Factors associated with elder abuse: a systematic review of the literature

Santos, Maria Angélica Bezerra dos; Moreira, Rafael da Silveira; Faccio, Patrícia Fernanda; Gomes, Gabriela Carneiro; Silva, Vanessa de Lima

doi:10.1590/1413-81232020256.25112018

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ARTICLE • Ciênc. saúde coletiva 25 (6) • June 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232020256.25112018 copy

Factors associated with elder abuse: a systematic review of the literature

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Elder abuse is a complex public health problem. It is of fundamental importance to ascertain which factors are associated with each specific type of abuse, as a way of enabling the creation of evidence-based public policies. The aim of the present study was to systematically review the literature regarding analytical epidemiological studies of factors associated with elder abuse. Four databases were used for the bibliographic search: Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science and Lilacs, with no limitations regarding year of publication. Articles were selected by pairs of researchers in two stages: reading of abstracts (3.121) and reading of complete articles (64). The total number of articles selected was 27. The risk of bias was evaluated. The factors associated with general violence were age, sex, marital status, educational level, income, family arrangement, social support, solitude, mental disorder, depression, suicide attempt, dependence on others in daily activities, cognitive function, chronic diseases, alcohol or drug abuse, among others. Elder abuse was found to be a multifactorial and complex phenomenon that should not therefore be viewed in a partial one-dimensional manner, but in such a way as to take into account all dimensions and the interdependence of these.

Key words
Violence; Aged 80 and over

Author/Year	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J	K	L	M	N	O
De Donder et al. (2016)¹⁰10 De Donder L, Lang G, Ferreira-Alves J, Penhaled B, Tamutienee I, Luomaf M. Risk factors of severity of abuse against older women in the home setting: A multinational European study. J Women Aging 2016; 28(6):540-554.^#	*	*	*	*	*	*		NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Dong(2016)²¹21 Dong X. Sociodemographic and socioeconomic characteristics of elder self-neglect in an US Chinese aging population. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2016; 64:82-89.^#	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Ruelas-González et al. (2016)³⁴34 Ruelas-González MG, Duarte-Gómez MB, Flores- Hernández S, Ortega-Altamirano DV, Cortés-Gil JD, Taboada A, Ruano AL. Prevalence and factors associated with violence and abuse of older adults in Mexico's 2012 National Health and Nutrition Survey. Int J Equity Health 2016; 15:35.^#	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Burnes et al. (2015)¹¹11 Burnes D, Pillemer K, Caccamise PL, Mason A, Henderson Junior CR, Berman J, Cook AM, Shukoff D, Brownell P, Powell KM, Salamone A, Lachs MS. Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Elder Abuse and Neglect in the Community: A Population-Based Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2015; 63(9):1906-1912.^#	*	*	*	*	*	*		NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Roepke-Buehler et al.( 2015)³⁵35 Roepke-Buehler SK, Simon M, Dong X. Association Between Depressive Symptoms, Multiple Dimensions of Depression, and Elder Abuse: A Cross- Sectional, Population-Based Analysis of Older Adults in Urban Chicago. J Aging Health 2015; 27(6):1003-1025.^#	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Gil et al. (2014)¹⁵15 Gil APM, Kislaya I, Santos AJ, Nunes B, Nicolau R, Fernandes AA. Elder Abuse in Portugal: Findings From the First National Prevalence Study. J Elder Abuse Negl 2014; 27(3):174-195.^#	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Chokkanathan. (2014)¹²12 Chokkanathan S. Factors associated with elder mistreatment in rural Tamil Nadu, India: a cross-sectional survey. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2014; 29(8):863-869.^#		*	*	*	*	*	*	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Cannell et al. (2014)²⁶26 Cannell MB, Manini T, Spence-Almaguer E, Maldonado-Molina M, Andresen EM. U.S. Population Estimates and Correlates of Sexual Abuse of Community-Dwelling Older Adults. J Elder Abuse Negl 2014; 26(4):398-413.^#	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Hernandez-tejada et al.( 2013)²⁷27 Hernandez-Tejada MA, Amstadter A, Muzzy W, Acierno R. The National Elder Mistreatment Study: Race and Ethnicity Findings. J Elder Abuse Negl 2013; 25(4):281-293.^#	*	*	*	*	*	*		NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Jang & Park (2012)²⁸28 Jang MH, Park CG. Risk Factors Influencing Probability and Severity of Elder Abuse in Communitydwelling Older Adults: Applying Zero-inflated Negative Binomial Modeling of Abuse Count Data. J Korean Acad Nurs 2012; 42(6):819-832.^#	*	*	*		*	*	*	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Duque et al. (2012)¹⁶16 Duque AM, Leal MCC, Marques APO, Eskinazi FMV, Amanda Marques, Duque AM. Violência contra idosos no ambiente doméstico: prevalência e fatores associados (Recife/PE). Cien Saude Colet 2012; 17(8):2199-2208.^#		*	*		*	*	*	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Wu et al. (2012)²⁴24 Wu L, Chen H, Hu Y, Xiang H, Yu X, Zhang T, Cao Z, Wang Y. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Elder Mistreatment in a Rural Community in People's Republic of China: A Cross- Sectional Study. PLoS ONE 2012; 7(3): e33857.^#	*	*	*		*	*	*	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Dong et al. (2012)²²22 Dong X, Simon MA, Evans DA. Prevalence of Self-Neglect across Gender, Race, and Socioeconomic Status: Findings from the Chicago Health and Aging Project. Gerontology 2012; 58(3):258-268.^@	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	*	*	*		*
Naughton et al. (2012)¹³13 Naughton C, Drennan J, Lyons I, Lafferty A, Treacy M, Phelan A, O'Loughlin A, Delaney L. Elder abuse and neglect in Ireland: results from A national prevalence survey. Age and Ageing 2012; 41(1):98-103.^#	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Friedman et al. (2011)¹⁷17 Friedman LS, Avila S, Tanouye K, Joseph K. A Case-Control Study of Severe Physical Abuse of Older Adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2011; 59(3):417-422.⁺		*	*		*	*	*	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Beach et al. (2010)²⁵25 Beach SR, Schulz R, Castle NG, Rosen J. Financial Exploitation and Psychological Mistreatment Among Older Adults: Differences Between African Americans and Non African Americans in a Population-Based Survey. Gerontologist 2010; 50(6):744-757.^#		*	*	*	*	*	*	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Dong et al. (2010)³⁶36 Dong X, Simon M, Evans D. Cross-Sectional Study of the Characteristics of Reported Elder Self-Neglect in a Community-Dwelling Population: Findings from a Population-Based Cohort. Gerontology 2010; 56(3): 325-334.^#		*	*	*	*	*	*	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Garre-Olmo et al. (2009)²³23 Garre-Olmo J, Planas-Pujol X, Lopez-Pousa S, Juvinya D, Vila A,Vilalta-Franch J. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Suspected Elder Abuse Subtypes in People Aged 75 and Older. J Am Geriatr Soc 2009; 57(5):815-822.^#	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Choi et al. (2009)²⁰20 Choi NG, Kim J, Asseff J. Self-Neglect and Neglect of Vulnerable Older Adults: Reexamination of Etiology. J Gerontol Soc Work 2009; 52(2):171-187.^#	*		*	*	*	*		NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Pérez-Cárceles et al. (2009)¹⁸18 Perez-Carceles MD, Rubio L, Pereniguez JE, Perez-Flores D, Osuna E, Luna A. Suspicion of elder abuse in South Eastern Spain: The extent and risk factors. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2009; 49(1):132-137.^#	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Dong & Simon (2008)³⁷37 Dong X, Simon MA. Is Greater Social Support a Protective Factor against Elder Mistreatment. Gerontology 2008; 54(6):381-388.^#		*	*	*	*	*	*	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Dong et al. (2008)³⁸38 Dong X, Simon MA, Odwazny R, Gorbien M. Depression and Elder Abuse and Neglect Among a Community-Dwelling Chinese Elderly Population. Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect 2008; 20(1):25-41.^#		*	*	*	*	*	*	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Dong et al. (2007)³⁹39 Dong X, Simon MA, Gorbien M, Percak J, Golden R. Loneliness in Older Chinese Adults: A Risk Factor for Elder Mistreatment. J Am Geriatr Soc 2007; 55(11):1831-1835.^#		*	*	*	*	*	*	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Oh et al. (2006)¹⁴14 Oh J, Kimb HS, Martinsb D, Kimc H. A study of elder abuse in Korea. A study of elder abuse in Korea. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2006; 43:203-214.^#	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Shugarman et al. (2003)¹⁹19 Shugarman LR, Fries BE, Wolf RS, Morris JN. Identifying Older People at Risk of Abuse During Routine Screening Practices. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003; 51(1):24-31.^#		*	*	*	*	*	*	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Comijs et al. (1999)⁴⁰40 Comijs HC, Jonker C , Tilburg WV, Smit JH. Hostility and coping capacity as risk factors of elder mistreatment. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 1999; 34(1):48-52.⁺	*		*	*	*			NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Lachs (1997)⁴¹41 Lachs MS, Williams C, O'Brien S, Hurst L, Horwitz R. Risk Factors for Reported Elder Abuse and Neglect: A Nine-Year Observational Cohort Study. The Cerontologist 1997; 37(4):469-474.^@	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	*	*	*		*	*	*

Author / Year	Country	Design	Sample size	Study population	Type of violence	Measure of violence
De Donder et al. (2016)10	Austria, Belgium, Finland, Lithuania and Portugal	Cross-sectional	2880	Older women> 60 years old	Negligence, emotional, financial, physical and sexual abuse; and violation of personal rights.	Scale of Conflict Tactics Scale 2 (CTS2)
Dong (2016)21	United States	Cross-sectional	3159	Elderly ≥ 60 years	Self-neglect	Instrument of self-neglect, validated (interview)
Ruelas-González et al. (2016)34	Mexico	Cross-sectional	8894	Elderly ≥ 60 years	Theft, assault or violence	NHNS 2012 secondary data from Mexico
Burnes et al. (2015)11	United States	Cross-sectional	4156	Elderly ≥ 60 years	Physical abuse, emotional abuse and neglect of the elderly.	Scale of Tactics and Conflicts (CTS) and Scale of Resources and Services for Older Americans (OARS)
Roepke-Buehler et al. (2015)35	United States	Cross-sectional	10419	Elderly ≥ 65years	All types of abuse	Questionnaire
Gil et al. (2014)15	Portugal	Cross-sectional	1123	Elderly ≥ 60 years	Financial, physical, psychological, sexual and negligent abuse	Questionnaire
Chokkanathan (2014)12	India	Cross-sectional	902	Elderly ≥ 61years	Psychological abuse. Physical, Financial, Neglect	Questionnaire-version of the Tactical Conflict Scale (CTS) (Straus, 1979)
Cannell et al. (2014)26	United States	Cross-sectional	24343	Elderly ≥ 60 years	Sexual violence	Surveillance of the Behavioral Risk Factor System (BRFSS)
Hernandez-Tejada et al. (2013)27	Canada	Cross-sectional	5776	Elderly ≥ 60 years	Emotional, physical, sexual and financial mistreatment, as well as negligence	Interview (RDD)
Jang e Park (2012)28	Korea	Cross-sectional	416	Elderly ≥ 65 years	Psychological abuse, physical abuse and general abuse	Self-report questionnaires
Duque et al. (2012)¹⁶16 Duque AM, Leal MCC, Marques APO, Eskinazi FMV, Amanda Marques, Duque AM. Violência contra idosos no ambiente doméstico: prevalência e fatores associados (Recife/PE). Cien Saude Colet 2012; 17(8):2199-2208.	Braxil	Cross-sectional	274	Elderly ≥ 60 years	Physical, psychological, financial and economic abuse and sexual violence.	Instrument of the Ministry of Health in Basic Care Notebooks.
Wu et al. (2012)²⁴24 Wu L, Chen H, Hu Y, Xiang H, Yu X, Zhang T, Cao Z, Wang Y. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Elder Mistreatment in a Rural Community in People's Republic of China: A Cross- Sectional Study. PLoS ONE 2012; 7(3): e33857.	China	Cross-sectional	2.000	Elderly ≥ 60 years	Psychological, financial or physical abuse, as well as negligence	Questionnaires: (Hwalek-Sengstock screening for elder abuse and the Vulnerability Scale for Abuse-VASS)
Dong et al. (2012)²²22 Dong X, Simon MA, Evans DA. Prevalence of Self-Neglect across Gender, Race, and Socioeconomic Status: Findings from the Chicago Health and Aging Project. Gerontology 2012; 58(3):258-268.	United States	Cohort	4.627	Elderly ≥ 65 years	Self-neglect	Standardized questionnaires
Naughton et al. (2012)¹³13 Naughton C, Drennan J, Lyons I, Lafferty A, Treacy M, Phelan A, O'Loughlin A, Delaney L. Elder abuse and neglect in Ireland: results from A national prevalence survey. Age and Ageing 2012; 41(1):98-103.	United Kingdom	Cross-sectional	2.000	Elderly ≥ 65 years	Economic, psychological abuse. physical abuse negligence and sexual abuse	Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS) and Daily Life Activities Tool (ADL)
Friedman et al.(2011)¹⁷17 Friedman LS, Avila S, Tanouye K, Joseph K. A Case-Control Study of Severe Physical Abuse of Older Adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2011; 59(3):417-422.	United States	Case-control	41 cases, 123 controls	Elderly ≥ 60years	Abuse and neglect	Data entry form linked to trauma record bank.
Beach et al. (2010)²⁵25 Beach SR, Schulz R, Castle NG, Rosen J. Financial Exploitation and Psychological Mistreatment Among Older Adults: Differences Between African Americans and Non African Americans in a Population-Based Survey. Gerontologist 2010; 50(6):744-757.	United States	Cross-sectional	903	Elderly ≥ 60y ears	Financial exploitation and psychological maltreatment	Interviews
Dong et al. (2010)³⁶36 Dong X, Simon M, Evans D. Cross-Sectional Study of the Characteristics of Reported Elder Self-Neglect in a Community-Dwelling Population: Findings from a Population-Based Cohort. Gerontology 2010; 56(3): 325-334.	United States	Cross-sectional	1812	Elderly ≥ 65 years	Self-neglect	Cases reported to CDOA. A total of 15 were used.
Garre-Olmo et al.(2009)²³23 Garre-Olmo J, Planas-Pujol X, Lopez-Pousa S, Juvinya D, Vila A,Vilalta-Franch J. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Suspected Elder Abuse Subtypes in People Aged 75 and Older. J Am Geriatr Soc 2009; 57(5):815-822.	Spain	Cross-sectional	673	Elderly ≥ 75 years	All abuse	American Medical Association Screen (AMA)
Choi et al. (2009)²⁰20 Choi NG, Kim J, Asseff J. Self-Neglect and Neglect of Vulnerable Older Adults: Reexamination of Etiology. J Gerontol Soc Work 2009; 52(2):171-187.	United States	Cross-sectional	400	Elderly ≥ 60 years	Self-neglect and neglect	Customer assessment and risk assessment (CARE)
Pérez-Cárceles et al. (2009)¹⁸18 Perez-Carceles MD, Rubio L, Pereniguez JE, Perez-Flores D, Osuna E, Luna A. Suspicion of elder abuse in South Eastern Spain: The extent and risk factors. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2009; 49(1):132-137.	Spain	Cross-sectional	460	Elderly ≥ 65 years	Suspected Abuse	Questionnaire (Canadian Task Force CTF) and AMA.
Dong and Simon (2008)³⁷37 Dong X, Simon MA. Is Greater Social Support a Protective Factor against Elder Mistreatment. Gerontology 2008; 54(6):381-388.	China	Cross-sectional	412	Elderly ≥ 60 years	All abuse	Validity index of social instrument support (SSI); Modified Vulnerability to Abuse Triage Scale (VASS)
Dong et al. (2008)³⁸38 Dong X, Simon MA, Odwazny R, Gorbien M. Depression and Elder Abuse and Neglect Among a Community-Dwelling Chinese Elderly Population. Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect 2008; 20(1):25-41.	China	Cross-sectional	412	Elderly ≥ 60 years	Abuse and neglect	Geriatric Depression Scale.
Dong et al. (2007)³⁹39 Dong X, Simon MA, Gorbien M, Percak J, Golden R. Loneliness in Older Chinese Adults: A Risk Factor for Elder Mistreatment. J Am Geriatr Soc 2007; 55(11):1831-1835.	China	Cross-sectional	412	Elderly ≥ 60 years	Mistreatment	Instruments and direct questions on mistreatment
Oh et al. (2006)¹⁴14 Oh J, Kimb HS, Martinsb D, Kimc H. A study of elder abuse in Korea. A study of elder abuse in Korea. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2006; 43:203-214.	Korea	Cross-sectional	15.230	Elderly ≥ 65 years	Physical, emotional, economic and verbal abuse and neglect.	Interviews conducted at home
Shugarman et al. (2003)¹⁹19 Shugarman LR, Fries BE, Wolf RS, Morris JN. Identifying Older People at Risk of Abuse During Routine Screening Practices. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003; 51(1):24-31.	United States	Cross-sectional	701	Elderly ≥ 60 years	Physical, emotional and negligence.	Data evaluation for minimum home care (MDS-HC).
Comijs et al. (1999)⁴⁰40 Comijs HC, Jonker C , Tilburg WV, Smit JH. Hostility and coping capacity as risk factors of elder mistreatment. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 1999; 34(1):48-52.	Netherlands	Case-control	217	Elderly ≥ 65 years	Verbal aggression, physical assault and financial mistreatment	The BDHI-D. The translated version of the Lie scale of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ-L)
Lachs (1997)⁴¹41 Lachs MS, Williams C, O'Brien S, Hurst L, Horwitz R. Risk Factors for Reported Elder Abuse and Neglect: A Nine-Year Observational Cohort Study. The Cerontologist 1997; 37(4):469-474.	United States	Cohort	2.812	Elderly ≥ 65 years	Abuse and neglect	Standardized instruments were used wherever possible.

Author/Year	Associated Factor	Association Measure (OR/AR/RP)	P or CI	Type of Abuse
De Donder et al. (2016)¹⁰10 De Donder L, Lang G, Ferreira-Alves J, Penhaled B, Tamutienee I, Luomaf M. Risk factors of severity of abuse against older women in the home setting: A multinational European study. J Women Aging 2016; 28(6):540-554.	Age			Negligence, emotional, financial, physical and sexual abuse and violation of personal rights
	60 to 69 years	3.00	< 0.05
	70 to 79 years	2.11	< 0.05
	80 or more	1
Gil et al. (2014)¹⁵15 Gil APM, Kislaya I, Santos AJ, Nunes B, Nicolau R, Fernandes AA. Elder Abuse in Portugal: Findings From the First National Prevalence Study. J Elder Abuse Negl 2014; 27(3):174-195.	Age			Financial, physical, psychological, sexual abuse and negligence
	60 to 75 years	0.92	0.004
	76 years or +	1.1	0.037
Oh et al. (2006)¹⁴14 Oh J, Kimb HS, Martinsb D, Kimc H. A study of elder abuse in Korea. A study of elder abuse in Korea. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2006; 43:203-214.	Age			Physical, emotional, economic, verbal abuse and neglect
	65 to 69 years	1.33	< 0.05
	75 to 79 years	1.31	< 0.05
	80 years or +	1
Chokkanathan (2014)¹²12 Chokkanathan S. Factors associated with elder mistreatment in rural Tamil Nadu, India: a cross-sectional survey. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2014; 29(8):863-869.	Age			Psychological abuse. Physical, Financial abuse, Neglect
	Greater than 71	1.48	0.05
	61- 70	1
Duque et al. (2012)¹⁶16 Duque AM, Leal MCC, Marques APO, Eskinazi FMV, Amanda Marques, Duque AM. Violência contra idosos no ambiente doméstico: prevalência e fatores associados (Recife/PE). Cien Saude Colet 2012; 17(8):2199-2208.	Sex			Physical and psychological abuse, financial and economic abuse, and sexual violence.
	Female	2	0.05
	Male	1
Friedman et al. (2011)¹⁷17 Friedman LS, Avila S, Tanouye K, Joseph K. A Case-Control Study of Severe Physical Abuse of Older Adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2011; 59(3):417-422.	Sex			Abuse and neglect
	Female	3.5	0.008
	Male	1
Pérez-Cárceles et al. (2009)¹⁸18 Perez-Carceles MD, Rubio L, Pereniguez JE, Perez-Flores D, Osuna E, Luna A. Suspicion of elder abuse in South Eastern Spain: The extent and risk factors. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2009; 49(1):132-137.	Sex			Suspected Abuse
	Female	1.17	0.01
	Male	1
Oh et al. (2006)¹⁴14 Oh J, Kimb HS, Martinsb D, Kimc H. A study of elder abuse in Korea. A study of elder abuse in Korea. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2006; 43:203-214.	Sex			Physical, emotional, economic, verbal abuse and neglect
	Male	1.34	< 0.01
	Female	1
De Donder et al. (2016)¹⁰10 De Donder L, Lang G, Ferreira-Alves J, Penhaled B, Tamutienee I, Luomaf M. Risk factors of severity of abuse against older women in the home setting: A multinational European study. J Women Aging 2016; 28(6):540-554.	Marital status			Negligence, emotional, financial, physical and sexual abuse and violation of personal rights
	Married	1.57	<0.05
	Not married	1
Gil et al. (2014)¹⁵15 Gil APM, Kislaya I, Santos AJ, Nunes B, Nicolau R, Fernandes AA. Elder Abuse in Portugal: Findings From the First National Prevalence Study. J Elder Abuse Negl 2014; 27(3):174-195.	Education Level			Financial, physical, psychological, sexual abuse and negligence
	less than 5 years	0.34	0.003
	5 to 9 years	0.17	0.001
	10 or more years	0.3	0.021
	no schooling	1
Choi et al. (2009)²⁰20 Choi NG, Kim J, Asseff J. Self-Neglect and Neglect of Vulnerable Older Adults: Reexamination of Etiology. J Gerontol Soc Work 2009; 52(2):171-187.	Economic hardship			Self-neglect and neglect
	Yes	2.062	<0.001
	No	1
Pérez-Cárceles et al. (2009)¹⁸18 Perez-Carceles MD, Rubio L, Pereniguez JE, Perez-Flores D, Osuna E, Luna A. Suspicion of elder abuse in South Eastern Spain: The extent and risk factors. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2009; 49(1):132-137.	Income			Suspected Abuse
	≤600/month	3.51	0.001
	≥600/month	1
Oh et al. (2006)¹⁴14 Oh J, Kimb HS, Martinsb D, Kimc H. A study of elder abuse in Korea. A study of elder abuse in Korea. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2006; 43:203-214.	Economic capacity			Physical, emotional, economic, verbal abuse and neglect
	Partially dependent	0.78	< 0.05
	Totally dependent	1
Oh et al. (2006)¹⁴14 Oh J, Kimb HS, Martinsb D, Kimc H. A study of elder abuse in Korea. A study of elder abuse in Korea. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2006; 43:203-214.	Economic level			Physical, emotional, economic, verbal abuse and neglect
	Lower	4.84	< 0.01
	Low	3.5	< 0.01
	Medium	1.61	< 0.05
	High	1.92	< 0.05
	Highest	1
Oh et al. (2006)¹⁴14 Oh J, Kimb HS, Martinsb D, Kimc H. A study of elder abuse in Korea. A study of elder abuse in Korea. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2006; 43:203-214.	Expected type of family arrangement			Physical, emotional, economic, verbal abuse and neglect
	Living with the family of a married child	1.96	< 0.05
	Other Arrangements	1
Pérez-Cárceles et al. (2009)¹⁸18 Perez-Carceles MD, Rubio L, Pereniguez JE, Perez-Flores D, Osuna E, Luna A. Suspicion of elder abuse in South Eastern Spain: The extent and risk factors. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2009; 49(1):132-137.	Living alone or with children			Suspected Abuse
	yes	10.25	0.001
	Not	1
Duque et al. (2012)¹⁶16 Duque AM, Leal MCC, Marques APO, Eskinazi FMV, Amanda Marques, Duque AM. Violência contra idosos no ambiente doméstico: prevalência e fatores associados (Recife/PE). Cien Saude Colet 2012; 17(8):2199-2208.	Living alone or with children			physical, psychological, financial and economic abuse and sexual violence.
	yes	10.25	0.001
	Not	1
Jang e Park (2012)²⁸28 Jang MH, Park CG. Risk Factors Influencing Probability and Severity of Elder Abuse in Communitydwelling Older Adults: Applying Zero-inflated Negative Binomial Modeling of Abuse Count Data. J Korean Acad Nurs 2012; 42(6):819-832.	Family support			Psychological, physical and general abuse
	High level of family support	0.44	< 0.001
	Less support from family	1
Oh et al. (2006)¹⁴14 Oh J, Kimb HS, Martinsb D, Kimc H. A study of elder abuse in Korea. A study of elder abuse in Korea. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2006; 43:203-214.	Family relationship			Physical, emotional, economic, verbal abuse and neglect
	Very good	0.02	< 0.01
	Good	0.04	< 0.01
	Average	0.18	< 0.01
	Bad	1
Pérez-Cárceles et al. (2009)¹⁸18 Perez-Carceles MD, Rubio L, Pereniguez JE, Perez-Flores D, Osuna E, Luna A. Suspicion of elder abuse in South Eastern Spain: The extent and risk factors. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2009; 49(1):132-137.	Frequent arguments with relatives			Suspected Abuse
	Yes	9.01	0.001
	No	1
Shugarman et al. (2003)¹⁹19 Shugarman LR, Fries BE, Wolf RS, Morris JN. Identifying Older People at Risk of Abuse During Routine Screening Practices. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003; 51(1):24-31.	Reported conflict with family or friends			Physical, emotional abuse and neglect.
	Yes	2.28	1.21- 4.28^* * CI = 90%.
	No	1
Naughton et al. (2012)¹³13 Naughton C, Drennan J, Lyons I, Lafferty A, Treacy M, Phelan A, O'Loughlin A, Delaney L. Elder abuse and neglect in Ireland: results from A national prevalence survey. Age and Ageing 2012; 41(1):98-103.	Social support			Economic, psychological abuse. Physical violence, neglect and sexual abuse
	Weak	3.11	1.29 - 7.46
	Strong	1
Dong et al. (2007)³⁹39 Dong X, Simon MA, Gorbien M, Percak J, Golden R. Loneliness in Older Chinese Adults: A Risk Factor for Elder Mistreatment. J Am Geriatr Soc 2007; 55(11):1831-1835.	Solitude score			Mistreatment
	4 to 6	1.32	0.81- 2.13
	7 to 9	2.74	1.19 - 6.26
	1 to 3	1
Dong e Simon (2008)³⁷37 Dong X, Simon MA. Is Greater Social Support a Protective Factor against Elder Mistreatment. Gerontology 2008; 54(6):381-388.	Someone to speak to			Abuse and neglect
	All the time	0.18	< 0.001
	Not at all	1
Dong e Simon (2008)³⁷37 Dong X, Simon MA. Is Greater Social Support a Protective Factor against Elder Mistreatment. Gerontology 2008; 54(6):381-388.	Someone to give you good advice			Abuse and neglect
	All the time	0.15	< 0.001
	Not at all	1
Dong e Simon (2008)³⁷37 Dong X, Simon MA. Is Greater Social Support a Protective Factor against Elder Mistreatment. Gerontology 2008; 54(6):381-388.	Someone shows love and affection			Abuse and neglect
	All the time	0.3	< 0.001
	Not at all	1
Dong e Simon (2008)³⁷37 Dong X, Simon MA. Is Greater Social Support a Protective Factor against Elder Mistreatment. Gerontology 2008; 54(6):381-388.	Someone helps with daily chores			Abuse and neglect
	All the time	0.43	< 0.05
	Not at all	1
Dong e Simon (2008)³⁷37 Dong X, Simon MA. Is Greater Social Support a Protective Factor against Elder Mistreatment. Gerontology 2008; 54(6):381-388.	Can get in touch with someone you trust			Abuse and neglect
	Sometimes	0.27	< 0.05
	All the time	0.08	< 0.001
	Not at all	1
Dong e Simon (2008)³⁷37 Dong X, Simon MA. Is Greater Social Support a Protective Factor against Elder Mistreatment. Gerontology 2008; 54(6):381-388.	Someone provides emotional support			Abuse and neglect
	All the time	0.11	< 0.001
	Not at all	1
De Donder et al. (2016)¹⁰10 De Donder L, Lang G, Ferreira-Alves J, Penhaled B, Tamutienee I, Luomaf M. Risk factors of severity of abuse against older women in the home setting: A multinational European study. J Women Aging 2016; 28(6):540-554.	Behavioral disengagement			Negligence, emotional, financial, physical and sexual abuse and violation of personal rights
	Mechanism of coping with behavioral attrition (quitting)
	Yes	1.43	< 0.05
	No	1
De Donder et al. (2016)¹⁰10 De Donder L, Lang G, Ferreira-Alves J, Penhaled B, Tamutienee I, Luomaf M. Risk factors of severity of abuse against older women in the home setting: A multinational European study. J Women Aging 2016; 28(6):540-554.	Loneliness (Feeling lonely)			Negligence, emotional, financial, physical and sexual abuse and violation of personal rights
	Yes	1.35	< 0.05
	No	1
Shugarman et al. (2003)¹⁹19 Shugarman LR, Fries BE, Wolf RS, Morris JN. Identifying Older People at Risk of Abuse During Routine Screening Practices. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003; 51(1):24-31.	Not willing to interact with others			Physical and emotional abuse and neglect.
	Yes	2.50	1.17- 5.368^* * CI = 90%.
	No	1
Shugarman et al. (2003)¹⁹19 Shugarman LR, Fries BE, Wolf RS, Morris JN. Identifying Older People at Risk of Abuse During Routine Screening Practices. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003; 51(1):24-31.	Indicates feelings of loneliness
	Yes	2.36	1.25- 4.48^* * CI = 90%.
	No	1
Shugarman et al. (2003)¹⁹19 Shugarman LR, Fries BE, Wolf RS, Morris JN. Identifying Older People at Risk of Abuse During Routine Screening Practices. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003; 51(1):24-31.	Fragile support system
	Yes	3.54	1.54- 8.13^* * CI = 90%.
	No	1
Friedman et al. (2011)¹⁷17 Friedman LS, Avila S, Tanouye K, Joseph K. A Case-Control Study of Severe Physical Abuse of Older Adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2011; 59(3):417-422.	Mental disorder			Abuse and neglect
	Yes	9.1	< 0.001
	No	1
Naughton et al. (2012)¹³13 Naughton C, Drennan J, Lyons I, Lafferty A, Treacy M, Phelan A, O'Loughlin A, Delaney L. Elder abuse and neglect in Ireland: results from A national prevalence survey. Age and Ageing 2012; 41(1):98-103.	Mental health			Economic, psychological, physical abuse, neglect and sexual abuse
	Below average	4.51	2.22- 9.14
	Above average	1
Shugarman et al. (2003)¹⁹19 Shugarman LR, Fries BE, Wolf RS, Morris JN. Identifying Older People at Risk of Abuse During Routine Screening Practices. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003; 51(1):24-31.	Some psychiatric diagnosis			Physical and emotional abuse and neglect.
	Yes	2.39	1.17- 4.89^* * CI = 90%.
	No	1
Ruelas-González et al. (2016)³⁴34 Ruelas-González MG, Duarte-Gómez MB, Flores- Hernández S, Ortega-Altamirano DV, Cortés-Gil JD, Taboada A, Ruano AL. Prevalence and factors associated with violence and abuse of older adults in Mexico's 2012 National Health and Nutrition Survey. Int J Equity Health 2016; 15:35.	Depression			Robbery and aggression or violence
	Yes	3.4	0.06
	No	1
Roepke-Buehler et al. (2015)³⁵35 Roepke-Buehler SK, Simon M, Dong X. Association Between Depressive Symptoms, Multiple Dimensions of Depression, and Elder Abuse: A Cross- Sectional, Population-Based Analysis of Older Adults in Urban Chicago. J Aging Health 2015; 27(6):1003-1025.	Depression			Physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, neglect, self-neglect and financial exploitation.
	Yes	1.75	< 0.01
	No
Dong et al. (2008)³⁸38 Dong X, Simon MA, Odwazny R, Gorbien M. Depression and Elder Abuse and Neglect Among a Community-Dwelling Chinese Elderly Population. Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect 2008; 20(1):25-41.	Depression score			Elder abuse and neglect
	3 - 5	3.26	< 0.01
	0- 2	1
Jang e Park (2012)²⁸28 Jang MH, Park CG. Risk Factors Influencing Probability and Severity of Elder Abuse in Communitydwelling Older Adults: Applying Zero-inflated Negative Binomial Modeling of Abuse Count Data. J Korean Acad Nurs 2012; 42(6):819-832.	History of attempted suicide			Psychological, physical and general abuse
	Yes	2.39	0.005
	No	1
Ruelas-González et al. (2016)³⁴34 Ruelas-González MG, Duarte-Gómez MB, Flores- Hernández S, Ortega-Altamirano DV, Cortés-Gil JD, Taboada A, Ruano AL. Prevalence and factors associated with violence and abuse of older adults in Mexico's 2012 National Health and Nutrition Survey. Int J Equity Health 2016; 15:35.	Woman not head of house	2.9	0.06	Robbery and aggression or violence
	Woman head of house	1		Robbery and aggression or violence
Gil et al. (2014)¹⁵15 Gil APM, Kislaya I, Santos AJ, Nunes B, Nicolau R, Fernandes AA. Elder Abuse in Portugal: Findings From the First National Prevalence Study. J Elder Abuse Negl 2014; 27(3):174-195.	Functional status		0.015	Financial, physical, psychological, sexual abuse and negligence
	Dependent on ADL help	2.19
	Not dependent on ADL help	1
Choi et al. (2009)²⁰20 Choi NG, Kim J, Asseff J. Self-Neglect and Neglect of Vulnerable Older Adults: Reexamination of Etiology. J Gerontol Soc Work 2009; 52(2):171-187.	Activ. Impaired daily life	2.802	< 0.001	Self-neglect and neglect.
	Activ. Independent daily life	1		Self-neglect and neglect.
Pérez-Cárceles et al. (2009)¹⁸18 Perez-Carceles MD, Rubio L, Pereniguez JE, Perez-Flores D, Osuna E, Luna A. Suspicion of elder abuse in South Eastern Spain: The extent and risk factors. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2009; 49(1):132-137.	Functional incapacity for daily activ.			Suspected Abuse
	Yes	4.39	0.001
	No	1
Oh et al. (2006)¹⁴14 Oh J, Kimb HS, Martinsb D, Kimc H. A study of elder abuse in Korea. A study of elder abuse in Korea. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2006; 43:203-214.	Physical health			Physical, emotional, economic, verbal abuse and neglect
	ADL lower
	Yes	0.96	< 0.05
	No	1
Oh et al. (2006)¹⁴14 Oh J, Kimb HS, Martinsb D, Kimc H. A study of elder abuse in Korea. A study of elder abuse in Korea. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2006; 43:203-214.	Lower IADL
	Yes	1.03	< 0.05
	No	1
Oh et al. (2006)¹⁴14 Oh J, Kimb HS, Martinsb D, Kimc H. A study of elder abuse in Korea. A study of elder abuse in Korea. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2006; 43:203-214.	More sick days
	Yes	1.05	< 0.01
	No	1
Lachs (1997)⁴¹41 Lachs MS, Williams C, O'Brien S, Hurst L, Horwitz R. Risk Factors for Reported Elder Abuse and Neglect: A Nine-Year Observational Cohort Study. The Cerontologist 1997; 37(4):469-474.	Change in cognitive function (decline)			Abuse and neglect
	New disability	5.1	2.0-12.7
	Without impairment	1
Choi et al. (2009)²⁰20 Choi NG, Kim J, Asseff J. Self-Neglect and Neglect of Vulnerable Older Adults: Reexamination of Etiology. J Gerontol Soc Work 2009; 52(2):171-187.	Cognitive impairment			Self-neglect and neglect.
	Yes	2.126	<0.001
	No	1
Shugarman et al. (2003)¹⁹19 Shugarman LR, Fries BE, Wolf RS, Morris JN. Identifying Older People at Risk of Abuse During Routine Screening Practices. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003; 51(1):24-31.	Short-term memory problems			Physical, emotional, economic and neglect
	Yes	2.88	1.47- 5.69^* * CI = 90%.
	No	1
Jang e Park (2012)²⁸28 Jang MH, Park CG. Risk Factors Influencing Probability and Severity of Elder Abuse in Communitydwelling Older Adults: Applying Zero-inflated Negative Binomial Modeling of Abuse Count Data. J Korean Acad Nurs 2012; 42(6):819-832.	N º of chronic diseases			Psychological, physical and general abuse
	≥3 diseases	0.20	0.019
	None	1
Friedman et al. (2011)¹⁷17 Friedman LS, Avila S, Tanouye K, Joseph K. A Case-Control Study of Severe Physical Abuse of Older Adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2011; 59(3):417-422.	Drug or alcohol abuse			Abuse and neglect
	Yes	8	0.001
	No	1
Shugarman et al. (2003)¹⁹19 Shugarman LR, Fries BE, Wolf RS, Morris JN. Identifying Older People at Risk of Abuse During Routine Screening Practices. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003; 51(1):24-31.	Alcohol abuse			Physical and emotional abuse and neglect.
	Yes	8.80	2.63- 29.3^* * CI = 90%.
	No	1
Pérez-Cárceles et al. (2009)¹⁸18 Perez-Carceles MD, Rubio L, Pereniguez JE, Perez-Flores D, Osuna E, Luna A. Suspicion of elder abuse in South Eastern Spain: The extent and risk factors. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2009; 49(1):132-137.	Poor bodily or oral hygiene			Suspected Abuse
	Yes	12.23	0.001
	No	1

Author/Year	Associated Factor	Association Measure (OR/AR/RP)	P ou CI	Type of Abuse
Dong (2016)²¹21 Dong X. Sociodemographic and socioeconomic characteristics of elder self-neglect in an US Chinese aging population. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2016; 64:82-89.	Age			Self- neglect (slight)
	> 80 years	1.43	< 0.05
	60-70 years	1
Dong (2016)²¹21 Dong X. Sociodemographic and socioeconomic characteristics of elder self-neglect in an US Chinese aging population. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2016; 64:82-89.	Age			Self-neglect (moderate/severe)
	> 80 years	1.61	< 0.001
	71-80 years	0.7	< 0.001
	60 - 70 years	1
Dong (2016)²¹21 Dong X. Sociodemographic and socioeconomic characteristics of elder self-neglect in an US Chinese aging population. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2016; 64:82-89.	Sex			Self- neglect
	Female	0.73	< 0.001
	Male	1
Dong et al. (2012)²²22 Dong X, Simon MA, Evans DA. Prevalence of Self-Neglect across Gender, Race, and Socioeconomic Status: Findings from the Chicago Health and Aging Project. Gerontology 2012; 58(3):258-268.	Race/ethnicity			Self- neglect
	Black Men	6.21	< 0.005
	White Men	1
	Black women	4.52	< 0.005
	White women	1
Dong (2016)²¹21 Dong X. Sociodemographic and socioeconomic characteristics of elder self-neglect in an US Chinese aging population. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2016; 64:82-89.	Education/years of study			Self- neglect (slight)
	0 to 6 years	2.13	< 0.001
	7 to 12 years	1.67	< 0.001
	> 12 years	1
Dong (2016)²¹21 Dong X. Sociodemographic and socioeconomic characteristics of elder self-neglect in an US Chinese aging population. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2016; 64:82-89.	Education / years of study			Self-neglect (moderate/severe)
	0 to 6 years	2.88	< 0.01
	7 to 12 years	2.76	< 0.001
	> 12 years	1
Dong et al. (2012)²²22 Dong X, Simon MA, Evans DA. Prevalence of Self-Neglect across Gender, Race, and Socioeconomic Status: Findings from the Chicago Health and Aging Project. Gerontology 2012; 58(3):258-268.	Education			Self- neglect
	< Secondary School - Men	2.73	< 0.005
	college - Men	1
	< Secondary School - women	1.66	< 0.005
	college - women	1
Dong et al. (2012)²²22 Dong X, Simon MA, Evans DA. Prevalence of Self-Neglect across Gender, Race, and Socioeconomic Status: Findings from the Chicago Health and Aging Project. Gerontology 2012; 58(3):258-268.	Annual income			Self- neglect
	< US $15,000 -Men	5.02	< 0.005
	> US $30,000-Men	1
	< US $15,000- women	5.11	< 0.005
	> US $30,000-women	1
Roepke-Buehler et al. (2015)³⁵35 Roepke-Buehler SK, Simon M, Dong X. Association Between Depressive Symptoms, Multiple Dimensions of Depression, and Elder Abuse: A Cross- Sectional, Population-Based Analysis of Older Adults in Urban Chicago. J Aging Health 2015; 27(6):1003-1025.	Depression			Self-neglect confirmed
	Yes	1.32	<0.001
	No	1
Dong et al. (2010)³⁶36 Dong X, Simon M, Evans D. Cross-Sectional Study of the Characteristics of Reported Elder Self-Neglect in a Community-Dwelling Population: Findings from a Population-Based Cohort. Gerontology 2010; 56(3): 325-334.	Social network			Self- neglect
	Lower levels	1.02	1.01 - 1.04
	Higher levels	1
Dong et al. (2010)³⁶36 Dong X, Simon M, Evans D. Cross-Sectional Study of the Characteristics of Reported Elder Self-Neglect in a Community-Dwelling Population: Findings from a Population-Based Cohort. Gerontology 2010; 56(3): 325-334.	Social Engagement			Self- neglect
	Lower levels	1.15	1.09 - 1.22
	Higher levels	1
Burnes et al. (2015)¹¹11 Burnes D, Pillemer K, Caccamise PL, Mason A, Henderson Junior CR, Berman J, Cook AM, Shukoff D, Brownell P, Powell KM, Salamone A, Lachs MS. Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Elder Abuse and Neglect in the Community: A Population-Based Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2015; 63(9):1906-1912.	Age			Negligence
	greater than or equal to 85	0.3	0.01
	60-69	1
Wu et al. (2012)²⁴24 Wu L, Chen H, Hu Y, Xiang H, Yu X, Zhang T, Cao Z, Wang Y. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Elder Mistreatment in a Rural Community in People's Republic of China: A Cross- Sectional Study. PLoS ONE 2012; 7(3): e33857.	Sex			Negligence
	Female	0.6	0.5- 0.8
	Male	1
Burnes et al. (2015)¹¹11 Burnes D, Pillemer K, Caccamise PL, Mason A, Henderson Junior CR, Berman J, Cook AM, Shukoff D, Brownell P, Powell KM, Salamone A, Lachs MS. Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Elder Abuse and Neglect in the Community: A Population-Based Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2015; 63(9):1906-1912.	Marital status			Negligence
	Separated or divorced	2.3	≤0.05
	Married	1
Burnes et al. (2015)¹¹11 Burnes D, Pillemer K, Caccamise PL, Mason A, Henderson Junior CR, Berman J, Cook AM, Shukoff D, Brownell P, Powell KM, Salamone A, Lachs MS. Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Elder Abuse and Neglect in the Community: A Population-Based Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2015; 63(9):1906-1912.	Ethnicity			Negligence
	Hispanic	0.2	≤0.05
	Caucasian	1
Burnes et al. (2015)¹¹11 Burnes D, Pillemer K, Caccamise PL, Mason A, Henderson Junior CR, Berman J, Cook AM, Shukoff D, Brownell P, Powell KM, Salamone A, Lachs MS. Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Elder Abuse and Neglect in the Community: A Population-Based Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2015; 63(9):1906-1912.	Below the poverty line			Negligence
	Yes	2.2	≤0.05
	No	1
Oh et al. (2006)¹⁴14 Oh J, Kimb HS, Martinsb D, Kimc H. A study of elder abuse in Korea. A study of elder abuse in Korea. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2006; 43:203-214.	Economic level			Negligence
	Very low	3.36	<0.01
	Low	2.47	<0.05
	Higher	1
Oh et al. (2006)¹⁴14 Oh J, Kimb HS, Martinsb D, Kimc H. A study of elder abuse in Korea. A study of elder abuse in Korea. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2006; 43:203-214.	Economic capacity			Negligence
	Partially dependent	0.49	<0.01
	Totally dependent	1
Garre-Olmo et al. (2009)²³23 Garre-Olmo J, Planas-Pujol X, Lopez-Pousa S, Juvinya D, Vila A,Vilalta-Franch J. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Suspected Elder Abuse Subtypes in People Aged 75 and Older. J Am Geriatr Soc 2009; 57(5):815-822.	Who do you live with?			Negligence
	With other family members	5.29	2.65- 10.56
	Alone	1
Oh et al. (2006)¹⁴14 Oh J, Kimb HS, Martinsb D, Kimc H. A study of elder abuse in Korea. A study of elder abuse in Korea. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2006; 43:203-214.	Family relationship			Negligence
	Very good	0.01	<0.01
	Good	0.01	<0.01
	Average	0.14	<0.01
	Bad	1
Garre-Olmo et al. (2009)²³23 Garre-Olmo J, Planas-Pujol X, Lopez-Pousa S, Juvinya D, Vila A,Vilalta-Franch J. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Suspected Elder Abuse Subtypes in People Aged 75 and Older. J Am Geriatr Soc 2009; 57(5):815-822.	Access to a trusted person			Negligence
	Yes	0.52	0.27-0.99
	No	1
Garre-Olmo et al. (2009)²³23 Garre-Olmo J, Planas-Pujol X, Lopez-Pousa S, Juvinya D, Vila A,Vilalta-Franch J. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Suspected Elder Abuse Subtypes in People Aged 75 and Older. J Am Geriatr Soc 2009; 57(5):815-822.	Beneficiary of social services			Negligence
	Yes	1.83	1.05- 3.20
	No	1
Wu et al. (2012)²⁴24 Wu L, Chen H, Hu Y, Xiang H, Yu X, Zhang T, Cao Z, Wang Y. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Elder Mistreatment in a Rural Community in People's Republic of China: A Cross- Sectional Study. PLoS ONE 2012; 7(3): e33857.	Intensity of work			Negligence
	Moderate	1.6	1.1- 2.3
	High	1.8	1.3- 2.4
	Low	1
Wu et al. (2012)²⁴24 Wu L, Chen H, Hu Y, Xiang H, Yu X, Zhang T, Cao Z, Wang Y. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Elder Mistreatment in a Rural Community in People's Republic of China: A Cross- Sectional Study. PLoS ONE 2012; 7(3): e33857.	Depression			Negligence
	Yes	2.6	1.9- 3.5
	No	1
Oh et al. (2006)¹⁴14 Oh J, Kimb HS, Martinsb D, Kimc H. A study of elder abuse in Korea. A study of elder abuse in Korea. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2006; 43:203-214.	Physical health			Negligence
	Lower IADL
	Yes	0.92	<0.05
	No	1
Burnes et al. (2015)¹¹11 Burnes D, Pillemer K, Caccamise PL, Mason A, Henderson Junior CR, Berman J, Cook AM, Shukoff D, Brownell P, Powell KM, Salamone A, Lachs MS. Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Elder Abuse and Neglect in the Community: A Population-Based Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2015; 63(9):1906-1912.	Poor health			Negligence
	Yes	2.1	≤0.05
	No	1
Oh et al. (2006)¹⁴14 Oh J, Kimb HS, Martinsb D, Kimc H. A study of elder abuse in Korea. A study of elder abuse in Korea. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2006; 43:203-214.	Age			Verbal abuse
	75-79 years	1.61	<0.01
	80 years or +	1
Oh et al. (2006)¹⁴14 Oh J, Kimb HS, Martinsb D, Kimc H. A study of elder abuse in Korea. A study of elder abuse in Korea. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2006; 43:203-214.	Sex			Verbal abuse
	Male	1.33	<0.05
	Female	1
Oh et al. (2006)¹⁴14 Oh J, Kimb HS, Martinsb D, Kimc H. A study of elder abuse in Korea. A study of elder abuse in Korea. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2006; 43:203-214.	Economic capacity			Verbal abuse
	Partially dependent	0.69	<0.05
	Totally dependent	1
Oh et al. (2006)¹⁴14 Oh J, Kimb HS, Martinsb D, Kimc H. A study of elder abuse in Korea. A study of elder abuse in Korea. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2006; 43:203-214.	Economic level			Verbal abuse
	Very Low	3.63	<0.01
	Low	3.38	<0.01
	Higher	1
Oh et al. (2006)¹⁴14 Oh J, Kimb HS, Martinsb D, Kimc H. A study of elder abuse in Korea. A study of elder abuse in Korea. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2006; 43:203-214.	Family relationship			Verbal abuse
	Very good	0	<0.01
	Good	0.01	<0.01
	Average	0.15	<0.01
	Bad	1
Oh et al. (2006)¹⁴14 Oh J, Kimb HS, Martinsb D, Kimc H. A study of elder abuse in Korea. A study of elder abuse in Korea. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2006; 43:203-214.	Physical health
	More sick days			Verbal abuse
	Yes	1.07	<0.01
	No	1
Comijs et al. (1999)⁴⁰40 Comijs HC, Jonker C , Tilburg WV, Smit JH. Hostility and coping capacity as risk factors of elder mistreatment. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 1999; 34(1):48-52.	Self control			Verbal abuse
	Yes	1.17	<0.05
	No	1
Burnes et al. (2015)¹¹11 Burnes D, Pillemer K, Caccamise PL, Mason A, Henderson Junior CR, Berman J, Cook AM, Shukoff D, Brownell P, Powell KM, Salamone A, Lachs MS. Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Elder Abuse and Neglect in the Community: A Population-Based Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2015; 63(9):1906-1912.	Age			Emotional abuse
	70-84	0.6	0.05
	greater than or equal to 85	0.3	0.05
	60-69	1
Wu et al. (2012)²⁴24 Wu L, Chen H, Hu Y, Xiang H, Yu X, Zhang T, Cao Z, Wang Y. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Elder Mistreatment in a Rural Community in People's Republic of China: A Cross- Sectional Study. PLoS ONE 2012; 7(3): e33857.	Age			Psychological mistreatment
	70-84	0.4	0.001
	greater than or equal to 85	0.5	≤0.05
	60-69	1
Beach et al. (2010)²⁵25 Beach SR, Schulz R, Castle NG, Rosen J. Financial Exploitation and Psychological Mistreatment Among Older Adults: Differences Between African Americans and Non African Americans in a Population-Based Survey. Gerontologist 2010; 50(6):744-757.	Age			Psychological mistreatment
	75- 84 years	0.38	0.005
	65 - 74 years	1
Oh et al. (2006)¹⁴14 Oh J, Kimb HS, Martinsb D, Kimc H. A study of elder abuse in Korea. A study of elder abuse in Korea. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2006; 43:203-214.	Age			Emotional abuse
	75 - 79 years	1.36	<0.05
	80 years or +	1
Oh et al. (2006)¹⁴14 Oh J, Kimb HS, Martinsb D, Kimc H. A study of elder abuse in Korea. A study of elder abuse in Korea. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2006; 43:203-214.	Sex			Emotional abuse
	Male	1.49	<0.01
	Female	1
Burnes et al. (2015)¹¹11 Burnes D, Pillemer K, Caccamise PL, Mason A, Henderson Junior CR, Berman J, Cook AM, Shukoff D, Brownell P, Powell KM, Salamone A, Lachs MS. Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Elder Abuse and Neglect in the Community: A Population-Based Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2015; 63(9):1906-1912.	Marital Status			Emotional abuse
	Separated or divorced	2.7	0.01
	Married	1
Wu et al. (2012)²⁴24 Wu L, Chen H, Hu Y, Xiang H, Yu X, Zhang T, Cao Z, Wang Y. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Elder Mistreatment in a Rural Community in People's Republic of China: A Cross- Sectional Study. PLoS ONE 2012; 7(3): e33857.	Marital Status			Psychological mistreatment
	Single /divorced/separated	2.1	1.5-2.8
	Married	1
Beach et al. (2010)²⁵25 Beach SR, Schulz R, Castle NG, Rosen J. Financial Exploitation and Psychological Mistreatment Among Older Adults: Differences Between African Americans and Non African Americans in a Population-Based Survey. Gerontologist 2010; 50(6):744-757.	Marital status			Psychological mistreatment
	Widowed	0.18	0.049
	Never married	0.12	0.037
	Married	1
Burnes et al. (2015)¹¹11 Burnes D, Pillemer K, Caccamise PL, Mason A, Henderson Junior CR, Berman J, Cook AM, Shukoff D, Brownell P, Powell KM, Salamone A, Lachs MS. Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Elder Abuse and Neglect in the Community: A Population-Based Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2015; 63(9):1906-1912.	Education			Emotional abuse
	< college	0.4	0.05
	college	0.4	0.05
	postgraduate studies	1
Wu et al. (2012)²⁴24 Wu L, Chen H, Hu Y, Xiang H, Yu X, Zhang T, Cao Z, Wang Y. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Elder Mistreatment in a Rural Community in People's Republic of China: A Cross- Sectional Study. PLoS ONE 2012; 7(3): e33857.	Education			Psychological mistreatment
	< high school	0.2	0.01
	high school	0.3	0.001
	college	0.3	0.001
	postgraduate studies	1
Beach et al. (2010)²⁵25 Beach SR, Schulz R, Castle NG, Rosen J. Financial Exploitation and Psychological Mistreatment Among Older Adults: Differences Between African Americans and Non African Americans in a Population-Based Survey. Gerontologist 2010; 50(6):744-757.	Education			Psychological mistreatment
	High school	1.88	0.044
	Postgraduate studies	1
Burnes et al. (2015)¹¹11 Burnes D, Pillemer K, Caccamise PL, Mason A, Henderson Junior CR, Berman J, Cook AM, Shukoff D, Brownell P, Powell KM, Salamone A, Lachs MS. Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Elder Abuse and Neglect in the Community: A Population-Based Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2015; 63(9):1906-1912.	Family income			Emotional abuse
	< $30,000	1.7	0.05
	> $30,000	1
Wu et al. (2012)²⁴24 Wu L, Chen H, Hu Y, Xiang H, Yu X, Zhang T, Cao Z, Wang Y. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Elder Mistreatment in a Rural Community in People's Republic of China: A Cross- Sectional Study. PLoS ONE 2012; 7(3): e33857.	Financial Resources			Psychological mistreatment
	Depending partly on own income	0.6	0.5- 0.8
	Relying solely on own income	1
Oh et al. (2006)¹⁴14 Oh J, Kimb HS, Martinsb D, Kimc H. A study of elder abuse in Korea. A study of elder abuse in Korea. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2006; 43:203-214.	Economic capacity			Emotional abuse
	Partially dependent	0.51	<0.01
	Totally dependent	1
Oh et al. (2006)¹⁴14 Oh J, Kimb HS, Martinsb D, Kimc H. A study of elder abuse in Korea. A study of elder abuse in Korea. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2006; 43:203-214.	Economic level			Emotional abuse
	Very Low	4.1	<0.01
	Low	4.09	<0.01
	High	2.56	<0.01
	Very High	1
Hernandez-Tejada et al. (2013)²⁷27 Hernandez-Tejada MA, Amstadter A, Muzzy W, Acierno R. The National Elder Mistreatment Study: Race and Ethnicity Findings. J Elder Abuse Negl 2013; 25(4):281-293.	Social support x Ethnicity			Emotional abuse
	Low	2.28	0
	High	1
Hernandez-Tejada et al. (2013)²⁷27 Hernandez-Tejada MA, Amstadter A, Muzzy W, Acierno R. The National Elder Mistreatment Study: Race and Ethnicity Findings. J Elder Abuse Negl 2013; 25(4):281-293.	Social support x Race			Emotional abuse
	Low	2.16	0
	High	1
Jang e Park (2012)²⁸28 Jang MH, Park CG. Risk Factors Influencing Probability and Severity of Elder Abuse in Communitydwelling Older Adults: Applying Zero-inflated Negative Binomial Modeling of Abuse Count Data. J Korean Acad Nurs 2012; 42(6):819-832.	Family support		<0.001	Psychological abuse
	High level of family support	0.43
	Less support from family	1
Beach et al. (2010)²⁵25 Beach SR, Schulz R, Castle NG, Rosen J. Financial Exploitation and Psychological Mistreatment Among Older Adults: Differences Between African Americans and Non African Americans in a Population-Based Survey. Gerontologist 2010; 50(6):744-757.	Family relationship			Psychological mistreatment
	Very good	0	<0.01
	Good	0.01	<0.01
	Average	0.14	<0.01
	Bad	1
Garre-Olmo et al. (2009)²³23 Garre-Olmo J, Planas-Pujol X, Lopez-Pousa S, Juvinya D, Vila A,Vilalta-Franch J. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Suspected Elder Abuse Subtypes in People Aged 75 and Older. J Am Geriatr Soc 2009; 57(5):815-822.	Access to a trusted person			Psychological abuse
	Yes	0.35	0.18- 0.69
	No
Wu et al. (2012)²⁴24 Wu L, Chen H, Hu Y, Xiang H, Yu X, Zhang T, Cao Z, Wang Y. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Elder Mistreatment in a Rural Community in People's Republic of China: A Cross- Sectional Study. PLoS ONE 2012; 7(3): e33857.	Life arrangement			Psychological mistreatment
	Living with spouse	0.6	0.4- 0.9
	Living with spouse and children	0.7	0.4- 0.9
	Living with other family members	0.5	0.3- 0.9
	Living alone	1
Beach et al. (2010)²⁵25 Beach SR, Schulz R, Castle NG, Rosen J. Financial Exploitation and Psychological Mistreatment Among Older Adults: Differences Between African Americans and Non African Americans in a Population-Based Survey. Gerontologist 2010; 50(6):744-757.	Risk of depression			Psychological mistreatment
	Yes	3.14	<0.001
	No	1
Garre-Olmo et al. (2009)²³23 Garre-Olmo J, Planas-Pujol X, Lopez-Pousa S, Juvinya D, Vila A,Vilalta-Franch J. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Suspected Elder Abuse Subtypes in People Aged 75 and Older. J Am Geriatr Soc 2009; 57(5):815-822.	Geriatric depression scale 5			Psychological abuse
	Suspicion of depression	1.65	1.01- 2.72
	Normal	1
Wu et al. (2012)²⁴24 Wu L, Chen H, Hu Y, Xiang H, Yu X, Zhang T, Cao Z, Wang Y. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Elder Mistreatment in a Rural Community in People's Republic of China: A Cross- Sectional Study. PLoS ONE 2012; 7(3): e33857.	Depression			Psychological mistreatment
	Yes	6.9	5.2- 9.1
	No	1
Hernandez-Tejada et al. (2013)²⁷27 Hernandez-Tejada MA, Amstadter A, Muzzy W, Acierno R. The National Elder Mistreatment Study: Race and Ethnicity Findings. J Elder Abuse Negl 2013; 25(4):281-293.	Health x Ethnicity			Emotional abuse
	Poor	1.61	0.005
	Good	1
Hernandez-Tejada et al. (2013)²⁷27 Hernandez-Tejada MA, Amstadter A, Muzzy W, Acierno R. The National Elder Mistreatment Study: Race and Ethnicity Findings. J Elder Abuse Negl 2013; 25(4):281-293.	Health x Ethnicity
	Poor	1.67	0.003
	Good	1
Jang e Park (2012)²⁸28 Jang MH, Park CG. Risk Factors Influencing Probability and Severity of Elder Abuse in Communitydwelling Older Adults: Applying Zero-inflated Negative Binomial Modeling of Abuse Count Data. J Korean Acad Nurs 2012; 42(6):819-832.	History of suicide attempts			Psychological abuse
	Yes	2.46	0.048
	No	1
Wu et al. (2012)²⁴24 Wu L, Chen H, Hu Y, Xiang H, Yu X, Zhang T, Cao Z, Wang Y. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Elder Mistreatment in a Rural Community in People's Republic of China: A Cross- Sectional Study. PLoS ONE 2012; 7(3): e33857.	Chronic disease			Psychological mistreatment
	Yes	1.3	1.0- 1.6
	No	1
Jang e Park (2012)²⁸28 Jang MH, Park CG. Risk Factors Influencing Probability and Severity of Elder Abuse in Communitydwelling Older Adults: Applying Zero-inflated Negative Binomial Modeling of Abuse Count Data. J Korean Acad Nurs 2012; 42(6):819-832.	N º of chronic diseases			Emotional abuse
	≥3 diseases	0.14	0.009
	None	1
Garre-Olmo et al. (2009)²³23 Garre-Olmo J, Planas-Pujol X, Lopez-Pousa S, Juvinya D, Vila A,Vilalta-Franch J. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Suspected Elder Abuse Subtypes in People Aged 75 and Older. J Am Geriatr Soc 2009; 57(5):815-822.	Incontinence of the bladder, n (%)			Emotional abuse
	Occasional	1.49	0.78- 2.83
	Frequent	2.44	1.23-4.86
	Normal	1
Oh et al. (2006)¹⁴14 Oh J, Kimb HS, Martinsb D, Kimc H. A study of elder abuse in Korea. A study of elder abuse in Korea. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2006; 43:203-214.	Physical health			Emotional abuse
	More sick days
	Yes	1.05	< 0.01
	No	1
Wu et al. (2012)²⁴24 Wu L, Chen H, Hu Y, Xiang H, Yu X, Zhang T, Cao Z, Wang Y. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Elder Mistreatment in a Rural Community in People's Republic of China: A Cross- Sectional Study. PLoS ONE 2012; 7(3): e33857.	Physical disability			Psychological mistreatment
	Yes	1.5	1.1- 2.2
	No	1
Garre-Olmo et al. (2009)²³23 Garre-Olmo J, Planas-Pujol X, Lopez-Pousa S, Juvinya D, Vila A,Vilalta-Franch J. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Suspected Elder Abuse Subtypes in People Aged 75 and Older. J Am Geriatr Soc 2009; 57(5):815-822.	Age			Financial abuse
	85 years or +	3.84	1.70- 8.68
	75 - 84	1
Oh et al. (2006)¹⁴14 Oh J, Kimb HS, Martinsb D, Kimc H. A study of elder abuse in Korea. A study of elder abuse in Korea. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2006; 43:203-214.	Sex			Economic abuse
	Male	1.39	< 0.01
	Female	1
Oh et al. (2006)1⁴4 Minayo MCS. Violência contra idosos: o avesso de respeito à experiência e à sabedoria. Brasília; Secretaria Especial dos Direitos Humanos; 2005.	Education			Economic abuse
	Never studied	1.98	< 0.01
	10 years or more of study	1
Garre-Olmo et al. (2009)²³23 Garre-Olmo J, Planas-Pujol X, Lopez-Pousa S, Juvinya D, Vila A,Vilalta-Franch J. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Suspected Elder Abuse Subtypes in People Aged 75 and Older. J Am Geriatr Soc 2009; 57(5):815-822.	Marital status			Financial abuse
	Spouse or partner	0.4	0.12- 1.31
	Widowed	0.15	0.04-0.59
	Not married	1
Oh et al. (2006)¹⁴14 Oh J, Kimb HS, Martinsb D, Kimc H. A study of elder abuse in Korea. A study of elder abuse in Korea. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2006; 43:203-214.	Economic capacity			Economic abuse
	Partially dependent	0.73	< 0.05
	Totally dependent	1
Oh et al. (2006)¹⁴14 Oh J, Kimb HS, Martinsb D, Kimc H. A study of elder abuse in Korea. A study of elder abuse in Korea. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2006; 43:203-214.	Economic level			Economic abuse
	Very low	9.8	< 0.01
	Low	5.41	< 0.01
	Moderate	2.22	< 0.05
	Higher	1
Oh et al. (2006)¹⁴14 Oh J, Kimb HS, Martinsb D, Kimc H. A study of elder abuse in Korea. A study of elder abuse in Korea. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2006; 43:203-214.	Living Arrangements			Economic abuse
	Living with the family of a married child	2.74	< 0.01
	Living with a single child	2.57	< 0.05
	Other arrangements	1
Oh et al. (2006)¹⁴14 Oh J, Kimb HS, Martinsb D, Kimc H. A study of elder abuse in Korea. A study of elder abuse in Korea. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2006; 43:203-214.	Family relationship			Economic abuse
	Very good	0.03	< 0.01
	Good	0.06	< 0.01
	Average	0.2	< 0.01
	Bad	1
Garre-Olmo et al. (2009)²³23 Garre-Olmo J, Planas-Pujol X, Lopez-Pousa S, Juvinya D, Vila A,Vilalta-Franch J. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Suspected Elder Abuse Subtypes in People Aged 75 and Older. J Am Geriatr Soc 2009; 57(5):815-822.	Mini mental state examination (Cognitive impairment)			Financial abuse
	No	0.85	0.78- 0.94
	Yes	1
Beach et al. (2010)²⁵25 Beach SR, Schulz R, Castle NG, Rosen J. Financial Exploitation and Psychological Mistreatment Among Older Adults: Differences Between African Americans and Non African Americans in a Population-Based Survey. Gerontologist 2010; 50(6):744-757.	Risk of Depression			Financial exploitation
	Yes	2.56	0.001
	No	1
Wu et al. (2012)²⁴24 Wu L, Chen H, Hu Y, Xiang H, Yu X, Zhang T, Cao Z, Wang Y. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Elder Mistreatment in a Rural Community in People's Republic of China: A Cross- Sectional Study. PLoS ONE 2012; 7(3): e33857.	Physical Disability			Financial exploitation
	Yes	2.8	1.2-6.6
	No	1
Beach et al. (2010)²⁵25 Beach SR, Schulz R, Castle NG, Rosen J. Financial Exploitation and Psychological Mistreatment Among Older Adults: Differences Between African Americans and Non African Americans in a Population-Based Survey. Gerontologist 2010; 50(6):744-757.	Any difficulty in IADL			Financial exploitation
	Yes	1.97	0.027
	No	1
Wu et al. (2012)²⁴24 Wu L, Chen H, Hu Y, Xiang H, Yu X, Zhang T, Cao Z, Wang Y. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Elder Mistreatment in a Rural Community in People's Republic of China: A Cross- Sectional Study. PLoS ONE 2012; 7(3): e33857.	Intensity of work			Financial exploitation
	High	2.6	1.4- 5.0
	Low	1
Beach et al. (2010)²⁵25 Beach SR, Schulz R, Castle NG, Rosen J. Financial Exploitation and Psychological Mistreatment Among Older Adults: Differences Between African Americans and Non African Americans in a Population-Based Survey. Gerontologist 2010; 50(6):744-757.	African American	3.91	< 0.001	Financial exploitation
	Not African American	1		Financial exploitation
Comijs et al. (1999)⁴⁰40 Comijs HC, Jonker C , Tilburg WV, Smit JH. Hostility and coping capacity as risk factors of elder mistreatment. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 1999; 34(1):48-52.	Self control			Financial mistreatment
	Yes	1.18	< 0.05
	No	1
Cannell et al. (2014)²⁶26 Cannell MB, Manini T, Spence-Almaguer E, Maldonado-Molina M, Andresen EM. U.S. Population Estimates and Correlates of Sexual Abuse of Community-Dwelling Older Adults. J Elder Abuse Negl 2014; 26(4):398-413.	Marital status			Sexual violence
	Not married	2.39	< 0.05
	Maried	1
Cannell et al. (2014)²⁶26 Cannell MB, Manini T, Spence-Almaguer E, Maldonado-Molina M, Andresen EM. U.S. Population Estimates and Correlates of Sexual Abuse of Community-Dwelling Older Adults. J Elder Abuse Negl 2014; 26(4):398-413.	Race/ethnicity			Sexual violence
	Other, non-Hispanic	2.03	< 0.05
	white, non-Hispanic	1
Cannell et al. (2014)²⁶26 Cannell MB, Manini T, Spence-Almaguer E, Maldonado-Molina M, Andresen EM. U.S. Population Estimates and Correlates of Sexual Abuse of Community-Dwelling Older Adults. J Elder Abuse Negl 2014; 26(4):398-413.	Education			Sexual violence
	high school graduate	0.41	< 0.05
	high school graduate	1
Cannell et al. (2014)²⁶26 Cannell MB, Manini T, Spence-Almaguer E, Maldonado-Molina M, Andresen EM. U.S. Population Estimates and Correlates of Sexual Abuse of Community-Dwelling Older Adults. J Elder Abuse Negl 2014; 26(4):398-413.	Annual income			Sexual violence
	< $15,000	2.81	< 0.05
	None	3.78	< 0.05
	> $ 75,000	1
Cannell et al. (2014)²⁶26 Cannell MB, Manini T, Spence-Almaguer E, Maldonado-Molina M, Andresen EM. U.S. Population Estimates and Correlates of Sexual Abuse of Community-Dwelling Older Adults. J Elder Abuse Negl 2014; 26(4):398-413.	Employment			Sexual violence
	Employed	1.84	< 0.05
	Unemployed	2	< 0.05
	Retired	1
Hernandez-Tejada et al. (2013)²⁷27 Hernandez-Tejada MA, Amstadter A, Muzzy W, Acierno R. The National Elder Mistreatment Study: Race and Ethnicity Findings. J Elder Abuse Negl 2013; 25(4):281-293.	Social support x Ethnicity			Sexual abuse
	Low	4.32	0.005
	High	1
Hernandez-Tejada et al. (2013)²⁷27 Hernandez-Tejada MA, Amstadter A, Muzzy W, Acierno R. The National Elder Mistreatment Study: Race and Ethnicity Findings. J Elder Abuse Negl 2013; 25(4):281-293.	Social support x Race
	Low	4.43	0.004
	High	1
Cannell et al. (2014)²⁶26 Cannell MB, Manini T, Spence-Almaguer E, Maldonado-Molina M, Andresen EM. U.S. Population Estimates and Correlates of Sexual Abuse of Community-Dwelling Older Adults. J Elder Abuse Negl 2014; 26(4):398-413.	Emotional support			Sexual violence
	Sometimes, rarely, or never	2.23	< 0.05
	Always or generally	1
Cannell et al. (2014)²⁶26 Cannell MB, Manini T, Spence-Almaguer E, Maldonado-Molina M, Andresen EM. U.S. Population Estimates and Correlates of Sexual Abuse of Community-Dwelling Older Adults. J Elder Abuse Negl 2014; 26(4):398-413.	Life Satisfaction			Sexual violence
	Not satisfied	2.19	< 0.05
	Very satisfied	1
Cannell et al. (2014)²⁶26 Cannell MB, Manini T, Spence-Almaguer E, Maldonado-Molina M, Andresen EM. U.S. Population Estimates and Correlates of Sexual Abuse of Community-Dwelling Older Adults. J Elder Abuse Negl 2014; 26(4):398-413.	Bad mental health days			Sexual violence
	At least one	2.18	< 0.05
	None	1
Burnes et al.(2015)¹¹11 Burnes D, Pillemer K, Caccamise PL, Mason A, Henderson Junior CR, Berman J, Cook AM, Shukoff D, Brownell P, Powell KM, Salamone A, Lachs MS. Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Elder Abuse and Neglect in the Community: A Population-Based Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2015; 63(9):1906-1912.	Age			Physical Abuse
	70-84	0.4	0.001
	greater than or equal to 85	0.5	≤0.05
	60-69	1
Burnes et al.(2015)¹¹11 Burnes D, Pillemer K, Caccamise PL, Mason A, Henderson Junior CR, Berman J, Cook AM, Shukoff D, Brownell P, Powell KM, Salamone A, Lachs MS. Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Elder Abuse and Neglect in the Community: A Population-Based Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2015; 63(9):1906-1912.	Marital Status			Physical Abuse
	Separated or divorced	2.0	≤0.05
	Married	1
Burnes et al.(2015)¹¹11 Burnes D, Pillemer K, Caccamise PL, Mason A, Henderson Junior CR, Berman J, Cook AM, Shukoff D, Brownell P, Powell KM, Salamone A, Lachs MS. Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Elder Abuse and Neglect in the Community: A Population-Based Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2015; 63(9):1906-1912.	Education			Physical Abuse
	< college	0.2	0.01
	high school	0.3	0.001
	college	0.3	0.001
	postgraduate studies	1
Oh et al. (2006)¹⁴14 Oh J, Kimb HS, Martinsb D, Kimc H. A study of elder abuse in Korea. A study of elder abuse in Korea. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2006; 43:203-214.	Education			Physical Abuse
	Never studied	1.55	< 0.05
	10 years or more of study	1
Burnes et al. (2015)¹¹11 Burnes D, Pillemer K, Caccamise PL, Mason A, Henderson Junior CR, Berman J, Cook AM, Shukoff D, Brownell P, Powell KM, Salamone A, Lachs MS. Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Elder Abuse and Neglect in the Community: A Population-Based Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2015; 63(9):1906-1912.	Household income			Physical Abuse
	< $30,000	2.2	0.01
	> $30,000	1
Oh et al. (2006)¹⁴14 Oh J, Kimb HS, Martinsb D, Kimc H. A study of elder abuse in Korea. A study of elder abuse in Korea. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2006; 43:203-214.	Economic capacity			Physical Abuse
	Partially dependent	0.48	< 0.01
	Totally dependent	1
Oh et al. (2006)¹⁴14 Oh J, Kimb HS, Martinsb D, Kimc H. A study of elder abuse in Korea. A study of elder abuse in Korea. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2006; 43:203-214.	Economic level			Physical Abuse
	Very low	4.42	< 0.01
	Low	3.19	< 0.01
	Higher	1
Oh et al. (2006)¹⁴14 Oh J, Kimb HS, Martinsb D, Kimc H. A study of elder abuse in Korea. A study of elder abuse in Korea. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2006; 43:203-214.	Family relationship			Physical Abuse
	Very good	0.11	< 0.05
	Bad	1
Jang e Park (2012)²⁸28 Jang MH, Park CG. Risk Factors Influencing Probability and Severity of Elder Abuse in Communitydwelling Older Adults: Applying Zero-inflated Negative Binomial Modeling of Abuse Count Data. J Korean Acad Nurs 2012; 42(6):819-832.	Family support			Physical Abuse
	High level of family support	0.24	0.02
	Less support from family	1
Hernandez-Tejada et al. (2013)²⁷27 Hernandez-Tejada MA, Amstadter A, Muzzy W, Acierno R. The National Elder Mistreatment Study: Race and Ethnicity Findings. J Elder Abuse Negl 2013; 25(4):281-293.	Social support x Ethnicity			Physical mistreatment
	Low	2.24	0.007
	High	1
Hernandez-Tejada et al. (2013)²⁷27 Hernandez-Tejada MA, Amstadter A, Muzzy W, Acierno R. The National Elder Mistreatment Study: Race and Ethnicity Findings. J Elder Abuse Negl 2013; 25(4):281-293.	Social support x Race			Physical mistreatment
	Low	1.94	0.039
	High	1
Jang e Park (2012)²⁸28 Jang MH, Park CG. Risk Factors Influencing Probability and Severity of Elder Abuse in Communitydwelling Older Adults: Applying Zero-inflated Negative Binomial Modeling of Abuse Count Data. J Korean Acad Nurs 2012; 42(6):819-832.	Feeling desperate			Physical abuse
	Yes	4.03	0.017
	No	1
WU et al. (2012)²⁴24 Wu L, Chen H, Hu Y, Xiang H, Yu X, Zhang T, Cao Z, Wang Y. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Elder Mistreatment in a Rural Community in People's Republic of China: A Cross- Sectional Study. PLoS ONE 2012; 7(3): e33857.	Depression			Physical mistreatment
	Yes	6.3	4.8- 8.3
	No	1
Hernandez-Tejada et al. (2013)²⁷27 Hernandez-Tejada MA, Amstadter A, Muzzy W, Acierno R. The National Elder Mistreatment Study: Race and Ethnicity Findings. J Elder Abuse Negl 2013; 25(4):281-293.	Poor health x Ethnicity			Physical mistreatment
	Poor	1.92	0.032
	Good	1
Comijs et al. (1999)⁴⁰40 Comijs HC, Jonker C , Tilburg WV, Smit JH. Hostility and coping capacity as risk factors of elder mistreatment. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 1999; 34(1):48-52.	Passive reaction pattern (coping)			Physical violence
	Yes	1.26	< 0.05
	No	1

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[1] Collaborations

MAB Santos is a principal researcher, participated in the preparation of the research, selection and analysis of data, writing of the article, submission and procedures of the article. RS Moreira participated in the guidance, preparation and correction of the writing of the article and approval of the final version. PF Faccio participated in the selection and analysis of the data. GC Gomes participated in the preparation and correction of the writing of the article. VL Silva participated in the orientation, preparation of the research, data analysis, preparation and correction of the writing of the article and approval of the final version.