Sanitation conditions of indigenous and nonindigenous households in Brazil according the 2000 and 2010 national censuses

Raupp, Ludimila; Cunha, Geraldo Marcelo; Fávaro, Thatiana Regina; Santos, Ricardo Ventura

doi:10.1590/1413-812320202510.04602019

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ARTICLE • Ciênc. saúde coletiva 25 (10) • Oct 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-812320202510.04602019 copy

Sanitation conditions of indigenous and nonindigenous households in Brazil according the 2000 and 2010 national censuses

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

This study compares the availability of basic sanitation infrastructure in indigenous and nonindigenous household located in urban and rural areas using data from the 2000 and 2010 Brazilian National Censuses. The analyses were based on descriptive statistics and modelling with multiple logistic regression. While there was an increase in the availability of basic sanitation in Brazilian households over the decade, indigenous households continued to have worse conditions in 2010. Sewage was the sanitation service with the lowest coverage in both censuses, and indigenous households had a lower rate of sewage services than nonindigenous households did. Logistic regression results confirmed the findings of the descriptive analyses, attesting to the fact that sanitation conditions are worse in indigenous households. In some areas, such as the urban North and Southeast and rural areas of the Central-West region, the gap in basic sanitation infrastructure between indigenous and nonindigenous households increased from 2000 to 2010. This study not only indicates the less-adequate sanitation conditions in indigenous households in Brazil but also attests to the persistence of major inequalities associated with race or color in the country.

Key words
Demographic censuses; Basic sanitation; Indigenous population; Racial or ethnic composition; Health inequalities

Region	Location	Census year	Total	Households (color/race of head of household)
				White		Black		Brown		Indigenous
					%	n	%	n	%	n	%
N	Urban	2000	169361	44559	26.3	10078	6.0	111385	65.8	3339	2.0
	Urban	2010	267055	59467	22.3	21832	8.2	177579	66.5	8176	3.1
	Rural	2000	112531	18333	16.3	8680	7.7	61368	54.5	24151	21.5
	Rural	2010	138277	18830	13.6	10720	7.8	72072	52.1	36654	26.5
NE	Urban	2000	122286	39082	32.0	11094	9.1	69347	56.7	2764	2.3
	Urban	2010	172571	47733	27.7	17713	10.3	99109	57.4	8015	4.6
	Rural	2000	86581	22223	25.7	7234	8.4	50018	57.8	7105	8.2
	Rural	2010	106795	21283	19.9	8240	7.7	60080	56.3	17191	16.1
SE/S	Urban	2000	58069	41179	70.9	2288	3.9	14006	24.1	596	1.0
	Urban	2010	77950	49439	63.4	3711	4.8	24062	30.9	737	0.9
	Rural	2000	51524	35952	69.8	1786	3.5	8481	16.5	5305	10.3
	Rural	2010	52805	31837	60.3	1706	3.2	10346	19.6	8917	16.9
CW	Urban	2000	134597	73556	54.6	6471	4.8	53176	39.5	1394	1.0
	Urban	2010	186603	89996	48.2	13487	7.2	80971	43.4	2149	1.2
	Rural	2000	46684	17320	37.1	2358	5.1	17802	38.1	9204	19.7
	Rural	2010	62693	18889	30.1	3683	5.9	2469	39.0	15653	25.0

Region and household location		Color/race	Water supply^a a Access to water through a general water supply network with plumbing in at least one room;		Sewage^b b Access to sewage through a general sewage network or septic tank;		Garbage collection^c c Have garbage collected directly or after placement in a garbage disposal container. For the rural areas, in addition to those who met the characteristics cited for the urban area, those with a well or spring on the property or in the village as the water supply source were also included.
			2000	2010	2000	2010	2000	2010
				%	%	%	%	%
N	Urban	White	53.7	66.1	47.6	39.2	71.1	92.2
		Black	37.9	60.8	28.4	31.5	55	89.8
		Brown	45.8	64.2	37.1	31.6	62.2	89.0
		Indigenous	37.6	50.3	32.3	22.5	55.9	79.1
	Rural	White	16.1	26.7	9.0	9.7	10.3	10.4
		Black	5.1	18.2	3.4	6.4	3.7	6.1
		Brown	7.5	18.3	5.0	5.7	5.4	5.8
		Indigenous	2.3	10.2	1.0	1.8	1.1	2.3
NE	Urban	White	68.9	80.6	50.5	57.9	70.8	92.7
		Black	49.2	73.3	32.8	55.9	59.6	90.9
		Brown	56.1	76.3	40.5	52.9	63	91.6
		Indigenous	64.9	78.1	39.2	46.5	59.1	90.9
	Rural	White	18.9	34.9	4.9	10.9	6.6	14.1
		Black	10.7	28.7	2.5	11.5	5.1	16.3
		Brown	15.0	28.6	4.8	11.1	6.9	13.7
		Indigenous	17.3	27.0	3.2	11.8	3.8	8.1
SE/S	Urban	White	90.3	96.2	41.0	52.8	90.2	98.2
		Black	84.1	93.4	46.7	64.2	84.6	96.7
		Brown	86.0	95.2	51.7	64.2	89.1	97.8
		Indigenous	61.8	82.8	40.1	42.2	72.1	76.7
	Rural	White	78.5	75.9	9.8	21.7	13.4	29.2
		Black	48.4	63.5	7.2	15.0	13.0	24.8
		Brown	59.4	69.9	8.6	13.5	14.6	22.6
		Indigenous	22.4	46.4	4.9	21.4	6.2	20.1
CW	Urban	White	78.3	87	24.6	40.9	90.2	97.9
		Black	64.4	86.8	16.5	32.4	80.1	96.4
		Brown	69.7	86	19.7	34.5	84.4	96.9
		Indigenous	59.5	74.4	11.1	27.7	79.2	89.1
	Rural	White	65.5	79.6	6.0	11.1	9.5	10.1
		Black	45.1	66.9	7.2	11.6	8.6	8.0
		Brown	47.6	72.1	4.0	10.5	6.9	10.0
		Indigenous	6.7	25.8	0.8	5.7	1.1	2.7

Geographical location		Color/race	Water supply^a a Access to water through a general water supply network with plumbing in at least one room; (OR, 95% CI)		Sewage^b b Access to sewage through a general sewage network or septic tank; (OR, 95% CI)		Garbage collection^c c Have garbage collected directly or after placement in a garbage disposal container. For the rural areas, in addition to those who met the criteria cited for urban areas, those who had a well or spring on the property or in the village as a water supply source were also included. (OR, 95% CI)
Geographical location		Color/race	2000	2010	2000	2010	2000	2010
N	Urban	White	1.47 (1.16-1.86)	1.58 (1.36-1.82)	1.34 (1.03-1.75)	1.68 (1.41-2.00)	1.45 (1.14-1.84)	2.20 (1.82-2.66)
		Black	1.05 (0.80-1.36)	1.42 (1.21-1.67)	0.83 (0.62-1.12)	1.44 (1.19-1.74)	0.99 (0.76-1.30)	2.06 (1.67-2.55)
		Brown	1.28 (1.02-1.61)	1.61 (1.40-1.85)	1.07 (0.83-1.40)	1.40 (1.18-1.66)	1.16 (0.92-1.47)	1.80 (1.51-2.14)
		Indigenous	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
	Rural	White	3.88 (2.94-5.12)	2.14 (1.87-2.45)	4.41 (2.85-6.82)	3.98 (3.06-5.19)	4.90 (3.20-7.50)	2.76 (2.15-3.54)
		Black	1.47 (1.00-2.16)	1.52 (1.28-1.82)	2.30 (1.34-3.92)	3.03 (2.23-4.11)	2.39 (1.42-4.01)	2.00 (1.47-2.73)
		Brown	2.03 (1.56-2.66)	1.53 (1.37-1.71)	3.16 (2.07-4.82)	2.66 (2.09-3.38)	3.24 (2.14-4.90)	1.83 (1.48-2.28)
		Indigenous	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
NE	Urban	White	1.97 (1.40-2.78)	1.03 (0.87-1.24)	2.04 (1.17-3.57)	1.33 (1.15-1.53)	1.81 (1.22-2.68)	0.99 (0.78-1.25)
		Black	1.25 (0.86-1.82)	0.74 (0.61-0.90)	1.64 (0.90-2.96)	1.41 (1.20-1.66)	1.06 (0.69-1.63)	0.95 (0.73-1.23)
		Brown	1.46 (1.03-2.05)	0.87 (0.73-1.02)	1.84 (1.05-3.21)	1.22 (1.07-1.40)	1.28 (0.87-1.90)	1.02 (0.82-1.26)
		Indigenous	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
	Rural	White	17.93 (13.69-23.50)	1.28 (1.13-1.44)	6.35 (2.90-13.92)	0.82 (0.69-0.98)	7.43 (3.92-14.07)	1.58 (1.31-1.89)
		Black	9.09 (6.42-12.86)	1.02 (0.86-1.21)	8.52 (3.67-19.81)	0.93 (0.73-1.18)	7.32 (3.57-15.00)	2.06 (1.63-2.59)
		Brown	9.26 (7.08-12.10)	1.02 (0.92-1.14)	4.48 (2.06-9.74)	0.90 (0.78-1.04)	5.56 (2.94-10.51)	1.69 (1.44-1.98)
		Indigenous	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
SE/S	Urban	White	0.96 (0.74-1.24)	4.31 (2.73-6.81)	1.22 (0.96-1.56)	1.17 (0.78-1.76)	1.32 (1.03-1.70)	10.72 (6.73-17.06)
		Black	0.51 (0.39-0.68)	2.80 (1.61-4.88)	0.76 (0.58-0.99)	2.36 (1.53-3.66)	1.05 (0.80-1.36)	8.44 (4.51-15.79)
		Brown	0.64 (0.50-0.82)	3.74 (2.35-5.96)	0.99 (0.78-1.26)	2.21 (1.47-3.33)	1.12 (0.88-1.43)	11.26 (6.96-18.22)
		Indigenous	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
	Rural	White	0.84 (0.69-1.01)	2.76 (2.46-3.10)	1.07 (0.67-1.71)	0.72 (0.63-0.83)	1.29 (0.85-1.96)	1.11 (0.97-1.27)
		Black	0.52 (0.40-0.69)	1.83 (1.43-2.34)	0.72 (0.40-1.28)	0.56 (0.41-0.78)	1.28 (0.78-2.12)	1.11 (0.82-1.49)
		Brown	0.73 (0.61-0.87)	2.34 (2.04-2.68)	1.29 (0.82-2.02)	0.47 (0.39-0.57)	1.63 (1.10-2.41)	0.93 (0.78-1.10)
		Indigenous	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
CW	Urban	White	3.74 (2.30-6.06)	2.15 (1.60-2.89)	0.67 (0.39-1.16)	1.44 (1.07-1.94)	2.33 (1.43-3.80)	4.15 (2.75-6.26)
		Black	3.09 (1.75-5.46)	2.20 (1.59-3.04)	1.20 (0.67-2.17)	1.15 (0.84-1.58)	1.91 (1.07-3.39)	3.01 (1.90-4.77)
		Brown	3.25 (1.98-5.33)	2.03 (1.51-2.73)	1.41 (0.81-2.43)	1.24 (0.92-1.67)	2.70 (1.63-4.47)	3.29 (2.20-4.93)
		Indigenous	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
	Rural	White	8.25 (6.89-9.88)	8.58 (7.40-9.96)	1.45 (1.02-2.08)	1.73 (1.36-2.21)	1.70 (1.22-2.36)	3.33 (2.42-4.57)
		Black	2.87 (2.13-3.87)	5.26 (4.20-6.58)	1.42 (0.78-2.59)	2.01 (1.44-2.82)	2.16 (1.32-3.53)	2.80 (1.86-4.22)
		Brown	4.32 (3.53-5.30)	6.13 (5.36-7.02)	1.58 (1.07-2.33)	1.71 (1.36-2.15)	2.30 (1.62-3.28)	3.45 (2.54-4.69)
		Indigenous	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00

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[1] Collaborations

Authors RV Santos and GM Cunha contributed substantially to the design, analysis, interpretation of data and critical review of the content. TR Fávaro contributed to the writing, analysis, interpretation of data and critical review of the content. L Raupp was responsible for the design, analysis, interpretation of data, writing and critical review of the content. All of the listed authors read and approved the final version presented here.