The impact of the Bolsa Família Program on food consumption: a comparative study of the southeast and northeast regions of Brazil

Sperandio, Naiara; Rodrigues, Cristiana Tristão; Franceschini, Sylvia do Carmo Castro; Priore, Silvia Eloiza

doi:10.1590/1413-81232017226.25852016

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ARTICLE • Ciênc. saúde colet. 22 (6) • June 2017 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232017226.25852016 copy

The impact of the Bolsa Família Program on food consumption: a comparative study of the southeast and northeast regions of Brazil

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the Bolsa Família Program (PBF) on food consumption in the northeast and southeast regions of Brazil. The database was obtained from the individual food consumption module of the Household Budget Survey conducted in 2008-09. Consumption was assessed through two food records. The food was categorized into four groups: fresh or minimally processed food; culinary ingredients; processed food; and ultra-processed food. To analyze the impact, the propensity score matching method was used, which compares the individual recipients and non-recipients of the PBF in relation to a group of socioeconomic characteristics. After the propensity score was calculated, the impact of the PBF was estimated through the nearest-neighbor matching algorithm. In both regions, more than 60% of the daily total calories consumed by PBF recipients came from foods that had not undergone industrial processing. The recipients of PBF had a low level of consumption of processed and ultra-processed food in both regions, and an increased level of consumption of fresh or minimally processed food in the northeast. The results indicate the importance of adopting intersectoral policies in parallel to the PBF in order to strengthen healthy eating practices.

Food consumption; Social policy; Processed food

Variables		Northeast		Southeast

	Receive bolsa família	Do not receive bolsa família	p	Receive bolsa família	Do not receive bolsa família	p
Characteristics of individuals
Per capita montly income	117.13	125.05	< 0.01^a	183.60	202.35	< 0.01^a
Age	37.70	27.80	< 0.01^a	36.15	30.60	< 0.01^a
Education (years of schooling)	3.70	4.65	< 0.01^a	4.80	5.65	< 0.01^a
Level of education of head of @household (years of schooling)	2.70	3.30	0.01^a	4.65	4.75	0.18^a
% Female	89.01%	46.96%	< 0.01^b	86.40%	53.30%	< 0.01^b
% White	23.34%	21.30%	0.22^b	35.15%	37.20%	0.65^b
% Black	9.09%	7.90%	0.27^b	10.95%	11.97%	0.73^b
% Mixed race	66.60%	70.10%	0.07^b	53.90%	50.40%	0.45^b
Characteristics of household
Number of inhabitants	4.90	5.10	< 0.01^a	4.85	4.75	0.28^a
Total children	2.65	2.80	0.06^a	2.65	2.30	0.10^a
Total children and adolescents	2.73	2.05	< 0.01^a	2.75	2.30	< 0.01^a
Total rooms	5.20	5.65	< 0.01^a	5.31	5.45	0.19^a
Total bathrooms	0.80	0.95	< 0.01^a	1.01	1.05	0.09^a
% of homes with garbage collection	58.07%	63.0%	0.01^b	73.40%	80.55%	< 0.01^b
% of homes with electrical supply	95.50%	94.10%	0.12^b	99.20%	98.60%	0.54^b
% of homes with piped water supply	67.03%	69.10%	0.30^b	93.75%	95.60%	0.33^b
% of homes with sewage outlet	9.60%	12.65%	< 0.01^b	51.50%	54.00%	0.59^b
% of homes with masonry walls	85.80%	89.50%	0.01^b	97.60%	96.65%	0.55^b
% in rural areas	39.40%	36.30%	0.12^b	31.25%	27.04%	0.30^b

Food groups	Recipients		Non-recipients

	Kcal/day	% of total energy intake	Kcal/day	% of total energy intake	p^a
Northeast
Fresh or minimally processed food^b	957.50	67.92	886.60	56.93	0.031
Culinary ingredients	95.20	6.75	104.30	6.70	0.062
Processed food	146.25	10.37	214.95	13.80	0.012
Ultra-processed food^c	210.90	14.96	351.55	22.57	0.001
Total	1409.85		1557.40		0.001
Southeast
Fresh or minimally processed food^b	956.78	65.20	945.71	57.81	0.071
Culinary ingredients	97.18	6.62	105.96	6.48	0.068
Processed food	169.65	11.56	206.71	12.64	0.027
Ultra-processed food^c	243.84	16.62	377.35	23.07	0.001
Total	1467.45		1635.73		0.031

Variables	Northeast				Southeast

	Coefficient	Standard error	p- value	CI_95%	Coefficient	Standard error	p- value	CI_95%
Average per capita income	-0.1032	0.000747	0.015	-0.111 -0.015	-0.0303	0.00968	0.002	-0.078 0.001
Existence of electrical supply	0.5081	0.182195	0.051	0.156 0.750	-0.5144	0.717143	0.743	-0.656 0.051
Existence of masonry walls	0.1173	0.104844	0.911	0.040 0.228	0.2190	0.442426	0.621	0.085 0.232
Existence of sewage outlets	0.1171	0.134186	0.383	0.033 0.140	0.0287	0.172084	0.867	-0.013 0.052
Existence of garbage collection	-0.1867	0.098088	0.047	-0.233 -0.017	-0.1911	0.174358	0.003	-0.289 -0.022
Total bathrooms	-0.1524	0.084779	0.042	-0.265 -0.014	-0.1401	0.184586	0.455	-0.215 -0.008
Total residents	-0.0666	0.029885	0.056	-0.084 -0.028	-0.0163	0.65416	0.803	-0.020 -0.011
Total children and adolescents	0.3693	0.153817	0.015	0.146 0.393	0.3646	0.268867	0.036	0.125 0.382
Total children	0.0132	0.315575	0.674	0.006 0.282	0.0598	0.05980	-0.317	-0.001 0.182
Residence in urban areas	0.0510	0.095066	0.591	0.011 0.144	-0.6792	0.170421	0.690	-0.698 0.044
Female	0.7446	0.083783	0.001	0.229 0.752	0.7647	0.152829	0.001	0.352 0.785
Mixed race	-0.1448	0.075774	0.056	-0.155 -0.011	-0.0709	0.132751	0.590	-0.095 -0.032
Level of education of head of household	-0.0247	0.012115	0.041	-0.038 0.004	-0.0702	0.017061	0.044	-0.089 0.063

Food groups	ATT	Standard error	t
Northeast
Fresh or minimally processed food	125.30	85.93	3.25^a
Culinary ingredients	-12.45	9.35	-0.49
Processed food	-165.80	90.95	-3.98^a
Ultra-processed food	-182.65	100.15	-3.45^a
Total	-125.55	84.42	-2.40^b
Southeast
Fresh or minimally processed food	15.25	8.65	1.32
Culinary ingredients	-9.85	6.65	-1.12
Processed food	-95.90	30.25	-2.43^b
Ultra-processed food	-125.75	82.24	-2.65^a
Total	-145.35	91.86	-2.32^b

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[1] Collaborations

N Sperandio designed the study, wrote and revised the intellectual content, and approved the final version. CT Rodrigues analyzed and interpreted the results and approved the final version. SCC Franceschini critically reviewed the content and approved the final version. SE Priore critically reviewed the content and approved the final version.