Health literacy in ChatGPT: exploring the potential of the use of artificial intelligence to produce academic text

Peres, Frederico

doi:10.1590/1413-81232024291.02412023EN

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THEMATIC ARTICLE • Ciênc. saúde coletiva 29 (1) • Jan 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232024291.02412023EN copy

Health literacy in ChatGPT: exploring the potential of the use of artificial intelligence to produce academic text

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Abstract

The aim of this study was to identify and analyze the main constituent elements of text generated by ChatGPT in response to questions on an emerging topic in the academic literature in Portuguese - health literacy - and discuss how the evidence produced can contribute to improving our understanding of the limits and challenges of using artificial intelligence (AI) in academic writing. We conducted an exploratory descriptive study based on responses to five consecutive questions in Portuguese and English with increasing levels of complexity put to ChatGPT. Our findings reveal the potential of the use of widely available, unrestricted access AI-based technologies like ChatGPT for academic writing. Featuring a simple and intuitive interface, the tool generated structured and coherent text using natural-like language. Considering that academic productivism is associated with a growing trend in professional misconduct, especially plagiarism, there is a need too take a careful look at academic writing and scientific knowledge dissemination processes mediated by AI technologies.

Key words:
Health literacy; Artificial Intelligence; Academic communication; Ethics in the scientific publication

Question 1	Text produced by ChatGPT	Constituent elements
Explain the concept of literacia em saúde	Literacia em saúde is the ability to understand, evaluate and apply health information to make informed decisions about your health and medical care. It includes the ability to read and understand medical and health information, as well as the ability to communicate and work with health professionals. Literacia em saúde is important for people to be able to make informed decisions make informed decisions about their health and medical care and understand how to navigating the health system.	a) individual skill b) core domain c) health care d) medical care e) informed decision-making f) navigating the health system
Explain the concept of alfabetização em saúde	Alfabetização em saúde is a process through which people acquire knowledge and skills and competencies necessary to understand and use health information to make informed decisions about your own health and medical care. It includes understanding information on disease prevention, treatment, the management of health conditions and the adequate use of health services. Alfabetização em saúde also involves the ability to understand and evaluate health information presented in various forms, such as graphs, tables and technical language. The ultimate aim of alfabetização em saúde is to develop the capacity of people to be more involved and active in the management of their health and well-being.	a) individual skill b) health care c) medical care d) informed decision-making e) navigating the health system f) knowledge and skills and competencies acquisition process g) disease prevention h) evaluating health information i) management of your own health and well-being
Explain the concept of letramento em saúde	Letramento em saúde is the set of skills and knowledge a person has to access, understand, evaluate and apply health information to make informed decisions and promote their health. It includes the ability to read, write, understand and use health information and the ability to communicate effectively with health professionals and take measures to maintain health. Letramento em saúde is important for people to develop the capacity to play an active role in their health and improve individual and collective health outcomes.	a) health care b) medical care c) informed decision-making d) navigating the health system e) playing an active role in your own health f) improving individual and collective health outcomes
Explain the concept of health literacy	Health literacy refers to the ability of individuals to access, understand, and use health information to make informed decisions about their health. It involves a combination of skills, including reading, writing, numeracy, and critical thinking, as well as an understanding of basic health concepts and terminology. Individuals with high health literacy are better equipped to navigate the healthcare system, communicate with healthcare providers, and manage their own health effectively.	a) individual skill b) health care c) medical care d) informed decision-making e) navigating the health system f) critical thinking g) understanding basic health concepts and terminology

Question 2	Text produced by ChatGPT	Constituent elements
What are the origins of the concept of literacia em saúde	The concept of literacia em saúde has its origins in studies carried out in the 1970s on people's ability to understand and use health information to make informed decisions about their health and medical care. Since then, health literacy has evolved as a multidimensional concept encompassing not only understanding health information, but also the ability to communicate with healthcare professionals, the ability to navigate the health care system, and understanding the social and cultural factors that affect health and medical care. Currently, health literacy is considered a key aspect of health promotion and disease prevention.	a) origin in studies from the 1970s b) health care c) medical care d) communication with health professionals e) navigating the health system f) understanding social and cultural factors g) disease prevention h) health promotion
What are the origins of the concept of alfabetização em saúde	The concept of alfabetização em saúde has its origins in literacy, which is the ability to read and write. Since the 1970s, the concept has expanded to include the ability to understand and use information in different contexts, including health care. In the 1990s, the definition of health literacy was formalized by the World Health Organization (WHO) as "the ability to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and the services needed to make appropriate health-related decisions." Since then, health literacy has been recognized as a key skill for promoting health and well-being and has been an important component of health policies in many countries.	a) origin in studies from the 1970s b) origin in the concept of literacy c) evolved from the 1990s d) communication with health professionals e) navigating the health system f) understanding and use of information g) component of health policies h) health promotion
What are the origins of the concept of letramento em saúde	The concept of letramento em saúde has its origins in the functional literacy movement, which emerged in the 70s and 80s. This movement recognized that the ability to read and write is not enough to face the challenges of the modern world, and that people also need to be able to understand and use information in different contexts. In the 1990s, this approach was applied to the health field, resulting in the concept of letramento em saúde. The goal was to help people access, understand and apply health information, empowering them to make informed decisions and take care of their health. Since then, health literacy has been widely studied and has developed into an important strategy for improving public health.	a) origin in studies from the 1970s/1980s b) origin in the concept of functional literacy c) evolved from the 1990s d) informed decision-making e) health care f) understanding and use of information g) strategy to improve public health
What are the origins of the health literacy concept	The origins of the health literacy concept can be traced back to the 1970s when researchers began exploring the relationship between patient education and health outcomes. However, the term "health literacy" was not coined until the 1990s when it was used in a report by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) to describe the ability of individuals to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions. Since then, the concept of health literacy has gained increasing recognition as an important determinant of health and an essential component of public health and healthcare interventions.	a) origin in studies from the 1970s b) evolved from the 1990s c) medical education and health outcomes d) informed and appropriate decision-making e) understanding and use of information f) component of health policies g) key determinant of health

Question 3	Text produced by ChatGPT (individuals)	Text produced by ChatGPT (health system)	Text produced by ChatGPT (institutions)
Can you describe the importance of literacia em saúde for individuals, health systems and institutions?	Increases the ability to make informed decisions about health and medical care; enables better understanding and use of health information and health services; helps improve overall health and well-being.	Improves communication between healthcare professionals and patients; promotes disease prevention and preventive care; reduces healthcare costs through better decisions and more efficient outcomes.	Promotes health equity and reduces disparities between social and cultural groups; contributes to the effectiveness of health programs and services; improves the overall quality of healthcare.
Can you describe the importance of alfabetização em saúde for individuals, health systems and institutions?	Alfabetização em saúde is important for individuals because it provides them with the tools they need to make informed decisions about their health and medical care. It includes understanding information about disease prevention, treatment, management of health conditions and appropriate use of health services. When people are health literate, they are able to participate more actively in decisions regarding their health, improving quality of life and health.	Alfabetização em saúde is important for health systems because it helps improve health service effectiveness and efficiency. When people better understand how to use health services, they are able to use them more appropriately and in a more accessible manner, which can lead to better health outcomes and reduced costs for the healthcare system as a whole.	Institutions such as schools and workplaces can also benefit from alfabetização em saúde as it can help promote a healthy environment and awareness of the importance of health. When people have health knowledge and skills, they are able to make better, more informed decisions, both for themselves and those around them.
Can you describe the importance of letramento em saúde for individuals, health systems and institutions?	For individuals: letramento em saúde empowers people to understand complex health information and make informed decisions about their own health and well-being. This can result in better health outcomes and greater autonomy and control over health, and better quality of life.	For health systems: letramento em saúde can improve the effectiveness of health systems, reducing the need for unnecessary appointments and treatments, and increasing adherence to treatment and prevention programs. This can lead to more efficient use of healthcare resources, reduced costs and improved population health.	For institutions: health literacy can improve the quality of health services provided by healthcare institutions, improving communication and interaction between patients and healthcare professionals, reducing medical errors, and increasing patient satisfaction. This can lead to a positive reputation for the organization, increased patient confidence, and improvements in health outcomes.
Can you describe the importance of health literacy to individuals, health systems and institutions?	Health literacy can help individuals make informed decisions about their own health, leading to better health outcomes and improved quality of life. It can also enable them to navigate the healthcare system, communicate effectively with healthcare providers, and manage their health more effectively.	Health literacy is important for the effective delivery of healthcare services. When patients have a good understanding of their health conditions and treatment options, they are more likely to adhere to treatment plans, which can lead to better health outcomes and reduced healthcare costs. Health literacy is also important for reducing health disparities and promoting health equity.	Health literacy is important for a wide range of institutions, including government agencies, healthcare providers, and educational institutions. By promoting health literacy, these institutions can help individuals become more engaged in their own health, improve healthcare outcomes, and reduce healthcare costs. They can also help to reduce health disparities and promote health equity, which is important for achieving overall public health goals

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[1] Chief editors:

Romeu Gomes, Antônio Augusto Moura da Silva