	< ,001	1,12
Community Violence	1,40 (1,00)	1,20 (1,01)	0,59 (0,67)	12,72	> ,001	TS x STCI	,684	0,19
						TS x STS	< ,001	0,95
						STS x STCI	< ,001	0,59
Stressors	4,53 (2,58)	3,32 (2,15)	3,05 (1,70)	7,94	> ,001	TS x STCI	,007	0,51
						TS x STS	,001	0,67
						STS x STCI	1,000	0,13
Social Skills	161,93 (38,37)	167.76 (32,12)	187 (40,25)	8,36	> ,001	TS x STCI	1,000	0,16
						TS x STS	< ,001	0,63
						STS x STCI	,009	0,53

Variables	Groups means (SD)		P	Cohen’s ^d

	WT* (n = 28)	WNT** (n = 34)
Friendship	119,50 (23,81)	128,24 (22,55)	,147	0,38
Social anxiety	35,32 (10,62)	27,53 (11,66)	,008	0,76
Self-efficacy	27,55 (5,87)	32,32 (6,87)	,006	0,60
self esteem	26,68 (8,47)	33,76 (9,55)	,003	0,82
Family relationship	41,53 (13,18)	49,88 (11,94)	,011	0,66
Family Violence	2,66 (1,21)	2,21 (1,51)	,203	0,00
Community Violence	1,57 (0,99)	1,25 (1,01)	,222	0,00
Stressors	4,07 (2,26)	4,85 (2,82)	,261	0,00
Social Skills	152,96 (31,50)	168,88 (42,82)	,109	0,43

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[1] Collaborations

AS Pereira: Creator of the larger project from which the article was derived, collection and analysis of the data and writing of the article. AW Rodrigues: Analysis of the data and writing of the article. SH Koller: Supervisor of the larger project, writing and supervision of the article. RMM Almeida: Analysis of the data and writing of the article.