Psychological well-being in non-dependent active elderly individuals and its relationship with self-esteem and self-efficacy

Mesa-Fernández, María; Pérez-Padilla, Javier; Nunes, Cristina; Menéndez, Susana

doi:10.1590/1413-81232018241.35302016

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Artigo • Ciênc. saúde colet. 24 (1) • Jan 2019 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232018241.35302016 copy

Psychological well-being in non-dependent active elderly individuals and its relationship with self-esteem and self-efficacy

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between psychological well-being, self-efficacy and self-esteem in non-dependent individuals over the age of 60. The participants included 148 seniors between 60 and 96 years of age. Data were collected through the following questionnaires: autonomy and physical and social activity scale, self-efficacy for aging scale, self-esteem scale, and the Spanish version of the wellness psychology scale. The results suggest that psychological well-being was not associated with age, but with a set of psychological factors. Psychological well-being was associated with health perception, physical and sports activities, self-efficacy, self-esteem and autonomy. The last three variables are predictors of psychological well-being. Consequently, self-efficacy and self-esteem are considered promoters of physical, psychological and social well-being, encouraging participation in physical and sports, recreational, social and cognitive activities promoting wellness and, ultimately, active aging.

Key words
Psychological well-being; Active aging; Elderly individuals; Self-esteem; Self-efficacy for aging

	M	DP	Mín.	Máx.
Autoeficacia	26,36	5,70	10	38
Autoestima	31,34	3,76	18	40
BP Autoaceptación	19,30	3,35	9	24
BP Relaciones positivas	19,76	3,66	6	28
BP Autonomía	25,57	4,66	11	36
BP Dominio del ambiente	22,16	3,9	8	30
BP Crecimiento personal	18,67	3,20	8	24
BP Propósito de vida	18,80	3,72	6	24

Bienestar Psicológico (BP)
	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
1. Edad	-	-,255	-,356^* ***** p <, 001.	-,277^ p ≤, 01;	-,394^* ***** p <, 001.	,089	,082	-,159	,130	-,074	-,057	-,184^* * p ≤, 05;
2. Ayuda		-	,119	,125	,064	-,043	,107	,205	,098	,210	,052	,072
3. Salud Percibida			-	,378^* ***** p <, 001.	,448^* ***** p <, 001.	,243^ p ≤, 01;	,181^* * p ≤, 05;	,199^* * p ≤, 05;	,147	,367^* ***** p <, 001.	,221^ p ≤, 01;	,326^* ***** p <, 001.
4. Actividad Física				-	,399^* ***** p <, 001.	,161	,221^* * p ≤, 05;	,171	,141	,316^* ***** p <, 001.	,113	,307^* ***** p <, 001.
5. Autoeficacia					-	,287^ p ≤, 01;	,381^* ***** p <, 001.	,164	,259^ p ≤, 01;	,521^* ***** p <, 001.	,330^* ***** p <, 001.	,514^* ***** p <, 001.
6. Autoestima						-	,574^* ***** p <, 001.	,221^ p ≤, 01;	,460^* ***** p <, 001.	,529^* ***** p <, 001.	,351^* ***** p <, 001.	,516^* ***** p <, 001.
7. BP -Autoaceptación							-	,199^* * p ≤, 05;	,504^* ***** p <, 001.	,626^* ***** p <, 001.	,571^* ***** p <, 001.	,790^* ***** p <, 001.
8. BP - Rel. Positivas								-	,188^* * p ≤, 05;	,353^* ***** p <, 001.	,302^* ***** p <, 001.	,270^ p ≤, 01;
9. BP - Autonomía									-	,502^* ***** p <, 001.	,252^ p ≤, 01;	,379^* ***** p <, 001.
10. BP - Dominio Medio										-	,475^* ***** p <, 001.	,670^* ***** p <, 001.
11. BP - Crec. Personal											-	,582^* ***** p <, 001.
12. BP- Propósito Vida												-

Bienestar Psicológico (BP)
Dimensión		Salud	Act.Física	Autoeficacia	Autoestima	Autoaceptación	Rel. Positivas	Autonomía	Dom. Entorno	Cr. Personal	Prop. Vida
Edad	60-74	80,62	74,82	69,71	72,37	67,08	72,29	66,60	70,57	68,82	72,10
	75->90	53,97	51,37	44,47	81,65	77,21	58,64	74,44	61,78	69,56	58,56
U de Mann-Whitney		1240^* * p ≤, 05; p ≤, 01; * p <, 001.	1151,50^* * p ≤, 05; p ≤, 01; * p <, 001.	821,50^* * p ≤, 05; p ≤, 01; * p <, 001.	1695	1478	1374	1503,50	1449	1697,50	1355
Nível Estudios	Bajo	8,90 (1,96)	3,73 (2,78)	25,31 (6,21)	31,78 (6,21)	19,48 (3,64)	19,11 (4,17)	25,52 (4,56)	21,56 (3,75)	18,63 (3,10)	18,37 (3,92)
	Medio	9,57 (1,92)	4,29 (3,07)	27,34 (5,28)	31,63 (3.73)	19,45 (3,13)	20 (3,41)	25,73 (5,10)	22,21 (3,90)	18,78 (3,22)	19,17 (3,73)
	Alto	9,90 (1,26)	5,10 (2,90)	26,80 (5,42)	30,57 (4.15)	18,95 (3,289)	50,50 (3,10)	25,80 (4,33)	23,13 (4,05)	18,75 (3,34)	18,92 (3.53)
F de Snedecor		4,23^* * p ≤, 05; p ≤, 01; * p <, 001.	2,55	1,51	1,12	0,33	1,75	0,05	1,84	0,03	0,57
Ayuda	Sí	64,17	60,26	52,86	61,83	59,83	65,11	69,55	57,44	62,94	59,39
	No	78,24	71,68	67,09	79,63	72,96	68,92	66,24	72,58	70,30	72,33
U de Mann-Whitney		1980^* * p ≤, 05; p ≤, 01; * p <, 001.	1727,50	1336^* * p ≤, 05; p ≤, 01; * p <, 001.	1854^* * p ≤, 05; p ≤, 01; * p <, 001.	1725,50	1980,50	2012	1589,50^* * p ≤, 05; p ≤, 01; * p <, 001.	1884	1694,50

		Bienestar psicológico: Autoaceptación
		R²	B	β	t	P
Bloque 1. Variables de control		,082
	Edad		,058	,139	1,379	,171
	Actividad Física		,261	,235	2,311	,023
	Tiene ayuda		-1,001	-,146	-1,509	,134
Bloque 2. Predictores BP		ΔR²,324
	Autoestima		,389	,457	5,297	,000
	Autoeficacia		,183	,327	3,196	,002
	Salud percibida		-,134	-,072	-0,763	,447
		Bienestar psicológico: Relaciones Positivas
		R²	B	β	t	P
Bloque 1. Variables de control		,050
	Edad		-,044	-,090	-0,884	,379
	Actividad Física		,182	,141	1,362	,176
	Tiene ayuda		-,594	-,074	-0,756	,451
Bloque 2. Predictores BP		ΔR²,046
	Autoestima		,207	,208	1,962	,053
	Autoeficacia		-,021	-,033	-0,261	,794
	Salud percibida		,269	,124	1,065	,289
		Bienestar psicológico: Autonomía
		R²	B	β	t	P
Bloque 1. Variables de control		,030
	Edad		,089	,146	1,413	,160
	Actividad Física		,244	,152	1,452	,149
	Tiene ayuda		-,256	-,026	-0,259	,796
Bloque 2. Predictores BP		ΔR²,175
	Autoestima		,432	,349	3,537	,001
	Autoeficacia		,184	,227	1,938	,055
	Salud percibida		,070	,026	0,238	,812
		Bienestar psicológico: Dominio del Medio
		R²	B	β	t	P
Bloque 1. Variables de control		,134
	Edad		,020	,039	0,395	,694
	Actividad Física		,380	,286	2,876	,005
	Tiene ayuda		-1,563	-,189	-2,002	,048
Bloque 2. Predictores BP		ΔR²,428
	Autoestima		,391	,384	4,632	,000
	Autoeficacia		,244	,363	3,682	,000
	Salud percibida		,203	,091	0,997	,321
		Bienestar psicológico: Crecimiento Personal
		R²	B	β	t	P
Bloque 1. Variables de control		,031
	Edad		-,012	-,027	-0,264	,792
	Actividad Física		,147	,129	1,229	,222
	Tiene ayuda		-,543	-,077	-0,773	,441
Bloque 2. Predictores BP		ΔR²,179
	Autoestima		,299	,340	3,451	,001
	Autoeficacia		,106	,184	1,570	,119
	Salud percibida		,264	,137	1,274	,206
		Bienestar psicológico: Propósito de Vida
		R²	B	β	t	P
Bloque 1. Variables de control		,140
Edad			-,051	-,107	-1,101	,273
Actividad Física			,333	,263	2,666	,009
Tiene ayuda			-1,047	-,134	-1,427	,157
Bloque 2. Predictores BP		ΔR²,420
Autoestima			,389	,399	4,827	,000
Autoeficacia			,224	,351	3,570	,001
Salud percibida			,084	,039	0,432	,666

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[1] Colaboradores

M Mesa-Fernández, J Pérez-Padilla, C Nunes y S Ménendez contribuyeron en la concepción, investigación, metodología y reacción final del manuscrito.