Popular Health, Environmental and Occupational Surveillance: an integrative literature review

Silva, Luiz Rons Caúla da; Diógenes, Saulo da Silva; Meneses, Michele Neves; Arjona, Felipe Bagatoli Silveira; Arruda, Carlos André Moura; Teixeira, Ana Cláudia de Araújo; Pessoa, Vanira Matos; Carneiro, Fernando Ferreira

doi:10.1590/1413-81232023289.13142022EN

Luiz Rons Caúla da Silva

conception and design of the research

analysis and interpretation of data

in peer review

writing of the article

critical review

approval of the version to be published

Fiocruz Ceará. R. São José s/n, Precabura. 61773-270 Eusébio CE Brasil. fernandocarneirofiocruz@gmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5807-3478

Saulo da Silva Diógenes

data analysis and interpretation

in peer review

writing of the article

critical review

approval of the version to be published

Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira. Redenção CE Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8584-3936

Michele Neves Meneses

data analysis and interpretation

writing of the article

critical review

approval of the version to be published

Prefeitura Municipal do Rio Grande. Rio Grande RS Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0933-7051

Felipe Bagatoli Silveira Arjona

data analysis and interpretation

writing of the article

critical review

final approval of the version to be published

Escola Politécnica de Saúde Joaquim Venâncio, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro RJ Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6386-6352

Carlos André Moura Arruda

data analysis and interpretation

methodological path

writing of the article

critical review

final approval of the version to be published

Centro Universitário Ateneu. Fortaleza CE Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8145-1599

Ana Cláudia de Araújo Teixeira

data analysis and interpretation

writing of the article

critical review

approval of the version to be published

Fiocruz Ceará. R. São José s/n, Precabura. 61773-270 Eusébio CE Brasil. fernandocarneirofiocruz@gmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2851-5260

Vanira Matos Pessoa

data analysis and interpretation

methodological path

writing of the article

critical review

final approval of the version to be published

Fiocruz Ceará. R. São José s/n, Precabura. 61773-270 Eusébio CE Brasil. fernandocarneirofiocruz@gmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3676-9607

Fernando Ferreira Carneiro

conception and design of the research

analysis and interpretation of data

in peer review

writing of the article

critical review

approval of the version to be published

Fiocruz Ceará. R. São José s/n, Precabura. 61773-270 Eusébio CE Brasil. fernandocarneirofiocruz@gmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6625-9715

Chief editors:

Romeu Gomes, Antônio Augusto Moura da Silva

Database	Search strategy
Virtual Health Library (VHL)	("Participação da comunidade" OR "Community Participation" OR "Participación de la Comunidad") AND ("vigilância em saúde" OR "vigilância da saúde" OR "Vigilancia en Salud Publica" OR "Public Health Surveillance" OR "saúde ambiental" OR "Salud Ambiental" OR "Environmental Health" OR "saúde do trabalhador" OR "Occupational Health" OR "Salud Laboral")
EBSCOhost	TI "Community Participation" AND TI ("Public Health Surveillance" OR "Environmental Health" OR "Occupational Health")
	AB "Community Participation" AND AB ("Public Health Surveillance" OR "Environmental Health" OR "Occupational Health"))
	SU ("Community Participation") AND SU ("Public Health Surveillance" OR "Environmental Health" OR "Occupational Health")
Embase	'community participation':ab,ti AND ('public health surveillance':ab,ti OR 'environmental health':ab,ti OR 'occupational health':ab,ti) AND ([english]/lim OR [portuguese]/lim OR [spanish]/lim)
Embase	'community participation'/exp AND ('public health surveillance'/exp OR 'environmental health'/exp OR 'occupational health'/exp) AND ([english]/lim OR [portuguese]/lim OR [spanish]/lim)
Scopus	TITLE (("Community Participation") AND ("Public Health Surveillance" OR "Environmental Health" OR "Occupational Health")) AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "English") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Spanish"))
	ABS (("Community Participation") AND ("Public Health Surveillance" OR "Environmental Health" OR "Occupational Health")) AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "English") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Spanish") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Portuguese"))
	KEY (("Community Participation") AND ("Public Health Surveillance" OR "Environmental Health" OR "Occupational Health")) AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "English") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "Portuguese") OR LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, “Spanish” ))
Web of Science	TS=(("participação da comunidade" OR "Community Participation" OR "Participación de la Comunidad") AND ("vigilância em saúde" OR "vigilância da saúde" OR "Vigilancia en Salud Publica" OR "Public Health Surveillance" OR "saúde ambiental" OR "Salud Ambiental" OR "Environmental Health" OR "saúde do trabalhador" OR "Occupational Health" OR "Salud Laboral")))

Health, Environmental and Occupational Surveillance (VPSAT)
Authors (year)	Level of Evidence	Place and experiences in popular surveillance	Methods	Theoretical bases	Terms and/or concepts in popular surveillance
Quigley et al.²⁵ (2000)	II	Nevada, Utah and Southern California, USA. Experience: A community-based team exposed to radioactive waste conducted, transcribed and analyzed more than 71 interviews with indigenous people who understood community experiences of nuclear waste contamination	Community-based investigation or Participatory Research through a descriptive case study	Justice and environmental racism; and community-based risk management	Community-based research and education
Toledo²⁶ (2006)	II	Iauaretê, São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Amazonas, Brazil. Experience: construction of knowledges in public and environmental health with local popular knowledge in 10 indigenous communities; community meetings, questionnaires, interviews, talking maps, photo panels, participatory observation and method triangulation	Mixed methods (quantitative and qualitative) and Action Research	Popular and environmental education; Theory of Social Representations	Participatory observation
Lambert et al.²⁷ (2006)	II	Whitney Pier, Ashby and North End of Sydney, Canada. Experience: developed in the community (residents living close to the coal and steel factory), responsible for applying 325 door-to-door questionnaires, collecting 15 stratified random samples of soil and dust, and conducting interviews during these collections. The observations of odor, smoke and ash deposition in the communities were compared and bivariate analyses were performed	Mixed methods and cross-sectional study	Environmental justice	Local knowledge
Flum et al.²⁸ (2010)	II	University of Iowa, USA. Experience: 16 volunteer janitors photographed occupational hazards, using the Photovoice technique, to which they were exposed; as a group, they categorized and prioritized the most important situations, making reports for the community and making decisions	Participatory action research	Popular education in occupational health	Participatory ergonomics
Toledo et al.²⁹ (2012)	II	Iauaretê, Amazonas, Brazil. Experience: community surveillance with 30 indigenous people (teachers, health agents and community leaders, etc.) to understand disease prevention, basic sanitation and family health, solve problems in the territory and exercise citizenship	Mixed Methods and Action Research	Critical, liberating and emancipatory pedagogy; Empowerment	Popular participation, social mobilization and community journal
Wilson et al.³⁰ (2015)	II	Charleston, South Carolina, USA. Experience: Community, academia and government agreed to implement a mitigation plan, addressing local environmental risks through research, community capacity building and action. The “Environmental Justice Radar”, a Public Participation Geographic Information Systems (PPGIS), was created for residents of Charleston neighborhoods to share Photovoice data in real time and visualize environmental risks	Action Research	Environmental Justice, Public Participation Geographic Information Systems (PPGIS) and Community Based Surveillance	Community mapping
English et al.³¹ (2017)	II	Imperial County, California, USA. Experience: partnership between academia, non-profit organizations, government and community, through a management committee; committee involvement in study design and implementation, providing feedback on actions and data reporting; the local community indicated the locations for the Dylos particulate, temperature and humidity sensors to be placed	Case study	Citizen science	Community environmental monitoring
Musesengwa and Chimbari³² (2017)	II	Gwanda, Zimbabwe and uMkhanyakude, South Africa. Experience: evaluation of the impacts of social, environmental and climate changes on diseases transmitted by vectors, particularly populations exposed to malaria, with the objective of developing action, adaptation and mitigation plans aimed at the community	Qualitative research, case study and cross-sectional study	Eco-health, Citizen Science and Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR)	Community engagement
Rey-Mazón et al.³³ (2018)	IV	Israel/Palestine, Spain and USA. Experience: two cases of aerial mapping and one of water quality monitoring - which involved associations, local activists, children, young individuals and students - discussed civic science practices, using open source technology based on the "Do-It-Yourself” method and its diverse understandings and expertise; the development of technology in social and political contexts; critical perspectives and solutions to possible contradictions between transparency and the privacy and security of vulnerable communities.	Case series	Urban and Environmental Justice, Civic Science and PPGIS	Citizen Surveillance and Aerial Surveillance
Barzyk et al.³⁴ (2018)	IV	Newark and Newport News, USA. Experience: evaluation of urban pollution through portable sensors in two projects implemented with determined rites and systematic evaluations, involving communities, non-profit organizations, academic and government partners. There were over 100 meetings, where everyone had equal speaking time and comparison between evaluation records such as meeting notes, summary tables, data results and proposed approaches	Qualitative research	Citizen Science and Environmental Justice	Risk Assessment in Environmental Health
Panikkar et al.³⁵ (2019)	II	Merrimack in New Hampshire, USA. Experience: A group of residents developed the “Merrimack PFOA Concerns Health Survey” with 596 residents in 213 households exposed to PFAS in drinking water; use of Google Forms to report demographic data, sources of exposure and health conditions; Logistic regression analysis	Quantitative method with cross-sectional study	Community-led health research; and Criticism to Undone Science	Biomonitoring
Johnston et al.³⁶ (2020)	II	Los Angeles, California, USA. Experience: participatory air monitoring program with 18 high school students of color; data collection combined with storytelling through digital media. Four phases: Popular Education Workshops; Measuring air quality; Reflection, Analysis and Interpretation; Youth Community Forum and Action	Mixed methods	Popular Education, Environmental Justice, CBPR and Environmental Health Literacy	Participatory monitoring
Wong et al.³⁷ (2020)	II	Imperial County, California, USA. Experience: Creation of a community air monitoring network (CAMN) with 40 low-cost particulate monitors by a community-based organization that brought together scientists, community advocates and local residents. The actors produced real-time information on the level of air quality in the community by establishing the CAMN	Descriptive case study	Citizen and Community Science; Environmental Justice, CBPR, Environmental Health Literacy and Community Resilience	Community air monitoring
Nolan et al.³⁸ (2021)	II	Richmond, California, USA. Experience: Collection of quantitative data with Ogawa monitors of airborne particulate matter and noise levels and qualitative data with Photovoice from 12 sites and supplemental skills development workshops; five paid young individuals participated	Mixed methods and youth participatory action research	Structural Violence, Racism and Environmental Justice, Community Science and CBPR	Community monitoring
Prado et al.³⁹ (2021)	II	Tijuana, Mexico. Experience: community mapping, with the participation of the Collective for Environmental Health and Justice - consisting of community representatives -, interviews with key informants, application of a questionnaire with a Likert scale, use of Garmin eTrex Venture, ArcGIS, Photoshop and NVivo to prepare the maps	Mixed methods	Popular Education, Environmental Justice and PPGIS	Community mapping

Experiences
Biomonitoring	Determination of pollutants and contaminants, such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), to assess environmental quality through exposed organisms.
Community engagement	It describes a range of activities that include disseminating information, consulting, collaborating in decision-making, capacity building, establishing partnerships with interested parties, and seeking guidance from community leaders.
Community Mapping	It allows residents to map environmental health data, environmental hazards and other stressors of locations that can tell their exposure stories. The communities can therefore become more involved in local environmental decision-making and help with enforcement by creating a popular surveillance system.
Community monitoring	Community members play important roles in determining study design, location and deployment of monitors, and data collection.
Participatory monitoring	It is based on principles of community-led, participatory research, which seeks to deconstruct traditional power dynamics, provide information about important environmental risks to residents, and democratize knowledge.
Participatory observation	Coexistence and direct participation of the researcher in the ordinary universe of the assessed community, which must be complemented by systematic collection of data and their interpretation.
Methods
Do-It-Yourself	It develops or handles live data files, collected and produced in a decentralized manner, that is, by the community itself, without the need for specialists’ help, using open source and publicly accessible technologies. In addition, there is a concern to incorporate collaborative and open source principles in the objects, tools, social formations and data sharing practices that emerge from these investigations, for example, performing aerial mapping with a camera attached to a balloon or a kite, or the monitoring of water quality in rivers using simple conductivity sensors, being used as an early warning system for mining pollution, for example.
Community-Based Investigation or Participatory Research	It produces knowledge based on the investigation and applies what is learned to collective problems through social action. It is, therefore, a systematic investigation with the collaboration of those affected by the issue being studied for purposes of education and effective social change or action. Thus, they are methods that will inform, improve and make equitable the science of determining environmental risks to health, promoting a co-learning and training process that facilitates the reciprocal transfer of knowledge, skills, capacity and power.
Action research	Method focused on the capacity to act, that is, to carry out social interventions aimed at solving a problem. It emphasizes the participation of social groups considered excluded from the decision-making for the solution of problems that concern them, thus having a highly politicized content.
Youth Participatory Action Research	With the support and experience of young individuals, this method helps, for instance, to solve challenges in the misalignment between the community's and the researcher's objectives. Thus, it prioritizes the centralization of impacted communities in building local capacity and expanding opportunities to improve their well-being through research, action and empowerment. If done well, the practice of community inclusion helps to erode the imbalanced power dynamics and socioeconomic inequalities, improves the long-term sustainability of actions within the affected communities, and strengthens the ability to move towards a healthier future.
Techniques
Photovoice	Technique that gives voice to those with low social and/or economic status, who tell their own stories, through photos they take themselves, which allows reflecting on the strengths and problems of their community, promotes dialogue on important issues through group discussion and photographs, and provides participatory means of knowledge sharing.
Community journal	It is the production of a group gathered around collective interests, going beyond the informative function and summoning the community to reflect/act on the addressed topics. Due to its characteristics, the community journal becomes an instrument of social transformation, through a dynamic and participatory construction process. Thus, it aims to contribute to the social development of a given location and must be produced by the community itself to socialize and discuss health and environmental issues.

[1] Chief editors:

Romeu Gomes, Antônio Augusto Moura da Silva

Brasil

Brasil

Popular Health, Environmental and Occupational Surveillance: an integrative literature review

Abstract