Lipolysis and aroma occurrence in Erzincan Tulum cheese, which is produced by adding probiotic bacteria and ripened in various packages

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the physicochemical, volatile components and fatty acids profile of Erzincan Tulum cheeses, produced using different probiotic bacteria and packaging materials, during the ripening period. Erzincan Tulum Cheese, which is the most popular and highly consumed cheese species in Turkey. Tulum cheese were ripened in skin bag (Tulum), appendix and small intestine. The ripening time influenced the pH, ripening index, FFA, CLA and volatile components of samples. The short chain FFA varied between 16.36% and 21.76%, while medium-chain FFA varied between 37.44% and 39.43%, and long chain FFA between 32.61% and 37.48% during the ripening periods. The highest CLA value was determined as 0.82% for the samples produced with Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria and stuffed into the small intestine. All volatile components were increased, moreover the highest content of ester, ketones, aldehydes, terpenes, alcohols were 3-methyl-1-butanol acetate, 2-Pentanone, hexanal, α-Pinene, 3-methyl-1-butanol. All sensory evaluation scores decreased during storage. According to the general acceptance values, the most favoured sample was TCMA with 7.34, whereas the least favoured was TCBS with 4.82 score (P<0.05).

Keywords:
Tulum cheese; probiotic; fatty acids; CLA; volatile compounds; hexanal

1 Introduction

Cheese is the most produced dairy product in Turkey, which is one of the greatest producers of milk and dairy production in its region (Yilmaz et al., 2005). Although more than 130 types of cheese are produced in the country today, three kinds (White, kashar, and Tulum cheese) come to the forefront. Erzincan Tulum cheese is the most admired and preferred types of cheese among the Tulum cheeses that are ripened in different ways depending on the production method (brine or dry type) (Çakır & Cakmakci, 2018). Types of cheese vary depending on changes in storing time and conditions during the ripening of the cheese, and very complex chemical and biochemical reactions such as glycolysis, proteolysis, and lipolysis Lipolysis has a great importance in cheesemaking technology. Short and medium chain fatty acids profile analysis is generally used in the chemical characterization of the ripening level in cheese (McSweeney & Sousa, 2000). Free fatty acids (FFA) are produced as a result of degradation of fat in cheese via lipolysis. These different FFA characterizations contribute differently to flavor in types of cheese (Molimard & Spinnler, 1996). The impact of natural lipase, which is found in milk, on lipolysis varies depending on heat treatments applied to milk.

Probiotics are defined as living microorganisms, which have positive effects on the health of the host when consumed regularly and sufficiently. Today, numerous research studies are conducted on probiotic addition to various foods. Milk and dairy products are the food kinds, in which probiotic microorganisms are mostly added (Stanton et al., 1998; Hill et al., 2014). Since fermented foods such as dairy products and yogurt have shorter shelf lives compared to cheese types, they cannot provide long-term storage areas for probiotic microorganisms (Mukdsi et al., 2013). On the other hand, since the cheese has a stiffer structure and higher pH and fat content, it can protect probiotic microorganisms more efficiently and for longer periods compared to other fermented dairy products (Alves et al., 2013; Mukdsi et al., 2013). It has been reported that probiotic cheese types including Prato cheese, Cheddar cheese, Minas cheese, Pategras cheese and Turkish white cheese have been produced (Lavasani & Ehsani, 2012; Kinik et al., 2017; Murtaza et al., 2017; Almeida et al., 2018a; Silva et al., 2018a, b).

Cheese is one of the most suitable dairy products for supplement probiotic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract compared with yoghurt and kefir. Due to higher pH, it composes a cushion against the high acidic condition in the gastrointestinal tract, and in this manner makes a progressively great condition for probiotic survival along the gastric, because of higher pH. Also, cheese may offer supplemental conservation to probiotic microorganisms in the stomach with hard matrix and comparatively high fat content (Cruz et al., 2009; Thomas, 2016; Kinik et al., 2017; Silva et al., 2018b).

Packaging materials and storage conditions are important factors for the quality of products containing probiotic microorganisms (Champagne et al., 2005; Cruz et al., 2007). During storage, the oxygen level in the package of the product should be as low as possible. Otherwise it may affect the toxicity of the microorganism and may even lead to death. Furthermore, as a result, loss of functionality in the product occurs. Exposure to dissolved oxygen during the process and storage for Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus acidophilus is highly damaging. Although depending on the strain used, Bifidobacterium spp. is more sensitive to oxygen than Lactobacillus acidophilus. (Talwalkar & Kallasapathy, 2003; Cruz et al., 2007).

This is a serious problem, as almost all probiotic dairy products sold on the market are found in plastic packages with high oxygen permeability. Studies on the use of suitable packaging for probiotic foods are generally limited to active packages (oxygen absorbers) and plastic films with high oxygen barrier properties. More detailed studies are needed to ensure safe and high conservation of probiotic microorganisms for longer periods of time. More detailed studies are needed to ensure the preservation of probiotic microorganisms for longer periods of time and in high numbers (Cruz et al., 2007; Champagne et al., 2018).

This study aimed to investigate the physicochemical, volatile components and fatty acids profile of Erzincan tulum cheeses, produced using different probiotic bacteria and packaging materials, during the ripening period.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Material

Sheep milk that is used in the making of Tulum cheeses was obtained from milk producers within Erzincan province from the Ak Karaman breed sheep (pH 7.01, titratable acidity 0.19%, density 1.05 g/mL, dry matter 20.12%, protein 6.04%, fat 8.75%).

2.2 Cheese making

The milk that was clarified by passing through clarificators was cooled to 33 °C after being processed to heat treatment for 15 seconds at 75 °C. Milk was coagulated with calf rennet (Mayasan Inc., Istanbul, Turkey) which coagulation strength had 1:16000 MCU mL^-1 at 33 °C for 90 minutes. Curd that occurred at the end of this period was disintegrated to 1 cm³ sized particles and whey was removed. After that, the curd was stored for 6-7 days at 22-24 °C by filling into cotton sacks. By this means, it was provided that the remaining whey was removed. At the end of the period, curd in the sacks was disintegrated into particles that have the size of a chickpea and were mixed homogeneously after adding 3% Erzincan rock salt. After this process, the curd was divided into three equal parts and Lactobacillus acidophilus (Pro Lafti L10) and Bifidobacterium animalis spp. lactis (Pro Lafti B-94) bacteria (≥ 7 Log CFU/g) were added in it. After ensuring that a homogeneous mixture was provided, the curds were stuffed into cotton sacks again and by this way, the initial ripening process was conducted (22 °C, 3 days). The cheeses that were taken out from the sacks were disintegrated again, were stuffed into Tulum, small intestine, and appendix, and then they were subjected to ripening process at storehouses at 1 °C and 75-80% relative humidity for 90 days.

2.3 pH

The pH was measured in a homogenate prepared by blending 10 g of a sample with 15 mL of distilled water for 30 seconds. pH values were obtained with glass electrode attached to a Hanna pH meter (Model 2215, Hanna Instruments, USA) (Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 2012).

2.4 Ripening index

Index of ripening of the Tulum cheese samples was determined by Kurt et al. (2015) method, by using the Kjeldahl method with the rate of the amount of protein dissolved in water to the total amount of protein.

2.5 Fatty acid analysis

The Tulum cheese samples were homogenized primarily with chloroform: methanol (Merck) (2: 1 v/v) mixture (Ultra-Turrax®, 5 min.). Esterification processes of samples were carried out by using n-heptane and methanolic KOH. Fatty acids analysis was carried out by gas chromatography (GC Agilent 6890N, flame ionization detector [FID], controlled oven: 65- 250 °C, 4 °C/min and HP-88 capillary-column [100 m, 0.25 mm id ve 0.2 um]) (Zengin et al., 2011).

2.6 Volatile compounds

Aroma analyses of the Tulum cheeses were conducted by solid-phase microextraction method (SPME, using a fiber 57348-U, coated with the sorbent material, divinyl benzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (DBCP), Supelco Inc., Bellefonte, PA, USA) using gas chromatography (GC) (Clarus 600, Pelkin Elmer Inc., Massachusetts, USA) equipped with a flame ionization detector. A BP-20 wax capillary column (SGE International Pty. Ltd., Victoria, Australia; 30 m × 0.25 mm i.d.x 0.25 μm film thickness) as Akpınar et al. (2017) stated.

2.7 Sensory analysis

In the sensory assessment of the cheese, samples were analysed by a 18 (two times the number of samples) trained member panel of the department of food engineering. The panellists were selected on the basis of their interest and experience in sensory analysis of Tulum cheeses. The score cards were used for sensory evaluation. The hedonic scale used a 9-point scale, where 1-3 was not acceptable, 4-5 was fairly acceptable, 6-7 was well acceptable, 8-9 was very good for apparance, taste and odour, texture, flavor and general appreciation (Ercan et al., 2011; Tomar, 2018).

2.8 Statistical analysis

The research design was completely randomized having a factorial structure (3 × 3 × 4). The factors were probiotic (L. acidophilus, B. animalis spp. lactis, and L. acidophilus + B. animalis spp. lactis), packaging (Skin bag, appendix, and intestine), and storage time (2, 30, 60 and 90 day). Three-way ANOVA was applied to data using procedure of the SPSS statistical package program (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) to do this analysis.

3 Results and discussion

The ripening time high significantly (P<0.0001) influenced the pH value of samples. In all of the Tulum cheese samples, the pH values decreased during the ripening period (P<0.05). In the beginning, the lowest pH value was detected as 4.96 in the samples that were produced by adding the mixture of L. acidophilus and B. animalis spp. lactis and stuffed into Tulum, whereas at the end of the 90-day ripening period the value was detected as 4.54 in the samples that were produced by adding the B. animalis spp. lactis and stuffed into the small intestine and appendix (Table 1). The results obtained are similar to the values detected by Yilmaz et al. (2005), Sengul et al. (2014) and Sert et al. (2014). In addition, Almeida et al. (2018b) determined increase in acidity in all the probiotic added Mascarpone-type cheese samples. In addition to, Celik & Tarakci (2017) stated that the type of the starter cultures decreased the pH values of Tulum cheese samples during the ripening. Results indicate that the regarding decrease in pH values in all the samples during storage period was due to the lactic acid produced by the activities of starter and non-starter bacteria found in the cheese which could ferment lactose (Tomar et al., 2018).

Table 1
The pH value and ripening index varience in the Tulum cheese samples based on storage.

Samples	pH				Ripening Index
	Ripening Time (Days)				Ripening Time (Days)
	2	30	60	90	2	30	60	90
TCLS	5.07a	4.89b	4.78c	4.63d	7.79d	8.88c	12.82b	20.46a
TCLI	5.00a	4.85b	4.76c	4.65d	8.10d	9.33c	12.97b	20.42a
TCLA	5.04a	4.97ab	4.82b	4.74c	7.40d	9.70c	12.89b	20.18a
TCBS	5.08a	4.91b	4.80c	4.64d	8.10d	9.17c	13.75b	21.01a
TCBI	5.03a	4.92b	4.77c	4.54d	7.89d	9.19c	13.23b	20.60a
TCBA	5.06a	4.92b	4.80c	4.54d	7.35d	9.46c	13.85b	21.54a
TCMS	4.96a	4.88b	4.78c	4.60d	7.42d	10.98c	14.55b	22.27a
TCMI	5.08a	4.97b	4.79bc	4.71c	7.75d	11.98c	17.35b	25.76a
TCMA	5.07a	4.83b	4.80bc	4.76c	6.53d	10.71c	13.02b	23.96a

• TCLS = Tulum cheese with Lactobacillus acidophilus stuffed into skin bag; TCLI = Tulum cheese with Lactobacillus acidophilus stuffed into small intestine; TCLA = Tulum cheese with Lactobacillus acidophilus stuffed into appendix; TCBS = Tulum cheese with Bifidobacterium animalis spp. lactis stuffed into skin bag; TCBI = Tulum cheese with Bifidobacterium animalis spp. lactis stuffed into small intestine; TCBA = Tulum cheese with Bifidobacterium animalis spp. lactis stuffed into appendix; TCMS = Tulum cheese with mix probiotic bacteria stuffed into skin bag; TCMI = Tulum cheese with mix probiotic bacteria stuffed into small intestine; TCMA = Tulum cheese with mix probiotic bacteria stuffed into appendix. a-d (→) The difference between the averages carrying the same letters is not statistically significant (P > 0.05).

The ripening time and Ripening Time × Packaging interactions were influenced the ripening index of cheese samples high significantly (P<0.0001). The ripening index value in all of the Tulum cheese samples increased during the storage period (P<0.05). At the beginning of the storage, the lowest value was detected as 6.53 in the samples that were produced by adding the mixture of L. acidophilus and B. animalis spp. lactis and stuffed into the appendix, whereas at the end of the storage the highest value was detected as 25.76 in the samples which were produced with the same mixture and stuffed into the small intestine (Table 1).

In cheese, the ripening index ratio between 33-66% is under the category of full-ripened cheese, lower than 33% is under the category of light-ripened cheese (Kurt et al., 2015). Accordingly, the Tulum cheese samples are under the category of less ripened cheese.

Tarakci & Durmuş (2016) determined that the ripening index values of the cheeses ripened in skin and plastic materials were higher than those ripened in cloth, animal stomach and pot materials. Yasar (2007) and Gun (2012) stated that the ripening index increased for the cheeses that were stored time. The ripening index value in the cheese samples in which the mixture of L. acidophilus and B. animalis spp. lactis were added was determined higher than the other cheese samples. The rennet, plasmin, non-starter lactic acid bacteria, yeast, molds, and the enzymes synthesized by psychrophilic bacteria have an effect on the proteolysis in the cheese (Dagdemir, 2006).

The ripening time high significantly (P<0.0001) influenced all faty acids of samples, ripening time × packaging interactions were influenced the butanoic acid (C 4:0) of cheese samples significantly (P<0.05). During the 90-day ripening period in the Tulum cheese samples the palmitic acid (C 16:0) with 26.98 was the most abundant fatty acid (P<0.05), which was followed by the oleic acid (C 18:1) with 25.38 (P<0.05) and the myristic (C 14:0) acids with 13.35 (P<0.05) (Table 2).

Table 2
Fatty acid distribution of Tulum cheese samples (%).^*

Samples	RT(Day)	C4:0	C6:0	C8:0	C10:0	C12:0	C14:0	C16:0	C18:0	C18:1	C18:2	CLA	SFA	USFA	SCFA	MCFA	LCFA
TCLS	2	1.71c	2.20c	2.60b	8.55b	5.24ab	13.35a	25.19b	9.94b	23.14d	2.04bcd	0.44f	58.84	35.12	20.3	38.54	35.12
	30	1.53cd	1.85d	2.04c	6.95e	4.22c	12.21bc	26.96a	10.92a	23.58c	2.13ab	0.46ef	55.76	36.63	16.59	39.17	36.63
	60	2.54a	2.89a	3.20a	8.91a	4.20c	10.85d	26.83a	10.76a	20.06e	2.11abc	0.53de	59.42	32.93	21.74	37.68	32.93
	90	1.71c	1.89d	2.21c	7.49d	4.28c	11.94c	25.53b	9.98b	25.28a	2.18ab	0.67c	55.05	37.44	17.58	37.47	37.44
TCLI	2	1.67cd	2.24c	2.54b	8.52bc	5.29a	13.16a	25.26b	9.93b	23.20d	1.90d	0.48ef	58.68	35.03	20.26	38.42	35.03
	30	1.59cd	1.78d	2.02c	7.04e	4.27c	12.28b	26.62a	11.12a	23.79bc	2.17ab	0.56de	55.6	37.08	16.7	38.9	37.08
	60	2.62a	2.65b	3.19a	8.93a	4.32c	11.05d	26.94a	10.69a	19.95e	2.15ab	0.63cd	59.7	32.79	21.71	37.99	32.79
	90	1.65cd	1.89d	2.09c	7.44d	4.27c	11.99c	25.45b	9.94b	25.19a	2.09abc	0.82a	54.78	37.22	17.34	37.44	37.22
TCLA	2	1.48d	2.14c	2.47b	8.36c	5.11b	13.22a	25.15b	10.14b	23.13d	1.94cd	0.46ef	57.93	35.21	19.56	38.37	35.21
	30	1.48d	1.80d	2.09c	7.06e	4.36c	12.35b	26.71a	11.11a	23.97b	2.11abc	0.50e	55.85	37.19	16.79	39.06	37.19
	60	2.70a	2.75a	3.20a	8.80a	4.31c	11.04d	26.90a	10.81a	19.98e	2.12abc	0.62cd	59.7	32.91	21.76	37.94	32.91
	90	1.96b	1.83d	2.18c	7.55d	4.18c	12.00c	25.47b	10.01b	25.28a	2.26a	0.77ab	55.17	37.55	17.7	37.47	37.55
TCBS	2	1.64bc	2.14bc	2.57b	8.42cd	5.10a	13.13a	25.05d	9.90b	23.05d	1.84a	0.42f	58.05	34.79	19.87	38.18	34.79
	30	1.49c	1.66e	2.07cd	6.98f	4.16de	12.34b	26.75a	10.91a	23.69bc	2.11ab	0.48ef	55.45	36.71	16.36	39.09	36.71
	60	2.46a	2.65a	3.12a	8.95a	4.27cd	10.87d	26.84a	10.72a	19.75e	2.15a	0.55de	59.16	32.62	21.45	37.71	32.62
	90	1.76b	1.85de	2.11cd	7.40e	4.41b	11.87c	25.58b	9.87b	25.24a	2.18a	0.68c	54.98	37.29	17.53	37.45	37.29
TCBI	2	1.60bc	2.29b	2.55b	8.47c	5.11a	13.19a	25.16cd	9.77b	23.00d	2.05bc	0.51e	58.37	34.82	20.02	38.35	34.82
	30	1.50c	1.67e	2.06cd	7.02f	4.18de	12.29b	26.90a	10.75a	23.57c	2.21a	0.58d	55.62	36.53	16.43	39.19	36.53
	60	2.62a	2.84a	3.14a	8.90ab	4.13e	11.02d	26.95a	10.75a	19.82e	2.04ab	0.66c	59.6	32.61	21.63	37.97	32.61
	90	1.85b	1.83de	2.12cd	7.43e	4.33bc	12.04c	25.45bc	10.02b	25.20a	2.16a	0.73b	55.05	37.38	17.56	37.49	37.38
TCBA	2	1.42c	2.17bc	2.58b	8.34d	5.16a	13.23a	25.22bcd	9.98b	23.09d	1.98bc	0.50de	58.12	35.05	19.67	38.45	35.05
	30	1.62bc	1.86de	2.04d	6.94f	4.40b	12.45b	26.98a	10.93a	23.94b	2.11ab	0.56de	56.29	36.98	16.86	39.43	36.98
	60	2.60a	2.79b	3.20a	8.79b	4.31bc	10.99d	26.87a	10.67a	19.96e	2.14ab	0.62cd	59.55	32.77	21.69	37.86	32.77
	90	1.83b	1.96cd	2.23c	7.48e	4.17de	12.03c	25.58b	9.95b	25.32a	2.21a	0.76ab	55.28	37.48	17.67	37.61	37.48
TCMS	2	1.77b	2.28b	2.63cd	8.52cd	5.33a	10.33d	25.37b	10.02d	23.06ab	1.87c	0.38g	56.23	34.95	20.53	35.7	34.95
	30	1.49c	1.78d	2.03d	6.97f	4.34b	12.31a	26.75a	11.14a	23.94a	2.21a	0.47ef	55.67	37.29	16.61	39.06	37.29
	60	2.67a	2.66a	3.20a	8.73ab	4.27b	11.02c	26.62a	10.82ab	19.95c	2.05abc	0.58d	59.17	32.82	21.53	37.64	32.82
	90	1.77bc	1.91cd	2.17d	7.45e	4.19b	12.03b	25.52b	10.00de	25.28a	2.16c	0.66c	55.04	37.44	17.49	37.55	37.44
TCMI	2	1.68bc	2.19b	2.47cd	8.54cd	5.14a	13.15a	25.14b	9.71e	23.16ab	1.87c	0.50e	58.31	34.74	20.02	38.29	34.74
	30	1.57c	1.80d	2.06d	7.06f	4.19b	12.27b	26.55a	10.77ab	23.60a	2.19a	0.54de	55.5	36.56	16.68	38.82	36.56
	60	2.55a	2.67a	3.18a	8.84a	4.22b	10.87c	26.92a	10.85ab	19.93c	2.15ab	0.62cd	59.25	32.93	21.46	37.79	32.93
	90	1.83bc	1.79d	2.15d	7.44e	4.26b	11.99b	25.55b	9.80de	25.27a	2.18c	0.71bc	55.01	37.25	17.47	37.54	37.25
TCMA	2	1.58c	2.10b	2.67bc	8.44d	5.19a	13.22a	25.13b	9.77e	23.18ab	1.89bc	0.47ef	58.33	34.84	19.98	38.35	34.84
	30	1.56c	1.73d	2.02d	6.93f	4.23b	12.24a	26.75a	10.61bc	23.71a	2.17a	0.54de	55.46	36.49	16.47	38.99	36.49
	60	2.59a	2.65a	3.32a	8.72ab	4.33b	10.95a	26.69a	10.65bc	19.60c	2.05abc	0.60d	59.25	32.3	21.61	37.64	32.30
	90	1.82bc	1.85d	2.11d	7.45e	4.23b	11.97b	25.59b	9.92de	25.38a	2.18c	0.74b	55.02	37.48	17.46	37.56	37.48

• ^*
  See Table 1. TCLS = Tulum cheese with Lactobacillus acidophilus stuffed into skin bag; TCLI = Tulum cheese with Lactobacillus acidophilus stuffed into small intestine; TCLA = Tulum cheese with Lactobacillus acidophilus stuffed into appendix; TCBS = Tulum cheese with Bifidobacterium animalis spp. lactis stuffed into skin bag; TCBI = Tulum cheese with Bifidobacterium animalis spp. lactis stuffed into small intestine; TCBA = Tulum cheese with Bifidobacterium animalis spp. lactis stuffed into appendix; TCMS = Tulum cheese with mix probiotic bacteria stuffed into skin bag; TCMI = Tulum cheese with mix probiotic bacteria stuffed into small intestine; TCMA = Tulum cheese with mix probiotic bacteria stuffed into appendix; CLA = Conjugated linolenic acid; SFA = Satured fatty acids; USFA = Unsatured fatty acids, SCFA = Short chain fatty acids (C:4-C:12); MCFA= Medium chain fatty acids (C:14-C:16); LCFA = Long chain fatty acids (≥ C:18) a-g (↓) The difference between the averages carrying the same letters is not statistically significant (P > 0.05).

These detected values are similar to the results obtained in the studies of Yilmaz et al. (2005), Gun (2012), Sert et al. (2014) and. Sengul et al. (2014). Likewise, the palmitic acid was detected as the highest fatty acid with an average value of 26.11 in the cheeses that were produced with the addition of B. animalis spp. lactis probiotic bacteria and with an average value of 26.08 in the cheeses which were stuffed into Tulum package. On the other hand, the butyric acid with a value of 1.87, the linoleic acid with a value of 2.09, the capric acid with a value of 2.14, and the caproic acids with a value of 2.49 were the least detected fatty acids in the Tulum cheese samples during the storage period (Table 2).

The high levels of palmitic and oleic acids can be explained, because the lipases of the lactic acid bacteria released them in a preferentially after the short chain fatty acids (Kamaly et al.,1990).

The ripening time high significantly (P<0.0001) influenced conjugated linoelic acid (CLA). The CLA values in Tulum cheeses that were produced by the addition of three different probiotic bacteria and ripened by filling into three different packing materials increased in all cheese samples during the 90-day aging period (P<0.05).

CLA values ranging from 0.38% to 0.51% at the beginning of the storage increased to the range of 0.66% - 0.82% at the end of the storage. At the end of the aging period, the highest value, namely 0.82%, was detected in the Tulum cheese samples that were produced with the addition of L. acidophilus bacteria and stuffed into the small intestine.

The saturated fatty acids ratio was detected as between 54.78% and 59.7% in the Tulum cheese that was produced by adding L. acidophilus probiotic bacteria, between 54.98% and 59.60% in the cheeses into which B. animalis spp. lactis was added and between 55.01% and 59.25% in the cheeses into which the mixture of L. acidophilus and B. animalis spp. lactis. At the end of the 90-day aging period, the highest value of unsaturated fatty acids, namely 37.55%, was detected in the samples that were produced by adding L. acidophilus and stuffed into the appendix (Table 2).

During the ripening period, short chain fatty acids in the Tulum cheeses were determined to vary between 16.36% and 21.76%, medium chain fatty acids between 37.44% and 39.43%, and long chain fatty acids between 32.30% and 37.48% (Table 2). The detected values are similar to the values determined in the study of Sert et al. (2014). Short chain fatty acids have quite an importance in the cheese aroma (Buffa et al., 2001; Prandini et al., 2011; Raynal-Ljutovac et al., 2011).

On the other hand, although the amount of medium and long chain fatty acids is quantitatively important, they have no contribution to the formation of cheese aroma (Attaie & Richter, 1996). Also, the probiotic culture added did not affect flavour scores of Tulum cheese (Tomar, 2018).

The ripening time influenced high significantly (P<0.0001) influenced volatile components of Tulum cheese samples. Esters which are responsible for the fruit flavor in cheese, are formed through two enzymatic reactions, esterification and alcoholysis (Liu et al., 2004). Esters are very important components for the aroma of Erzincan Tulum cheese. Among the esters detected in Tulum cheese samples, the ethyl esters constitute the most important group (Hayaloglu et al., 2007).

Esters are important aroma compounds due to their low threshold values and ability to mask off-odours caused by high amounts of short-chain FFAs, methyl ketones, and amines (Holland et al., 2005). The concentrations of ethyl acetate, ethyl butanoate, ethyl lactate, propyl acetate, and 3- methylbutyl acetate were high and they were principal volatile compounds in the cheeses (Hayaloglu, 2009). Esters contribute to the cheese aroma as a fruit and flower aroma by softening the strength or sharpness of the acid or ketones (Hayaloglu & Karabulut, 2013). Amount of the esters of the samples increased throughout the ripening time (P<0.05) (Table 3).

Table 3
Effect of ripening time, packaging material and probiotic cultures on fatty acid distribution, pH, ripening index and volatile composition of tulum cheese samples.

Ripening Time (Day)	C4.0	C6.0	C8.0		C10.0		C12.0	C14.0		C16.0		C18.0		C18:1		C18:2	CLA
2	1.62c	2.19b	2.56b		8.46b		5.19a	12.89a		25.19c		9.91c		23,11c		1,943c	0,46d
30	1.54d	1.77d	2.05d		6.99d		4.26b	12.30b		26.77a		10.92a		23,75b		2,16ab	0,52c
60	2.59a	2.73a	3.19a		8.84a		4.26b	10.96c		26.84a		10.75b		19,89d		2,11b	0,60b
90	1.80b	1.87c	2.15c		7.46c		4.26b	11.98b		25.52b		9.94c		25,27a		2,18a	0,73a
Packaging Material	C4.0	C6.0	C8.0		C10.0		C12.0	C14.0		C16.0		C18.0		C18:1		C18:2	CLA
Skin Bag	1.88a	2.15a	2.50a		7.94a		4.50a	11.85a		26.08a		10.42a		23,00a		2,09a	0,53b
Intestine	1.89a	2.14a	2.46a		7.97a		4.48a	12.11a		26.07a		10.34a		22,97a		2,10a	0,61a
Appendix	1.89a	2.14a	2.51b		7.91a		4.50a	12.14a		26.09a		10.38a		23,05a		2,10a	0,60a
Probiotic Culture	C4.0	C6.0	C8.0		C10.0		C12.0	C14.0		C16.0		C18.0		C18:1		C18:2	CLA
Lactobacillus acidophilus	1.89a	2.16a	2.49a		7.97a		4.50a	12.12a		26.08a		10.45a		23,05a		2,10a	0,58a
Bifidobacterium animalis spp. lactis	1.87a	2.14ab	2.48a		7.93b		4.48a	12.12a		26.11a		10.35a		22,97ab		2,10a	0,59a
MIX	1.91a	2.12b	2.50a		7.92b		4.49a	11.86a		26.05a		10.34a		23,01b		2,08a	0,57a
Ripening Time (Day)	pH	Ripening Index		Aldehydes		Ketones			Esters		Terpenes		Alcohols		Carboxylic acids
2	5.05a	6.92d		119.83d		135.28d			412.39c		115.27d		296.89d		3702.75c
30	4.91b	9.59c		179.79c		313.43c			1247.57bc		227.73c		900.94c		5143.62b
60	4.79c	13.49b		294.64b		595.43b			1884.51b		311.79b		1324.36b		6400.02ab
90	4.65d	21.37a		315.89a		880.25a			3014.58a		429.66a		1631.27a		6719.21a
Packaging Material	pH	Ripening Index		Aldehydes		Ketones			Esters		Terpenes		Alcohols		Carboxylic acids
Skin Bag	4.84a	12.85a		229.81c		826.29a			2137.52b		318.96b		1500.73a		7331.46a
Intestine	4.83a	12.36a		304.16b		527.37b			2292.36a		401.60a		1343.96b		6498.49b
Appendix	4.86a	13.34a		376.18a		570.73b			2129.17b		363.89b		1308.77b		7398.76a
Probiotic Culture	pH	Ripening Index		Aldehydes		Ketones			Esters		Terpenes		Alcohols		Carboxylic acids
Lactobacillus acidophilus	4.85a	11.96c		322.05a		810.54a			2447.19a		415.55a		1604.77a		7205.51b
Bifidobacterium animalis spp. lactis	4.83a	12.93b		331.03a		461.56c			1936.21c		312.44b		1207.63b		7283.76b
MIX	4.84a	14.35a		325.70a		704.96b			2175.65b		356.46b		1341.06ab		7476.33a

• CLA = Conjugated linolenic acid. ^a-d (↓) The difference between the averages carrying the same letters is not statistically significant (P > 0.05).

During the 90-day ripening period, 3-methyl-1-butanol acetate (isoamyl acetate) was the ester detected at the highest ratio in the Tulum cheese samples. This compound was followed by ethylcapronate, ethylacetate, isoamyl butyrate, and propylhexanoat, respectively (Table 4). The values detected are similar to those of Cakir et al. (2016). Also, Hayaloglu et al. (2007) stated that they identified 16 esters in the Tulum cheese samples which they ripened in 90 days and the majority of these were ethyl esters. Similar esters were also detected in Parmigiano-Reggiano, Minas and Sepet cheeses (Qian & Reineccius, 2002; Nogueira et al., 2005; Ercan et al., 2011).

Table 4
Esters detected in Tulum cheese samples during ripening (μg/100 g).

Samples	Ripening Time (Days)	Ethyl acetate	Methyl butanoate	Ethyl butanoate	3-Methyl-1-butanol acetate	Methyl hexanoate	Ethyl capronate	Iso amyl butyrate	Propyl hexanoate	Iso butyl hexanoate	Ethyl octanoate	Ethyl decanoate	Total Esters
TCLS	2	5.34	1.03	1.87	20.72	2.68	9.87	2.36	0.67	-	7.34	1.33	53.21
	30	17.45	2.86	4.12	65.21	7.21	26.75	5.39	1.14	0.21	15.12	3.54	149.00
	60	21.85	5.46	8.83	83.72	10.56	43.87	9.46	1.78	0.63	28.63	5.46	220.25
	90	34.66	9.29	14.82	141.74	17.53	84.22	14.72	2.16	1.03	36.72	8.23	365.12
TCLI	2	7.12	1.36	2.54	26.62	3.13	11.53	2.73	0.84	-	8.04	1.43	65.34
	30	19.12	3.21	5.27	70.48	9.23	30.17	6.10	1.76	0.34	16.07	4.02	165.77
	60	24.82	6.34	9.73	93.62	15.82	48.63	10.13	2.12	0.76	31.83	6.03	249.83
	90	36.91	10.16	16.92	168.53	20.18	93.76	15.73	2.66	1.33	40.15	9.34	415.67
TCLA	2	4.31	0.87	1.63	18.53	2.89	10.03	2.41	0.72	-	7.38	1.53	50.30
	30	15.76	2.32	4.06	61.09	8.12	28.67	5.86	1.46	0.24	15.53	3.71	146.82
	60	20.03	4.79	8.21	76.52	12.63	49.14	8.75	1.92	0.66	27.64	5.78	216.07
	90	31.66	8.42	13.97	128.63	15.27	87.54	13.21	2.44	1.17	38.32	9.18	349.81
TCBS	2	3.68	0.56	1.51	12.43	1.07	8.43	2.18	0.14	-	6.37	1.17	37.54
	30	14.38	2.21	3.78	51.65	5.14	25.38	4.44	0.83	0.12	14.65	3.21	125.79
	60	19.54	3.96	6.59	65.64	9.52	41.65	8.53	1.48	0.26	26.73	4.79	188.69
	90	27.41	7.38	12.56	91.64	13.72	80.85	12.73	1.83	0.58	34.83	7.65	291.18
TCBI	2	2.84	0.14	0.75	8.49	1.31	10.08	2.32	0.62	-	6.51	1.29	34.35
	30	11.65	1.41	2.98	43.65	6.35	27.51	5.24	1.05	0.17	15.02	3.51	118.54
	60	16.59	3.66	6.11	66.57	10.48	50.34	8.68	1.58	0.31	28.33	5.67	198.32
	90	23.04	6.18	9.45	94.13	15.02	91.21	12.69	1.89	0.74	36.75	8.82	299.92
TCBA	2	3.04	0.43	0.93	9.11	2.32	9.37	2.20	0.16	-	6.23	1.28	35.07
	30	12.31	2.04	3.52	48.31	6.04	26.73	4.73	0.91	0.19	14.70	3.36	122.84
	60	17.60	3.84	7.72	61.24	12.09	41.75	7.16	1.57	0.27	27.05	5.21	185.50
	90	25.13	6.22	13.68	99.57	17.36	81.75	11.53	1.89	0.67	33.18	7.49	298.47
TCMS	2	4.36	0.85	1.66	17.42	2.17	8.96	2.26	0.47	-	7.22	1.24	46.61
	30	16.13	2.48	4.09	62.65	6.41	25.93	5.11	1.06	0.14	14.72	3.42	142.14
	60	20.23	4.35	7.32	75.41	10.07	42.81	9.17	1.55	0.21	26.46	4.68	202.26
	90	30.17	8.71	13.17	108.62	14.86	81.88	13.03	1.97	0.53	35.03	7.76	315.73
TCMI	2	3.99	0.68	1.73	14.27	2.25	11.26	2.59	0.75	-	7.23	1.36	46.11
	30	13.75	1.72	3.11	57.16	7.64	29.17	5.71	1.57	0.28	15.47	3.83	139.41
	60	19.34	5.27	7.36	81.27	13.76	49.13	7.53	1.93	0.43	30.13	5.93	222.08
	90	29.53	8.64	13.16	112.86	18.04	91.74	14.19	2.34	0.85	36.41	9.26	337.02
TCMA	2	3.66	0.61	2.28	14.42	2.54	9.66	2.33	0.45	-	6.55	1.36	43.86
	30	14.74	1.91	3.71	59.07	7.32	26.33	4.82	0.94	0.21	14.83	3.38	137.26
	60	18.72	4.33	8.15	70.31	12.48	45.23	8.03	1.77	0.38	26.99	5.12	201.51
	90	28.54	7.08	13.72	134.42	14.76	83.88	12.05	2.18	0.86	35.53	8.64	341.66

• TCLS = Tulum cheese with Lactobacillus acidophilus stuffed into skin bag; TCLI = Tulum cheese with Lactobacillus acidophilus stuffed into small intestine; TCLA = Tulum cheese with Lactobacillus acidophilus stuffed into appendix; TCBS = Tulum cheese with Bifidobacterium animalis spp. lactis stuffed into skin bag; TCBI = Tulum cheese with Bifidobacterium animalis spp. lactis stuffed into small intestine; TCBA = Tulum cheese with Bifidobacterium animalis spp. lactis stuffed into appendix; TCMS = Tulum cheese with mix probiotic bacteria stuffed into skin bag; TCMI = Tulum cheese with mix probiotic bacteria stuffed into small intestine; TCMA = Tulum cheese with mix probiotic bacteria stuffed into appendix.

In the cheese samples which were produced by adding the L. acidophilus and stuffed into the small small intestine, the amounts of ester were detected as the highest, whereas in the cheeses which were produced with the addition of B. animalis spp. lactis and aged by stuffing into the small small intestine the amounts of ester were detected as the lowest (P<0.05).

Ketones are the components responsible for the acute smell that occurs in cheeses especially after the ripening (Dunn & Lindsay, 1985), and methyl ketone concentrations that are especially reduced to secondary alcohols are important components in terms of characterizing cheese aroma (Hayaloglu et al., 2007). During the ripening, 5 different ketone group existences were detected. Of these, it was determined that the highest amount belonged to 2-Pentanone. Throughout the ripening, amounts of ketone increased in all of the cheese samples (P<0.05). At the end of 90 days storage period, the highest amount of ketone was observed in 2-Pentanone with a value of 46.23 (µg/100 g) in the sample that was produced with L. acidophilus additive and stuffed into the Tulum cheese (Table 5). The highest values of other ketones that were detected in a similar way were detected in the same sample. The lowest amount of ketones that were detected at the end of the storage period was observed in the cheese samples that B. animalis spp. lactis were added during the production and ripened by filling into the small intestine with 3.64 (µg/100 g) (P<0.05) (Table 5). Values that were obtained in the study are similar to the results of Cakir et al. (2016). Hayaloglu et al. (2008) stated that the most abundant ketones in Tulum cheeses were 2-butanone and diacetyl.

Table 5
Ketones and Aldehydes detected in Tulum cheese samples during ripening (μg/100 g).

Samples	Ripening Time (Days)	2-Propanone	2-Pentanone	2-Heptanone	3-Hydroxy-2- Butanone	2-Nonanone	Total Ketones	Hexanal	Heptenal	2-Hexenal	Nonanal	2,4-Heptandienal	2-3 butanediale	Total Aldehydes
TCLS	2	0.17	13.14	7.76	1.42	1.24	23.73	9.27	2.11	-	0.64	-	-	12.02
	30	2.04	27.45	16.14	4.27	4.11	54.01	15.63	3.18	0.66	1.18	-	0.27	20.92
	60	6.41	36.12	28.65	17.24	16.54	104.96	19.41	4.07	1.09	1.31	0.36	0.66	26.90
	90	10.11	46.23	35.13	31.83	33.45	156.75	23.36	4.13	1.27	2.02	0.67	1.23	32.68
TCLI	2	-	9.81	4.45	0.63	0.52	15.41	11.35	2.37	-	1.12	-	0.42	15.26
	30	0.44	20.64	11.09	1.18	1.54	34.89	19.67	3.88	0.94	1.74	0.11	1.16	27.50
	60	2.71	31.16	19.61	9.22	8.23	70.93	21.43	4.67	1.64	2.35	1.21	1.68	32.98
	90	4.56	40.75	27.35	17.95	15.23	105.84	38.44	5.43	2.37	3.65	1.93	2.07	53.89
TCLA	2	-	10.64	6.26	0.94	0.25	18.09	13.11	1.65	-	0.14	-	-	14.90
	30	0.73	23.15	12.83	2.54	2.86	42.11	16.65	2.85	-	0.88	-	0.18	20.56
	60	3.14	31.26	19.32	10.04	9.11	72.87	20.33	4.57	0.32	1.65	0.24	0.53	27.64
	90	5.44	42.09	23.09	21.86	18.47	110.95	26.42	5.27	0.83	2.13	1.01	1.14	36.80
TCBS	2	0.09	7.26	4.84	1.07	0.87	14.13	8.65	0.71	-	-	-	-	9.36
	30	1.13	19.36	8.45	3.76	4.02	36.72	12.24	1.48	-	0.36	-	-	14.08
	60	3.67	31.76	19.21	8.54	8.54	71.72	16.41	2.23	0.34	0.92	-	0.16	20.06
	90	7.41	38.54	27.36	16.33	15.54	105.18	19.65	2.76	0.82	1.54	0.18	0.21	25.16
TCBI	2	-	4.12	0.54	-	-	4.66	10.85	1.05	-	-	-	-	11.90
	30	0.25	11.84	1.63	0.65	0.91	15.28	13.32	1.69	-	0.74	-	0.09	15.84
	60	2.08	23.97	8.25	1.06	1.12	36.48	20.53	2.07	0.61	1.27	0.77	0.26	25.51
	90	5.22	31.42	14.86	3.64	3.57	58.71	27.17	2.19	1.05	2.11	1.48	0.71	34.71
TCBA	2	0.27	5.76	1.05	0.84	0.61	8.53	14.62	0.96	-	-	-	-	15.58
	30	1.63	13.48	3.27	1.21	1.26	20.85	20.01	1.34	-	0.44	-	-	21.79
	60	4.02	19.33	6.63	3.12	3.53	36.63	26.53	1.77	0.15	1.02	0.32	0.13	29.92
	90	6.35	25.48	11.27	4.56	5.01	52.67	33.17	1.96	0.28	1.72	0.83	0.53	38.49
TCMS	2	0.13	10.61	5.02	1.76	1.17	18.69	9.05	0.85	-	0.14	-	-	10.04
	30	1.42	24.78	11.01	4.11	4.27	45.59	13.16	1.86	0.16	0.56	-	-	15.74
	60	4.28	30.76	23.75	11.56	10.47	80.82	14.13	2.54	0.84	1.32	0.16	0.27	19.26
	90	8.13	38.16	29.12	19.46	19.12	113.99	16.23	3.36	1.32	1.73	0.33	0.62	23.59
TCMI	2	-	7.23	6.41	1.08	0.85	15.57	11.03	1.35	-	0.45	-	-	12.83
	30	0.31	16.66	7.13	3.06	1.32	28.48	13.22	2.09	0.23	1.24	-	0.18	16.96
	60	2.27	29.13	15.35	6.46	5.33	58.54	18.45	2.77	1.21	1.63	0.81	0.61	25.48
	90	4.74	36.34	20.35	10.51	10.64	82.58	20.54	3.29	1.65	2.88	1.93	1.01	31.30
TCMA	2	0.84	7.21	5.46	1.45	1.51	16.47	16.52	1.06	-	0.36	-	-	17.94
	30	1.56	19.41	10.06	2.03	2.44	35.5	23.15	1.94	0.13	1.18	-	-	26.40
	60	3.72	24.13	19.76	7.66	7.21	62.48	28.21	2.27	0.45	1.72	054	0.24	86.89
	90	6.01	36.43	24.32	13.85	12.97	93.58	31.17	2.96	0.88	2.33	1.05	0.88	39.27

• TCLS = Tulum cheese with Lactobacillus acidophilus stuffed into skin bag; TCLI = Tulum cheese with Lactobacillus acidophilus stuffed into small intestine; TCLA = Tulum cheese with Lactobacillus acidophilus stuffed into appendix; TCBS = Tulum cheese with Bifidobacterium animalis spp. lactis stuffed into skin bag; TCBI = Tulum cheese with Bifidobacterium animalis spp. lactis stuffed into small intestine; TCBA = Tulum cheese with Bifidobacterium animalis spp. lactis stuffed into appendix; TCMS = Tulum cheese with mix probiotic bacteria stuffed into skin bag; TCMI = Tulum cheese with mix probiotic bacteria stuffed into small intestine; TCMA = Tulum cheese with mix probiotic bacteria stuffed into appendix.

Aldehydes are the compounds that are produced by catabolism of fatty acids or amino acids through decarboxylation or deamination (McSweeney & Sousa, 2000). Aldehydes are transient compounds and do not accumulate in cheese significantly as they transform into alcohols or corresponding acids rapidly (Molimard & Spinnler, 1996).

Six different aldehydes existences were detected in Tulum cheeses that were produced by adding different probiotic bacteria and ripened by being stuffed into three different packaging materials throughout the ripening. Observed amounts of aldehydes increased in all of the samples throughout the storage period (P<0.05) (Table 5). The highest amount of aldehyde in all of the samples throughout the ripening period was hexanal, and heptanal and nonanal followed it respectively. At the end of 90 days storage period, the highest amount of hexanal was detected in the samples that L. acidophilus additive was used in the production and was stuffed into small intestine with a value of 38.44 (µg/100 g). Cheese samples that B. animalis spp. lactis were added in the production and were stuffed into the appendix with the value of 33.17 (µg/100 g) followed it respectively (P<0.05).

Terpenes are the compounds that exist in milk naturally (Curioni & Bosset, 2002) and they pass to milk originating from the forage or the plants in the pastures (Nogueira et al., 2005). Throughout the ripening, similar to the studies of Cakir et al. (2016) and Akpınar et al. (2017), seven different terpenes were detected, and their amounts increased with the ripening time (P<0.05) (Table 6). In all of the Tulum cheese samples, α-Pinene and Cymol concentrations are the compounds that exist the most. In the cheese samples that L. acidophilus was added to production, terpenes were detected in higher amounts. The samples that the mixture of L. acidophilus and B. animalis spp. lactis were added and the samples that B. animalis spp. lactis were added followed it respectively. According to the packaging material used, the samples that had the highest amount of terpene concentration were the ones that were stuffed into small small intestine (P<0.05).

Table 6
Terpenes detected in Tulum cheese samples during ripening (μg/100 g).

Samples	Ripening Time (Days)	α-Pinene	α Phellandrene	Cymol	Camphene	β-Pinene	Limonene	p-Cymene	Total Terpenes
TCLS	2	7.32	0.54	4.32	0.15	0.35	0.71	0.04	13.43
	30	10.34	1.86	7.43	0.59	1.08	2.64	0.14	24.08
	60	13.56	2.43	10.15	0.71	1.31	3.48	0.19	31.83
	90	18.23	4.64	18.42	1.41	2.69	6.63	0.36	52.38
TCLI	2	9.32	0.83	5.16	0.23	0.42	1.11	0.06	17.13
	30	13.28	2.54	8.60	0.77	1.48	3.64	0.19	30.50
	60	19.66	4.02	14.23	1.23	2.21	5.78	0.31	47.44
	90	24.65	4.83	20.38	1.44	2.78	6.91	0.37	61.36
TCLA	2	8.21	0.70	5.04	0.20	0.34	1.02	0.05	15.56
	30	12.62	2.31	7.88	0.70	1.30	3.31	0.18	28.30
	60	16.32	3.65	11.05	1.10	2.06	5.23	0.28	39.69
	90	20.11	4.45	18.72	1.34	2.54	6.35	0.34	53.85
TCBS	2	5.21	0.24	2.09	0.07	0.19	0.34	0.02	8.16
	30	9.31	1.64	6.32	0.50	0.92	2.33	0.13	21.15
	60	10.46	1.93	9.63	0.55	1.09	2.76	0.15	26.57
	90	15.13	2.38	14.26	0.76	1.33	3.41	0.18	37.45
TCBI	2	7.13	0.48	2.97	0.11	0.27	0.61	0.04	11.61
	30	10.14	1.83	7.27	0.58	1.08	2.62	0.14	23.66
	60	15.43	2.27	10.83	0.69	1.24	3.25	0.17	33.88
	90	18.66	2.65	16.31	0.81	1.45	3.80	0.20	43.88
TCBA	2	7.13	0.33	2.27	0.10	0.14	0.47	0.03	10.47
	30	9.67	1.78	6.52	0.54	1.00	2.55	0.14	22.20
	60	14.43	2.15	10.01	0.62	1.21	3.08	0.16	31.66
	90	18.07	2.48	15.29	0.71	1.43	3.58	0.19	41.75
TCMS	2	6.68	0.51	3.49	0.17	0.26	0.73	0.04	11.88
	30	10.15	1.85	7.33	0.57	1.01	2.65	0.14	23.70
	60	11.21	2.33	8.83	0.78	1.31	3.34	0.18	27.98
	90	16.08	2.71	15.07	0.86	1.53	3.89	0.21	40.35
TCMI	2	7.61	0.77	3.80	0.27	0.43	1.10	0.06	14.04
	30	12.98	2.33	7.49	0.78	1.31	3.34	0.18	28.41
	60	14.95	3.16	12.12	0.91	1.71	4.53	0.24	37.62
	90	21.82	3.84	17.33	1.12	2.16	5.51	0.29	52.07
TCMA	2	7.44	0.65	3.43	0.17	0.32	0.93	0.05	12.99
	30	12.36	1.84	7.21	0.51	1.03	2.64	0.14	25.73
	60	15.53	2.65	10.64	0.88	1.42	3.80	0.20	35.12
	90	19.11	3.48	15.75	1.02	1.95	4.99	0.27	46.57

• TCLS = Tulum cheese with Lactobacillus acidophilus stuffed into skin bag; TCLI = Tulum cheese with Lactobacillus acidophilus stuffed into small intestine; TCLA = Tulum cheese with Lactobacillus acidophilus stuffed into appendix; TCBS = Tulum cheese with Bifidobacterium animalis spp. lactis stuffed into skin bag; TCBI = Tulum cheese with Bifidobacterium animalis spp. lactis stuffed into small intestine; TCBA = Tulum cheese with Bifidobacterium animalis spp. lactis stuffed into appendix; TCMS = Tulum cheese with mix probiotic bacteria stuffed into skin bag; TCMI = Tulum cheese with mix probiotic bacteria stuffed into small intestine; TCMA = Tulum cheese with mix probiotic bacteria stuffed into appendix.

Alcohols are accepted as significant volatile compounds that can contribute to the taste of cheeses and cause creation of an alcoholic, sweet, fruity and strong aroma (Barron et al., 2005; Hayaloglu et al., 2007).

In Tulum cheese that is produced by using raw milk, high alcohol concentrations can be reached (Hayaloglu, 2009; Cakir et al., 2016). But being subjected to pasteurization process before the milk is processed into the cheese cause the decrease of alcohol concentration that would occur (Ortigosa et al., 2005). Alcohols can be synthesized in many ways such as lactose, amino acid metabolism, and degradation of methyl ketones (Molimard & Spinnler, 1996).

While primary alcohols are derived from amino acids that are produced by aldehyde degradation, secondary alcohols that contain 2-pentonal and 2-nanonal are created by reduction of methyl ketones (Hayaloglu et al., 2007). Throughout the 90 days ripening period, it was detected that 9 different alcohols existed in total including primary, secondary and branched chains. Amount of the alcohols of the Tulum cheese samples increased during the ripening time (P<0.05) (Table 7). 3-methyl-1-butanol, ethanol and benzene ethanol were the most detected alcohols in the Tulum cheese samples similar to the results of Gun (2012) and Cakir et al. (2016). It was observed that in the cheeses that L. acidophilus was added in the production and was ripened by packaging in the Tulum there was much more alcohol (104.63 µg/100 g) compared to the other samples. This alcohol occurs by the reduction of the aldehydes that are produced from Leu catabolism (Curioni & Bosset, 2002; Cakmakci et al., 2013). The amount of ethanol increased in all of the Tulum cheese samples throughout the storage period. The highest amount of ethanol (50.14 µg/100 g) was found in the cheese that B. animalis spp. lactis was added in the production and were ripened by packaging in the small intestine. Parallel to the results in the similar studies (Hayaloglu & Brechany, 2007; Hayaloglu et al., 2007, 2008; Gun, 2012; Cakir et al., 2016) conducted, in the Tulum cheese samples, the existence of alcohol, which had branched chains and was stated that it contributed to cheese aroma even in small amounts (Wolf et al., 2011; Cakmakci et al., 2013), was detected.

Table 7
Alcohols detected in Tulum cheese samples during ripening (μg/100 g).

Samples	Ripening Time (Days)	Ethanol	2-Pentanol	3-Methyl-1-butanol	1-Pentanol	1.hexanol	2-Ethyl-1-hexanol	2-Nonanol	1-Octanol	Benzene ethanol	Total Alcohols
TCLS	2	2.43	1.32	25.52	2.18	0.77	0.71	0.22	0.06	6.45	39.66
	30	30.65	4.54	62.11	5.13	2.63	1.64	0.74	0.22	10.33	117.99
	60	44.22	10.32	85.24	9.23	5.99	2.24	1.69	0.50	17.39	176.82
	90	48.15	16.74	104.63	10.78	9.71	4.16	2.74	0.81	21.13	218.85
TCLI	2	2.16	1.87	20.54	2.86	1.09	1.14	0.31	0.09	9.92	39.98
	30	23.65	4.71	51.23	5.89	2.73	2.42	0.77	0.23	16.74	108.37
	60	38.65	14.64	73.45	10.14	8.50	4.83	2.39	0.71	21.62	174.93
	90	32.45	19.32	94.34	11.33	11.21	5.34	3.16	0.93	29.13	207.21
TCLA	2	2.29	1.55	22.38	2.45	0.90	1.07	0.25	0.07	7.13	38.09
	30	21.76	4.66	57.65	5.41	2.70	2.31	0.76	0.22	12.71	108.18
	60	36.54	10.65	82.03	9.76	6.18	4.52	1.74	0.51	18.53	170.46
	90	32.64	17.32	98.36	10.89	10.05	5.14	2.83	0.83	26.17	204.23
TCBS	2	1.09	0.75	18.27	1.27	0.44	0.44	0.12	0.04	4.64	27.06
	30	24.12	3.81	50.28	4.24	2.21	1.06	0.62	0.18	8.42	94.94
	60	42.24	6.53	68.43	7.53	3.79	1.73	1.07	0.31	13.62	145.25
	90	50.14	12.53	85.26	9.74	7.27	3.24	2.05	0.60	17.20	188.03
TCBI	2	0.87	1.03	14.53	2.08	0.60	1.27	0.17	0.05	5.73	26.33
	30	19.12	4.06	44.21	5.11	2.36	1.93	0.66	0.20	10.13	87.78
	60	26.45	7.21	55.25	8.66	4.18	3.51	1.18	0.35	15.46	122.25
	90	26.13	13.41	64.82	10.47	7.78	4.82	2.19	0.65	19.56	149.83
TCBA	2	0.77	0.92	16.29	1.32	0.53	1.01	0.15	0.04	6.21	27.24
	30	15.64	3.90	48.33	4.75	2.26	1.88	0.64	0.19	9.65	87.24
	60	21.45	6.68	51.83	6.94	3.88	3.13	1.09	0.32	14.24	109.56
	90	20.34	12.53	66.94	10.02	7.27	4.35	2.05	0.60	18.02	142.12
TCMS	2	2.34	1.17	22.72	1.38	0.68	0.62	0.19	0.06	5.17	34.33
	30	26.87	4.27	54.96	4.66	2.48	1.72	0.70	0.21	9.21	105.08
	60	38.36	10.14	73.12	8.11	5.88	2.13	1.66	0.49	15.15	155.04
	90	45.23	14.61	93.71	10.27	8.48	3.76	2.39	0.70	18.53	197.68
TCMI	2	1.76	1.52	16.17	2.34	0.88	1.19	0.25	0.07	10.05	34.23
	30	19.52	4.14	46.21	5.31	2.40	2.17	0.68	0.20	12.31	92.94
	60	28.56	12.47	54.21	9.12	7.24	2.37	2.04	0.60	17.50	134.11
	90	27.53	17.54	66.81	10.77	10.18	4.33	2.87	0.85	25.12	166.00
TCMA	2	1.04	1.17	17.38	1.44	0.68	1.09	0.19	0.06	6.92	29.97
	30	20.22	3.96	52.11	5.19	2.30	2.18	0.65	0.19	11.62	98.42
	60	30.34	8.82	62.32	7.36	5.12	3.96	1.44	0.43	16.15	135.94
	90	27.32	11.22	74.24	11.11	6.51	4.82	1.83	0.54	19.73	157.32

• TCLS = Tulum cheese with Lactobacillus acidophilus stuffed into skin bag; TCLI = Tulum cheese with Lactobacillus acidophilus stuffed into small intestine; TCLA = Tulum cheese with Lactobacillus acidophilus stuffed into appendix; TCBS = Tulum cheese with Bifidobacterium animalis spp. lactis stuffed into skin bag; TCBI = Tulum cheese with Bifidobacterium animalis spp. lactis stuffed into small intestine; TCBA = Tulum cheese with Bifidobacterium animalis spp. lactis stuffed into appendix; TCMS = Tulum cheese with mix probiotic bacteria stuffed into skin bag; TCMI = Tulum cheese with mix probiotic bacteria stuffed into small intestine; TCMA = Tulum cheese with mix probiotic bacteria stuffed into appendix.

Many acids that exist in cheese are created as a result of lipolysis of milk fat (Urbach, 1997; Collins et al., 2003). Ethanoic (Acetic), Propanoic, pentanoic or octanoic acids are produced as a result of lipolysis or fermentation of lactose or lactic acid. But 2-methyl propanoic and 3-methyl propanoic acids are produced as a result of amino acid metabolism (Banks et al., 2001; Mallia et al., 2005).

However, acids are not only aroma components in cheese but also, they behave as precursors of very different compounds such as ketones, alcohols, lactones, aldehydes, and esters at the same time (Cakmakci et al., 2013). Nine different organic acids were detected in the Tulum cheese samples and all increased the ripening period (P<0.05) (Table 3). Detected organic acids are the same as the ones that Hayaloglu et al. (2007) and Cakir et al. (2016) detected in their studies. Butanoic acid is the most found one in the cheese samples similar to the studies of Hayaloglu et al. (2007) and Hayaloglu & Karabulut (2013). Butanoic acid is produced mainly by lipolysis (McSweeney & Sousa, 2000). Acetic and propanoic acids follow it respectively. At the end of 90 days ripening period, the highest amount of butanoic acid (261.39 µg/100 g) (Table 8) was detected in the cheese that was produced by adding the mixture of L. acidophilus and B. animalis spp. lactis and ripened by being stuffed into the appendix. The cheese samples that were produced with L. acidophilus additive and stored in Tulum packaging followed it with a value of 248.03 µg/100 g.

Table 8
Carboxylic acids (CA) detected in Tulum cheese samples during ripening (μg/100 g).

Samples	Ripening Time (Days)	Asetic	Propaonic	Butanoic	Pentanoic	Hexanoic	Heptanoic	Oktanoic	Decanoic	Benzoic	Total CA
TCLS	2	104.37	61.40	131.89	10.83	7.32	1.22	81.27	24.91	2.64	425.85
	30	155.11	68.22	175.75	12.04	8.14	1.36	108.30	33.19	2.94	565.05
	60	188.45	87.12	227.64	15.37	10.39	1.53	140.27	42.99	3.75	717.51
	90	195.70	81.87	248.03	14.45	9.77	1.66	152.84	46.84	3.53	754.69
TCLI	2	102.56	62.19	112.25	10.97	7.42	1.24	69.17	21.20	2.68	389.68
	30	154.74	66.91	128.81	11.81	7.98	1.33	79.37	24.32	2.88	478.15
	60	192.07	88.69	231.99	15.65	10.58	1.46	142.96	43.81	3.82	731.03
	90	197.15	82.92	238.15	14.63	9.89	1.51	146.75	44.97	3.57	739.54
TCLA	2	105.46	60.61	127.41	10.70	7.23	1.20	78.51	24.06	2.61	417.79
	30	151.85	66.65	177.61	11.76	7.95	1.32	109.45	33.54	2.87	563
	60	192.43	85.80	209.22	15.14	10.24	1.47	128.92	39.51	3.70	686.43
	90	196.06	83.44	236.82	14.72	9.95	1.56	145.93	44.72	3.59	736.79
TCBS	2	102.20	59.56	123.46	10.51	7.11	1.18	76.08	23.32	2.57	405.99
	30	150.40	70.06	158.44	12.36	8.36	1.29	97.63	29.92	3.02	531.48
	60	189.90	89.22	211.95	15.74	10.64	1.37	130.61	40.03	3.84	693.3
	90	193.88	82.92	234.20	14.63	9.89	1.65	144.32	44.23	3.57	729.29
TCBI	2	104.01	61.66	125.61	10.88	7.36	1.23	77.40	23.72	2.66	414.53
	30	155.47	68.22	188.13	12.04	8.14	1.36	115.93	35.53	2.94	587.76
	60	188.81	83.71	216.42	14.77	9.98	1.46	133.36	40.87	3.60	692.98
	90	194.97	82.92	235.48	14.63	9.89	1.57	145.11	44.47	3.57	732.61
TCBA	2	105.46	59.56	127.41	10.51	7.11	1.18	78.51	24.06	2.57	416.37
	30	152.21	66.39	207.07	11.71	7.92	1.32	127.60	39.10	2.86	616.18
	60	189.90	85.54	223.57	15.09	10.20	1.40	137.77	42.22	3.68	709.37
	90	194.97	83.18	247.10	14.68	9.92	1.54	152.27	46.66	3.58	753.9
TCMS	2	105.10	62.19	119.98	10.97	7.42	1.24	73.93	22.66	2.68	406.17
	30	154.38	65.60	209.74	11.58	7.83	1.30	129.25	39.61	2.83	622.12
	60	192.07	87.90	231.99	15.51	10.49	1.45	142.96	43.81	3.79	729.97
	90	200.41	82.92	242.10	14.63	9.89	1.61	149.19	45.72	3.57	750.04
TCMI	2	104.01	60.88	125.79	10.74	7.26	1.21	77.51	23.75	2.62	413.77
	30	158.01	67.96	190.86	11.99	8.11	1.35	117.61	36.04	2.93	594.86
	60	190.62	86.59	230.25	15.28	10.33	1.42	141.88	43.48	3.73	723.58
	90	196.06	83.44	236.82	14.72	9.95	1.66	145.93	44.72	3.59	736.89
TCMA	2	103.28	61.93	124.74	10.93	7.39	1.23	76.87	23.56	2.67	412.6
	30	154.02	70.06	186.04	12.36	8.36	1.39	114.64	35.13	3.02	585.02
	60	188.81	85.02	228.04	15.00	10.14	1.59	140.52	43.07	3.66	715.85
	90	197.15	85.80	261.39	15.14	10.24	1.61	161.07	49.36	3.70	785.46

• TCLS = Tulum cheese with Lactobacillus acidophilus stuffed into skin bag; TCLI = Tulum cheese with Lactobacillus acidophilus stuffed into small intestine; TCLA = Tulum cheese with Lactobacillus acidophilus stuffed into appendix; TCBS = Tulum cheese with Bifidobacterium animalis spp. lactis stuffed into skin bag; TCBI = Tulum cheese with Bifidobacterium animalis spp. lactis stuffed into small intestine; TCBA = Tulum cheese with Bifidobacterium animalis spp. lactis stuffed into appendix; TCMS = Tulum cheese with mix probiotic bacteria stuffed into skin bag; TCMI = Tulum cheese with mix probiotic bacteria stuffed into small intestine; TCMA = Tulum cheese with mix probiotic bacteria stuffed into appendix.

Sensory analysis results regarding the colour and appearance, taste and odour, texture, aroma and general acceptance values on the 2nd, 30th, 60th and 90th days of the storage are shown in Table 9.

Table 9
Sensory properties of Erzican Tulum cheese samples during the storage.

Cheese Samples	Appearance							Taste and Odor									Texture
	Storage Time (day)							Storage Time (day)									Storage Time (day)
	2	30		60	90			2		30	60			90			2	30		60		90
TCLS	7.89 ± 0.40Aab	7.87 ± 0.23Aab		6.65 ± 0.33Bd	6.2 ± 0.12Cde			7.81 ± 0.15Ae		7.64 ± 0.09Ae	6.89 ± 0.06Bf			6.25 ± 0.0.4Ce			8.35 ± 0.10Aab	8.11 ± 0.08Bb		7.80 ± 0.11Cc		7.62 ± 0.11Dc
TCLI	8.02 ± 0.55ab	7.94 ± 0.36ab		7.02 ± 0.09c	6.27 ± 0.21d			8.10 ± 0.11Abc		7.94 ± 0.09Acd	7.43 ± 0.19Bcd			6.70 ± 0.03Ccd			8.37 ± 0.10Aa	8.19 ± 0.06Bb		7.97 ± 0.05Cb		7.94 ± 0.12Ca
TCLA	8.16 ± 0.45a	8.05 ± 0.09ab		7.26 ± 0.10c	6.79 ± 0.21c			8.25 ± 0.13Aab		8.05 ± 0.12Abc	7.49 ± 0.13Bbc			7.14 ± 0.06Cb			8.40 ± 0.08Aa	8.32 ± 0.08Aa		8.10 ± 0.07Ba		7.45 ± 0.10Cd
TCBS	7.91 ± 0.28ab	7.67 ± 0.19b		6.28 ± 0.12e	5.41 ± 0.13f			7.71 ± 0.13Ae		7.44 ± 0.07Bf	6.65 ± 0.10Cg			5.75 ± 0.07Df			8.15 ± 0.04Ac	7.74 ± 0.10Be		7.50 ± 0.07Ce		7.29 ± 0.07Dde
TCBI	8.09 ± 0.15ab	7.81 ± 0.18ab		6.56 ± 0.24de	5.84 ± 0.25e			8.02 ± 0.09Acd		7.62 ± 0.12Be	7.26 ± 0.06Cde			6.25 ± 0.08De			8.21 ± 0.11Abc	7.80 ± 0.08Bde		7.59 ± 0.08Cde		7.43 ± 0.12Cd
TCBA	8.11 ± 0.29a	7.95 ± 0.19ab		7.15 ± 0.12c	6.23 ± 0.11d			8.16 ± 0.07Aabc		7.87 ± 0.15Bcd	7.34 ± 0.09Ccde			6.58 ± 0.10Dd			8.31 ± 0.06Aab	7.93 ± 0.05Bc		7.76 ± 0.03Cc		7.25 ± 0.05De
TCMS	7.63 ± 0.26b	7.73 ± 0.14b		7.6 ± 0.12b	6.93 ± 0.29bc			7.88 ± 0.08Ade		7.76 ± 0.12Ade	7.19 ± 0.05Be			6.77 ± 0.07Cc			8.19 ± 0.09Abc	7.90 ± 0.05Bcd		7.63 ± 0.03Cd		7.41 ± 0.05Dde
TCMI	8.16 ± 0.20a	7.94 ± 0.27ab		7.92 ± 0.15a	7.17 ± 0.13b			8.21 ± 0.07Aabc		8.22 ± 0.09Ab	7.67 ± 0.08Bb			7.25 ± 0.11Cb			8.30 ± 0.06Aabc	7.94 ± 0.05Bc		7.81 ± 0.08BCc		7.69 ± 0.11Cbc
TCMA	8.36 ± 0.13a	8.17 ± 0.17a		6.98 ± 0.15c	7.75 ± 0.18a			8.32 ± 0.08ABa		8.50 ± 0.11Aa	8.00 ± 0.15BCa			7.66 ± 0.14Ca			8.37 ± 0.09Aa	8.18 ± 0.04Bb		8.05 ± 0.05Cab		7.80 ± 0.08Dab
Cheese Samples	Flavor												General Appreciation
	Storage Time (day)												Storage Time (day)
	2		30			60			90				2		30				60		90
TCLS	8.09 ± 0.06Abcd		8.13 ± 0.07Acd			7.53 ± 0.12Bef			5.7 ± 0.05Cf				7.94 ± 0.28Aa		8.00 ± 0.15Aab				7.38 ± 0.14Bab		5.53 ± 0.13Ccd
TCLI	8.16 ± 0.06Aabc		8.21 ± 0.09Abcd			7.70 ± 0.13Bcd			5.93 ± 0.11Ce				8.00 ± 0.15Aa		8.05 ± 0.20Aab				7.52 ± 0.44Aab		5.74 ± 0.40Bcd
TCLA	8.24 ± 0.05Aa		8.27 ± 0.05Abc			7.85 ± 0.07Bb			6.13 ± 0.10Cd				8.08 ± 0.14Aa		8.10 ± 0.17Aab				7.71 ± 0.48Aab		5.94 ± 0.20Bc
TCBS	7.99 ± 0.12Ad		7.94 ± 0.06Ae			7.29 ± 0.07Bg			4.88 ± 0.07Cı				7.80 ± 0.17Aa		7.97 ± 0.21Ab				7.10 ± 0.39Bb		4.82 ± 0.17Ce
TCBI	8.07 ± 0.09Acd		8.08 ± 0.14Ad			7.48 ± 0.06Bf			5.14 ± 0.12Ch				7.86 ± 0.30Aa		7.88 ± 0.14Ab				7.24 ± 0.38Bb		5.23 ± 0.22Cde
TCBA	8.15 ± 0.09Aabc		8.18 ± 0.09Acd			7.66 ± 0.07Bde			5.41 ± 0.07Cg				7.94 ± 0.20Aa		7.94 ± 0.27Ab				7.40 ± 0.25Aab		5.54 ± 0.37Bcd
TCMS	8.16 ± 0.09Aabc		8.25 ± 0.05Abc			7.81 ± 0.05Bbc			6.9 ± 0.08Cc				8.07 ± 0.16Aa		8.14 ± 0.19Aab				7.61 ± 0.30Bab		6.73 ± 0.28Cb
TCMI	8.23 ± 0.07Aab		8.33 ± 0.05Aab			8.06 ± 0.05Ba			7.19 ± 0.04Cb				8.14 ± 0.14Aa		8.22 ± 0.21Aab				7.95 ± 0.21Aa		7.09 ± 0.33Bab
TCMA	8.30 ± 0.04Aa		8.46 ± 0.06Aa			8.13 ± 0.10Ba			7.55 ± 0.12Ca				8.17 ± 0.15Aa		8.36 ± 0.15Aa				8.03 ± 0.31Aa		7.34 ± 0.25Ba

• TCLS = Tulum cheese with Lactobacillus acidophilus stuffed into skin bag; TCLI = Tulum cheese with Lactobacillus acidophilus stuffed into small intestine; TCLA = Tulum cheese with Lactobacillus acidophilus stuffed into appendix; TCBS = Tulum cheese with Bifidobacterium animalis spp. lactis stuffed into skin bag; TCBI = Tulum cheese with Bifidobacterium animalis spp. lactis stuffed into small intestine; TCBA = Tulum cheese with Bifidobacterium animalis spp. lactis stuffed into appendix; TCMS = Tulum cheese with mix probiotic bacteria stuffed into skin bag; TCMI = Tulum cheese with mix probiotic bacteria stuffed into small intestine; TCMA = Tulum cheese with mix probiotic bacteria stuffed into appendix. ^a-d (→) Values with the same superscript letters in the same rows for each analysis differ significantly (P<0.05), a-ı (↓) Values with the same superscript letters in the same lines for each analysis differ significantly (P<0.05).

Probiotic treatment affected the colour (P<0.05), taste and odour (P<0.01), texture (P<0.0001), flavor (P<0.05) and general acceptability of the Tulum cheese samples (P<0.05). Packaging material used in production effect colour (P<0.05) and taste and odour (P<0.0001) scores (Table 10). Moreover, storage time affected all of the sensory properties of the Erzincan Tulum cheese (P<0.0001; Table 9). In general, all the sensory evaluation scores decreased during storage (P<0.05).

Table 10
Effect of ripening time, packaging material and probiotic cultures on sensory properties of Erzican Tulum cheese samples.

Source of Variation	Apparance	Taste and Odour	Texture	Flavour	General Appreciation
Storage Time
2	8.04 ± 0.17a	8.05 ± 0.04a	8.29 ± 0.02a	8.16 ± 0.02a	8.00 ± 0.04a
30	7.90 ± 0.41a	7.89 ± 0.06a	8.01 ± 0.04b	8.20 ± 0.03a	8.07 ± 0.04a
60	7.05 ± 0.33b	7.32 ± 0.08b	7.80 ± 0.04c	7.72 ± 0.05b	7.55 ± 0.08b
90	6.48 ± 0.39c	6.70 ± 0.11c	7.54 ± 0.05d	6.09 ± 0.17c	5.99 ± 0.17c
P Value	<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001
Packaging Material
Skin Bag	7.08 ± 0.12b	7.14 ± 0.11b	7.80 ± 0.06b	7.39 ± 0.17a	7.26 ± 0.18a
Intestine	7.49 ± 0.12ab	7.56 ± 0.10a	7.94 ± 0.05ab	7.56 ± 0.18a	7.42 ± 0.17a
Appendix	7.67 ± 0.10a	7.77 ± 0.09a	7.99 ± 0.06a	7.68 ± 0.15a	7.53 ± 0.15a
P Value	0.02	<0.0001	0.062	0.453	0.488
Probiotic Culture
Lactobacillus acidophilus	7.22 ± 0.12b	7.47 ± 0.10b	8.05 ± 0.05a	7.49 ± 0.16b	7.33 ± 0.16b
Bifidobacterium animalis spp. lactis	7.21 ± 0.14b	7.22 ± 0.12b	7.74 ± 0.06b	7.19 ± 0.21b	7.06 ± 0.19b
MIX	7.75 ± 0.74a	7.79 ± 0.08a	7.94 ± 0.05a	7.95 ± 0.08a	7.82 ± 0.10a
P Value	0.03	0.001	<0.0001	0.04	0.03

• Values with the same superscript letters in the same column for each analysis differ significantly (P<0.05).

At the end of the 90-day storage period maximum decrease of colur value was detected in TCBS sample with a value of 2.50. This value was followed by TCBI with 2.25 and TCBA with 1.88 respectively. It is thought to cause this result, the addition of B. animalis spp. lactis in the production of cheeses. Similarly, Tomar (2018) stated that samples containing B. animalis subsp. lactis with higher yellowness values in Tulum cheeses had lower colour scores.

During the storage period The TCMA (P>0.05), TCLA (P<0.05) samples had the highest taste and odour scores, while, TCBS and TCBI samples had the lowest taste and odor scores (P<0.05). The sample of containing B. animalis spp. lactis had a lower taste and odour score, than containing of L. acidophilus. Similarly, Cuffia et al. (2018) found that samples containing B. animalis spp. lactis in soft sheep’s cheese had lower odour scores than L. acidophilus containing samples. In addition, the samples used in the packaging material as appendix had the highest taste and odour scores than the others (P<0.0001). This result is due to the differences in the reactions of lipolysis and proteolysis in the cheese samples during storage.

The difference of probiotic bacteria used in cheese production were effective on textur socores (P<0.0001). Samples with contanining L. acidophilus had the highest score while samples containing B. animalis spp. lactis had the lowest score during the storage (P<0.05). On the other hand, the difference of packaging material were not effective on textur socores (P>0.05; Table 10).

The flavour in dairy products is mainly attributed to the high content of shortand medium-chain fatty acids (Prandini et al., 2011; Raynal- Ljutovac et al., 2011). The flavour scores of the Tulum samples decreased during storage (P<0.05). The probiotic culture effect flavour scores of Erzincan Tulum cheese (P<0.05).

Samples containing mixed culture (TCMS, TCMI and TCMA) had the highest scores, while samples containing B. animalis spp. lactis (TCBS, TCBI and TCBA) had the lowest flavour scores. Like with texture scores, packaging difference were not effect on flavour scores (P>0.05).

The probiotic culture affects general acceptance values cheese samples (P<0.05). According to the general acceptance values, the most favoured sample was TCMA with 7.34 ± 0.25 score (containing mix culture), whereas the least favoured was TCBS with 4.82 ± 0.17 score (containing B. animalis spp. lactis) (P<0.05). Unlike the use of different packaging in cheese production had not effective on the general acceptance values (P>0.05).

These results show that adding L. acidophilus and MIX cultures did not produce defects in sensory scores and could even improve the organoleptic characteristics of Erzincan Tulum cheese. Similarly, Minervini et al. (2012), Cuffia et al. (2018) and Tomar (2018) reported that the addition of probiotic strains improved the sensory properties of cheese during the ripening.

According to these results, Tulum cheese is a suitable food matrix for probiotic bacteria. Similarly, various researchers have stated that cheese is a well-established food matrix for probiotic bacteria due to its intrinsic nutritional composition (Lollo et al., 2015; Thomas, 2016; Champagne et al., 2018; Almeida et al., 2018a; Tomar, 2018).

4 Conclusion

Today, the tendency to consume organic and healthy foods in the world is increasing.

Studies have shown that healthy diet, is the key to be healthy, physically and mentally. Therefore, regular and adequate probiotic consumption in daily nutrition is extremely important. Our study demonstrates the efficacy of using a probiotic culture to improve the overall acceptability of Tulum cheese, which is very significant as far as human health is concerned.

Tulum cheese is a type of cheese that has an important place among the Turkish cheeses and is consumed abundantly and admirably. Adding probiotic bacteria to this cheese during its production impacts physicochemical, chemical and physical characteristics of the cheese positively and at the same time, aroma components that occur during the ripening depending on lipolysis and proteolysis also impact positively on the quality growth of the cheese. In addition to these, adding probiotic bacteria during the production gained significant functionality to the cheese that has beneficial effects on human health, particularly the digestive system.

The fact that the Tulum cheese has a place in dairy products, in which probiotic bacteria are added the most, will give a new meaning and importance to this cheese, which is consumed admirably and abundantly. Also, loss of sensory and visual taste that are caused by the Tulum that is the traditional packaging of the Tulum cheese, was replaced by using different packaging materials during the production. The taste and aroma of the product were enhanced to produce a more appealing product with aesthetic and health benefits for the food industry in both Turkey and the World.

• Practical Application: The effects of probiotic culture on Tulum cheese quality.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  04 Nov 2019
• Date of issue
  Jan-Mar 2020

History

• Received
  25 Oct 2018
• Accepted
  24 June 2019