Dietary patterns among adolescents and associated factors: longitudinal study on sedentary behavior, physical activity, diet and adolescent health

Neta, Adélia da Costa Pereira de Arruda; Steluti, Josiane; Ferreira, Flávia Emília Leite de Lima; Farias Junior, José Cazuza de; Marchioni, Dirce Maria Lobo

doi:10.1590/1413-81232021269.2.24922019

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Sumário

THE BURDEN OF FOOD AND ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES ON HEALTH • Ciênc. saúde coletiva 26 (suppl 2) • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232021269.2.24922019 copy

Dietary patterns among adolescents and associated factors: longitudinal study on sedentary behavior, physical activity, diet and adolescent health

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to identify dietary patterns and associations with socioeconomic characteristics, lifestyle, nutritional status, lipid profile and inflammatory profile in adolescents. A cross-sectional study was conducted with a probabilistic sample using baseline data (2014) from the Longitudinal Study on Sedentary Behavior, Physical Activity, Eating Habits and Adolescent Health. A total of 1,438 adolescents (10 to 14 years old) from public schools in the city of João Pessoa, Brazil, participated in the study. Data were collected on socioeconomic characteristics, nutritional status, lifestyle and the results of biochemical tests. Dietary data were obtained using the 24-hour recall method and dietary patterns were identified by exploratory factor analysis. Associations of interest were estimated using multiple logistic regression. Three dietary patterns were found: “Traditional”, “Snacks” and “Western”. These patterns were associated with age, socioeconomic status, parental education and lifestyle. The “Traditional” pattern was associated lower adiposity and a better lipid profile. However, with the increase in age, greater frequencies of the “Snacks” and “Western” patterns were found. The present findings underscore the need for strategies that encourage healthy behaviors.

Key words:
Dietary patterns; Adolescents; Socioeconomic status; Lifestyle; Nutritional status

Groups	2014
Groups	Traditional pattern	Snacks pattern	Western pattern
Basic foods	0.73	0.03	0.01
Meats	0.72	-0.04	0.09
Beans	0.55	0.16	0.08
Sweetened beverages	0.16	0.07	0.75
Coffee and tea	0.16	0.51	-0.30
Butter and margarine	0.10	0.54	-0.23
Fruits, legumes and vegetables	0.08	-0.08	0.14
Sweets	0.05	-0.08	0.52
Bread, toast and grains	0.01	0.83	0.09
Dairy products	-0.02	0.03	0.17
Cheese	-0.06	0.46	0.35
Processed meats	-0.24	0.34	0.24
Pastries and chips/crisps	-0.27	-0.16	0.42
Soup	-0.34	-0.05	-0.18

Variables		N (%)	Pattern 1 score (Traditional)	p	Pattern 2 score (Snacks)	p	Pattern 3 score (Western)	p
Sociodemographic
Sex
	Male	660 (47.0)	0.099	0.00	0.137	0.00	0.056	0.06
	Female	746 (53.0)	-0.096	0.00	-0.128	0.00	-0.048	0.06
Age
	10	162 (11.3)	-0.039	0.39	-0.110	0.00	-0.120	0.25
	11	624 (44.4)	-0.052		-0.112		-0.039
	12	354 (25.4)	0.043		0.017		0.068
	13	185 (13.3)	0.074		0.228		0.082
	14	81 (5.6)	0.022		0.420		0.064
Type of school
	State-run	657 (45.7)	-0.017	0.55	-0.001	0.60	0.026	0.33
	Municipal	781 (54.3)	0.003		-0.011		-0.022
Region of city
	North	349 (24.3)	-0.028	0.04	-0.130	0.01	0.064	0.11
	South	613 (42.6)	0.016		0.085		0.032
	East	148 (10.3)	-0.216		-0.168		-0.099
	West	328 (22.8)	0.072		0.031		-0.082
Class hours
	Morning	581 (40.4)	0.003	0.48	-0.048	0.04	-0.039	0.30
	Afternoon	801 (55.7)	0.001		0.038		0.038
	Full time	56 (3.9)	-0.206		-0.202		-0.137
Skin color
	White	271 (19.0)	-0.095	0.11	-0.019	0.95	0.095	0.04
	Non-white	1160 (81.0)	0.019		-0.002		-0.026
Mother's schooling
	Incomplete primary school	483 (40.6)	0.073	0.18	0.059	0.04	-0.052	0.47
	Incomplete high school	339 (28.5)	0.016		-0.042		0.045
	Complete high school or +	368 (30.9)	-0.040		-0.102		0.060
Father's schooling
	Incomplete primary school	426 (45.7)	0.083	0.07	0.006	0.23	-0.061	0.01
	Incomplete high school	216 (23.2)	-0.053		0.068		0.028
	Complete high school or +	290 (31.1)	-0.084		-0.084		0.152
Economic class
	A	7 (0.5)	0.202	0.37	-0.083	0.02	0.692	0.00
	B	460 (36.4)	-0.042		-0.129		0.108
	C	734 (58.1)	0.024		0.049		-0.031
	D	61 (4.8)	0.234		0.180		-0.275
	E	2 (0.2)	0.014		-0.486		-1.430
Atividade Física
Physical activity
	Active	962 (67.0)	0.017	0.34	0.051	0.01	0.085	0.00
	Inactive	475 (33.0)	-0.053		-0.124		-0.171
Sedentary behavior
	No	325 (22.2)	-0.013	0.53	-0.078	0.09	-0.198	0.00
	Yes	1142 (77.8)	0.004		0.024		0.055

Variable		N (%)	Pattern 1 (Traditional)			p	Pattern 2 (Snacks)			p	Pattern 3 (Western)			p
Variable		N (%)	T1	T2	T3		T1	T2	T3		T1	T2	T3
Nutritional status
	Underweight	36 (2.5)	27.8	30.5	41.7	0.75	30.5	30.6	38.9	0.44	30.6	33.3	36.1	0.10
	Ideal range	933 (65.4)	33.6	33.1	33.3		32.1	34.5	33.4		32.6	31.4	36.0
	Overweight	268 (18.8)	31.4	36.4	32.2		39.1	29.1	31.8		33.3	38.0	28.7
	Obesity	189 (13.3)	36.9	33.0	30.1		33.5	35.2	31.3		38.0	35.7	26.3
Adiposity
	Normal	716 (48.8)	32.8	30.9	36.3	0.05	32.2	32.4	35.4	0.26	31.5	32.5	36.0	0.09
	Above	751 (51.2)	33.9	35.6	30.5	0.05	34.4	34.3	31.3	0.26	35.2	34.1	30.7	0.09
Total cholesterol
	Normal	541 (67.0)	33.0	30.8	36.2	0.12	36.6	31.4	32.0	0.48	31.2	33.5	35.3	0.12
	Altered	266 (33.0)	33.7	36.8	29.5	0.12	39.8	32.2	28.0	0.48	37.9	32.6	29.5	0.12
LDL
	Normal	551 (68.3)	32.5	30.7	36.8	0.03	36.6	31.4	32.0	0.47	31.6	33.6	34.8	0.23
	Altered	256 (31.7)	34.7	37.5	27.8	0.03	39.9	32.3	27.8	0.47	37.5	32.3	30.2	0.23
HDL
	Normal	303 (37.5)	34.0	31.3	34.7	0.77	39.1	33.3	27.6	0.342	32.3	32.3	35.4	0.64
	Altered	504 (62.5)	32.7	33.7	33.5	0.77	36.8	30.7	32.5	0.342	34.2	33.7	32.1	0.64
Triglycerides
	Normal	533 (66.2)	34.7	31.4	33.9	0.37	38.2	32.8	29.0	0.350	32.7	34.5	32.8	0.60
	Altered	272 (33.8)	30.2	35.5	34.3	0.37	36.6	29.5	33.9	0.350	34.7	31.0	34.3	0.60
CRP
	Low risk	244 (30.4)	29.7	34.7	35.6	0.06	33.5	35.2	31.3	0.381	28.4	31.4	40.2	0.07
	Medium risk	149 (18.6)	34.0	24.5	41.5		35.4	30.6	34.0		37.4	34.0	28.6
	High risk	409 (51.0)	34.7	34.7	30.6		40.5	30.4	29.1		35.4	33.9	30.6

Variables		Traditional pattern OR	95%CI	Snacks pattern OR	95%CI	Western pattern OR	95%CI
Sex
	Male	1.00	0.48 - 087	1.00	0.47 - 0.77	1.00	0.73 - 1.29
	Female	0.65	0.48 - 087	0.60	0.47 - 0.77	0.97	0.73 - 1.29
Age
	10-11	1.00	1.07 - 1.94	1.00	1.29 - 2.08	1.00	1.15 - 2.03
	12-14	1.44	1.07 - 1.94	1.64	1.29 - 2.08	1.53	1.15 - 2.03
Mother's schooling
	Incomplete primary school	*	*	*	*	1.00
	Incomplete high school					1.14	0.80 - 1.62
	Complete high school or +					1.89	1.37 - 2.60
Economic class
	A/B	*	*	1.00		*	*
	C			1.39	1.08 - 1.80
	D/E			2.62	1.52 - 4.53
Physical activity
	Active	*	*	1.00	0.62 - 1.06	1.00	0.49 - 0.92
	Inactive	*	*	0.82		0.67
Adiposity
	Normal	1.00	0.45 - 0.82	*	*	1.00	0.58 - 0.99
	Above	0.61	0.45 - 0.82	*	*	0.76	0.58 - 0.99
Serum LDL
	Normal	1.00	0.51 - 0.98	*	*	*	*
	Altered	0.71	0.51 - 0.98	*	*	*	*

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[1] Collaborations

ACP Arruda Neta substantially participated in the conception and design of this work, collecting, analyzing and interpreting data, as well as writing the manuscript. J Steluti participated in the conception and design of this work, analyzing and interpreting data, as well as writing the manuscript. FELL Ferreira participated in the conception and design of this work, collecting and revising the manuscript. JC Farias Junior participated in the conception and design of this work, collecting and revising the manuscript. DML Marchioni substantially participated in the conception and design of this work, analyzing and interpreting data, as well as writing the manuscript.