Estudio Longitudinal sobre el Estilo de Vida y la Salud de Estudiantes Universitarios <i>(ELESEU): diseño, procedimientos metodológicos, y resultados preliminares</i>

Nogueira, Patrícia Simone; Ferreira, Márcia Gonçalves; Rodrigues, Paulo Rogério Melo; Muraro, Ana Paula; Pereira, Lídia Pitaluga; Pereira, Rosangela Alves

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METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES • Cad. Saúde Pública 34 (4) • 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00145917 copiar

Estudio Longitudinal sobre el Estilo de Vida y la Salud de Estudiantes Universitarios (ELESEU): diseño, procedimientos metodológicos, y resultados preliminares

Autoría SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

La admisión a la universidad puede provocar cambios significativos en el patrón de exposición a los riesgos de salud. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir el diseño del estudio y los procedimientos metodológicos adoptados en el Estudio Longitudinal sobre Estilo de Vida y Salud de Estudiantes Universitario (ELESEU). Este estudio examina una cohorte dinámica de estudiantes a tiempo completo en una universidad pública en el estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil. Esta investigación, que empezó en 2015, tendrá 4 años de seguimiento y está previsto que finalice en 2018. Se utiliza un cuestionario autoadministrado, que contiene preguntas respecto a las características demográficas y socioeconómicas, e información sobre condiciones de salud y factores de riesgo tales como: estilo de vida, estrés percibido, síntomas de depresión, imagen corporal, riesgo de desórdenes en el comportamiento alimenticio, autoevaluación de salud y calidad de la dieta, así como otros asuntos relacionados con la nutrición y la salud. Las medidas antropométricas, así como la toma de presión arterial también fueron recogidas. Se recogieron dos encuestas alimentarias de 24-horas, análisis de colesterol, triglicéridos, y muestras de glucosa capilar en un 50% de los estudiantes. En 2015, 495 participantes (un 82,6% de los estudiantes elegibles) fueron evaluados en este estudio de referencia. De ellos, a 348 (un 70,3%) se les realizó un seguimiento en 2016. En 2016, 566 participantes fueron incluidos en la cohorte (81% de los estudiantes elegibles). Este estudio nos ayudará a identificar los factores que tal vez influencien en cambios nutricionales, de salud, y metabólicos en el estado de adultos jóvenes durante su vida universitaria.

Palabras-clave:
Estudiantes; Universidades; Estilo de Vida; Estudios Longitudinales

Type of information	Method/Variables	Categories	Reference
Demographic data	Age	Years
	Gender	Male/female
	IBGE/Race-skin color	White, black, mulatto (pardo), Asian, Native	IBGE ²⁰20. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Características étnico-raciais da população : um estudo das categorias de classificação de cor ou raça: 2008. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística; 2011.
Socioeconomic data	Administrative category of high school	Federal public school, state public school, municipal public school, or private school
	Currently resides with	Alone, parents, relatives, or other
	Access to the internet at home	Yes or no
	ABEP/Economic class	A, B, C, D-E, with “A” being the highest and "D-E," the lowest	ABEP ²¹21. Associação Brasileira de Empresas de Pesquisa. Critérios de classificação econômica do Brasil. São Paulo: Associação Brasileira de Empresas de Pesquisa; 2015.
	Parents’ level of education	< 9 years (incomplete elementary school), 9 to 12 years (complete elementary school/incomplete high school), and > 12 years (complete high school)
Food consumption and food-related habits	Screening	Healthy and unhealthy eating habits markers	Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde ⁵²52. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde. Vigitel Brasil 2013: vigilância de fatores de risco e proteção para doenças crônicas por inquérito telefônico. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2014. (Série G. Estatística e Informação em Saúde).
	Factors that influence food consumption are identified	Aspects, and sensory, cultural, social, economic, and alimentary habits	Kearney et al. ²²22. Kearney M, Kearney JM, Dunne A, Gibney MJ. Sociodemographic determinants of perceived influences on food choice in a nationally representative sample of Irish adults. Public Health Nutr 2000; 3:219-26. Estima ²³23. Estima CCP. Por que os adolescentes comem o que comem? Determinantes do consumo alimentar [Doctoral Dissertation]. São Paulo: Universidade de São Paulo; 2012.
	Products consumed while watching television, playing video games or using the computer *	List of 10 products
	Frequency of meals consumption *	Daily, 5-6 times/week, 3-4 times/week, 1-2 times/week and never/almost never
	Place of meals consumption *	Usually does not eat, at home, at school/university, snack bar, bar-restaurant, others
	Diet practice	Yes or no List of 10 activities performed to lose or gain weight
	Frequency of meals consumption at the University Restaurant	6 times/week, 5 times/week, 4 times/week, 3 times/week, 2 times/week, 1 time/week and never/almost never
	Diet	Very good, good, regular, bad, and very poor
	24hR		Conway et al. ²⁴24. Conway JM, Ingwersen LA, Moshfegh AJ. Accuracy of dietary recall using the USDA five-step multiple-pass method in men: an observational validation study. J Am Diet Assoc 2004; 104:595-603.
Physical activity and sedentary behaviors	IPAQ/Physical activity level *	Very active, active, insufficiently active (a and b), sedentary	Matsudo et al. ²⁵25. Matsudo S, Araujo T, Matsudo V, Andrade D, Andrade E, Oliveira LC, et al. Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física (IPAQ): estudo de validade e reprodutibilidade no Brasil. Rev Bras Ativ Fís Saúde 2001; 6:5-18.
Physical activity and sedentary behaviors	Sedentary habits	3 hours or more/day as excessive computer use, and 4 hours or more/day as excessive use of television	Hickman et al. ²⁶26. Hickman M, Roberts C, Matos MG. Exercise and leisure-time activities. In: Currie C, Hurrelmann K, Settertobulte W, Smith R, Todd J, editors. Health and health behaviour among young people. Copenhagen: World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe; 2000. p. 73-82.
Consumption of alcoholic beverages and smoking	Experimentation	Age; or never experienced
	Consumption in the last 30 days *	Days/Month	Moura & Malta ²⁷27. Moura EC, Malta DC. Alcohol consumption in the Brazilian adult population: sociodemographic characteristics and trend. Rev Bras Epidemiol 2011; 14:61-70.
	Abusive alcohol consumption in the last 30 days	Days/Month	Moura & Malta ²⁷27. Moura EC, Malta DC. Alcohol consumption in the Brazilian adult population: sociodemographic characteristics and trend. Rev Bras Epidemiol 2011; 14:61-70.
	Intake of ethanol in the last 7 days	Grams	Ferreira et al. ²⁸28. Ferreira MG, Valente JG, Gonçalves-Silva RMV, Sichieri R. Consumption of alcoholic beverages and abdominal adiposity in blood donors. Rev Saúde Pública 2008; 42:1067-73.
	Current smoking	Days/Month	WHO ²⁹29. World Health Organization. Guidelines for controlling and monitoring the tobacco epidemic. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1998.
	Time of exposure to tobacco		Reichert et al. ³⁰30. Reichert J, Araújo AJ, Gonçalves CMC, Godoy I, Chatkin JM, Sales MPU, et al. Diretrizes para cessação do tabagismo - 2008. J Bras Pneumol 2008; 34:845-80.
	Number of cigarettes smoked/day		Reichert et al. ³⁰30. Reichert J, Araújo AJ, Gonçalves CMC, Godoy I, Chatkin JM, Sales MPU, et al. Diretrizes para cessação do tabagismo - 2008. J Bras Pneumol 2008; 34:845-80.
	Use of tobacco and alcohol in the year prior to admission in the university *	Yes/No
	Drink at least one dose of alcoholic beverage	Days/Month
Body image and self-perception of weight status	Appearance-healthy	List of 9 figures	Stunkard et al. ⁴⁴44. Stunkard AJ, Sorenson T, Schlusinger F. Use of the Danish Adoption Register for the study of obesity and thinness. In: Kety SS, Rowland LP, Sidman RL, Matthysse SW, editors. The genetics of neurological and psychiatric disorders. New York: Raven Press; 1983. p. 115-20.
Body image and self-perception of weight status	Self-perception of weight condition	Above normal, normal, below normal, do not know
Assessment of sleeping habits	Hours of sleep *
	ESE-BR/Disorders	Excessive daytime sleepiness	Bertolazi et al. ⁴⁵45. Bertolazi AN, Fagondes SC, Hoff LS, Pedro VD, Barreto SSM, Johns MW. Validation of the epworth sleepiness scale in Portuguese for use in Brazil. J Bras Pneumol 2009; 35:877-83.
	PSQI-BR/Habits-quality	Hours, minutes, none in the last month, less than once/week, 1 or 2 times/week, 3 or more times/week	Bertolazi et al. ⁴⁶46. Bertolazi AN, Fagondes SC, Hoff LS, Dartora EG, Silva Miozzo IC, Barba MEF, et al. Validation of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Sleep Med 2011; 12:70-5.
Emotional stress and depression	Perception of stress	Never, almost never, sometimes, fairly often, very often	Reis et al. ⁴⁷47. Reis RS, Hino AAF, Rodriguez-Añez CR. Perceived stress scale reliability and validity study in Brazil. J Health Psychol 2010; 15:107-14.
Emotional stress and depression	PHQ-9/Depression episodes	Not once, several days, more than half the days, almost everyday	Santos et al. ⁴⁸48. Santos IS, Tavares BF, Munhoz TN, Almeida LSP, Silva NTB, Tams BD, et al. Sensibilidade e especificidade do Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) entre adultos da população geral. Cad Saúde Pública 2013; 29:1533-43.
Disordered eating habits	Binge eating methods of weight control or gain compensatory mechanisms to food intake	Not once, less than once a week, once a week, two or more times a week	Ferreira & Veiga ⁴⁹49. Ferreira JES, Veiga GV. Reliability (test-retest) of a simplified questionnaire for screening adolescents with risk behaviors for eating disorders in epidemiological studies. Rev Bras Epidemiol 2008; 11:393-401.
Promptness to behavior change	Transtheoretical model: eating pattern, fruit and vegetable consumption, physical activity	Preconception, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance	Prochaska et al. ⁵⁰50. Prochaska JO, DiClemente CC, Norcross JC. In search of how people change: applications to addictive behaviors. Am Psychol 1992; 47:1102-14.
Self-assessment of health status	Health status	Very good, good, regular, bad, and very poor	Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde⁵²52. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde. Vigitel Brasil 2013: vigilância de fatores de risco e proteção para doenças crônicas por inquérito telefônico. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2014. (Série G. Estatística e Informação em Saúde).
Self-assessment of health status	Reported morbidity	Hypertension or high blood pressure, diabetes, high serum cholesterol or triglycerides, none of the conditions, others, and which ones	Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde⁵²52. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde. Vigitel Brasil 2013: vigilância de fatores de risco e proteção para doenças crônicas por inquérito telefônico. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2014. (Série G. Estatística e Informação em Saúde).

	Cohort 2015				Cohort 2016
	Baseline		Follow-up *		Baseline **
	n	%	n	%	n	%
Total	495	100	348	100	543	100
Gender
Male	267	54	179	51	262	48
Female	228	46	169	49	281	52
Age group (years)
16-17	125	25	93	27	76	14
18-19	264	53	185	53	353	65
≥ 20	106	21	70	20	114	21
Skin color/race
White	203	41	145	42	213	39
Black	55	11	39	11	64	12
Brown/Yellow/Indian	237	48	164	47	264	49
Economic class
A (higher)	99	21	71	30	93	18
B	234	48	176	51	258	49
C-D and E (lower)	151	31	98	28	179	34
Education of the head of the family (years)
< 9	75	16	50	14	88	18
9-12	191	40	132	38	170	35
> 12	218	45	163	47	233	48
Mother’s education (years)
< 9	61	12	38	11	65	12
9-12	197	40	133	38	210	39
> 12	232	47	174	50	262	49

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[1] * Correspondence P. S. Nogueira Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. Av. Fernando Corrêa da Costa 2367, Cuiabá, MT 78060-900, Brasil. patricianogueira.ppj@gmail.com