Physicochemical characterization and antioxidant activity of honey samples of <i>Apis mellifera</i> and different species of Meliponinae subfamily from the Brazilian eastern Amazon region

GOMES, Victor Valentim; BANDEIRA, Adelene Menezes Portela; CORDOVIL, Kelly Prissila Saraiva; BANDEIRA FILHO, José dos Reis; BRAGHINI, Francieli; BILUCA, Fabíola Carina; GONZAGA, Luciano Valdemiro; FETT, Roseane; COSTA, Kauê Santana da; AZEVEDO, Márcia Mourão Ramos de; TAUBE, Paulo Sérgio

doi:10.1590/fst.114921

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Original Article • Food Sci. Technol 42 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.114921 copy

Physicochemical characterization and antioxidant activity of honey samples of Apis mellifera and different species of Meliponinae subfamily from the Brazilian eastern Amazon region

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

In the present study, we evaluated the physicochemical characteristics (color, humidity, soluble solids, free acidity, pH, ash content, carbohydrate content, and 5-HMF) and antioxidant activity (Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and DPPH free radical scavenging) of honey samples produced by different species of Meliponinae subfamily (n = 16) and A. mellifera (n = 16) from the Eastern Brazilian Amazon region. Considering global averages, the stingless-bee honey had high acidity (93.45 mEq kg^-1), high humidity (27.43%), low content of reducing sugars (55.65%), and darker colors (Pfund scale – 162.17 mm), when compared with A. mellifera honey (62.96 mEq kg^-1, 19.35%, 65.70% and 68.43 mm for the respective parameters). Furthermore, more than 50% of samples of stingless-bee honey had values of 5-HMF above that proposed by Codex Alimentarius (max. 80 mg kg^-1). The two types of honey investigated showed similar results for total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. The principal component analysis (PCA) of the physicochemical characteristics of the honey samples, showed that the A. mellifera samples formed a differentiated group, while the multi-species Meliponinae samples were more scattered along the PCA axes. The distinctive characteristics of stingless-bee honey compared to A. mellifera honey produced in the same region, reinforces the need for specific regulations for honey produced by stingless-bees.

Keywords:
Meliponinae; 5-HMF; DPPH radical; principal component analysis, bees

Code ^*	Beespecies	City	P/M ^**
MCM1	Melipona comprensipes manaosenseis	Itaituba	M
MCM2		Itaituba	M
MCM3		Mojuí dos Campos	P
MCM4		Mojuí dos Campos	P
MCM5		Belterra	P
MCM6		Santarém	P
MCM7		Santarém	P
MCM8		Santarém	M
MCM9		Santarém	M
SS1	Scaptotrigona sp.	Mojuí dos Campos	P
SS2		Belterra	P
SS3		Santarém	P
TA1	Tetragonisca angustula	Mojuí dos Campos	P
TA2		Belterra	P
FL	Frisiomelitta longipes	Belterra	P
MS	Melipona sp.	Santarém	M
AM1	Apis mellifera	Itaituba	M
AM2		Itaituba	M
AM3		Itaituba	M
AM4		Mojuí dos Campos	M
AM5		Belterra	M
AM6		Santarém	M
AM7		Santarém	M
AM8		Santarém	M
AM9		Santarém	M
AM10		Santarém	M
AM11		Santarém	M
AM12		Santarém	M
AM13		Santarém	M
AM14		Santarém	M
AM15		Santarém	M
AM16		Santarém	M

Samples	Moisture (% w/w)	Free acidity (mEq kg^-1)	5-HMF ^* (mg kg^-1)	pH	Ash (% w/w)	Pfund scale (mm)	Color
MCM1	31.93 ± 0.20^ab	15.88 ± 1.00^r	157.50 ± 4.00^c	3.25 ± 0.01^op	0.01 ± 0.01^o	73.95 ± 3.00^m	Light amber
MCM2	30.30 ± 0.10^ab	17.21 ± 0.02.00^qr	167.00 ± 4.00^b	3.08 ± 0.01^q	0.02 ± 0.01^mno	173.61 ± 3.00^f	Dark amber
MCM3	31.27 ± 0.02^ab	36.68 ± 1.00^o	< LOQ	3.94 ± 0.1^gh	0.03 ± 0.02^fgh	39.91 ± 0.90ⁿ	Extra-light amber
MCM4	29.18 ± 0.04^bc	37.25 ± 9.00^no	< LOQ	3.81 ± 0.07^hi	0.01 ± 0.01^o	39.42 ± 7.00^l	Extra-light amber
MCM5	32.13 ± 0.01^ab	132.36 ± 2.00^d	57.12 ± 0.40^l	3.16 ± 0.06^pq	0.06 ± 0.03^k-o	130.65 ± 4.00^r	Dark amber
MCM6	25.05 ± 0.01^ab	104.00 ± 3.00^j	83.87 ± 0.20^f	3.32 ± 0.02^lmn	0.08 ± 0.02^k-o	154.18 ± 1.00^p	Dark amber
MCM7	25.91 ± 0.01^def	187.2 ± 10.00^f	94.22 ± 1.00^g	3.23 ± 0.01^nop	0.11 ± 0.04^j-m	14.53 ± 0.2.00^p	Extra white
MCM8	30.78 ± 0.01^de	62.69 ± 2.00^b	92.14 ± 1.00^f	3.48 ± 0.02^opq	0.06 ± 0.01^i-l	82.50 ± 3.00^b	Light amber
MCM9	22.21 ± 0.06^fgh	34.79 ± 1.00^o	4.90 ± 0.60^q	4.16 ± 0.04^ef	0.31 ± 0.01^bc	29.64 ± 0.7.00^a	White
SS1	25.87 ± 0.01^de	159.90 ± 2.00^c	147.20 ± 3.00^d	3.78 ± 0.03^hi	0.08 ± 0.01^j-m	362.52 ± 4.00^no	Dark amber
SS2	29.39 ± 0.01^bc	122.30 ± 1.00^e	< LOQ	3.52 ± 0.02^j-m	0.25 ± 0.01^def	151.82 ± 6.00^g	Dark amber
SS3	32.64 ± 0.01^a	328.6 ± 6.00^a	20.42 ± 5.00^o	3.39 ± 0.06^l-o	0.26 ± 0.02^cde	414.27 ± 13.00^g	Dark amber
TA1	27.11 ± 0.04^cd	18.57 ± 2.00^qr	80.49 ± 0.60^gh	3.98 ± 0.04^g	0.01 ± 0.01^o	31.00 ± 5.00^h	White
TA2	26.90 ± 0.01^cd	122.00 ± 2.00^e	12.65 ± 3.00^p	3.51 ± 0.01^klm	0.21 ± 0.01^efg	189.83 ± 0.90^p	Dark amber
FL	20.21 ± 0.01^hij	72.54 ± 2.00^hi	92.68 ± 6.00^f	3.55 ± 0.07^jkl	0.22 ± 0.02^efg	456.24 ± 2.00^c	Dark amber
MS	18.01 ± 0.05^j	43.03 ± 4.00^mn	195.40 ± 6.00^a	4.35 ± 0.02^cd	0.49 ± 0.01^a	250.61 ± 6.00^d	Dark amber
Maximum	32.64	328.56	195.43	4.16	0.49	456.24	Dark amber
Minimum	18.01	15.88	< LOQ	3.08	0.01	14.53	Extra white
Mean	27.43	93.45	75.35	3.60	0.14	162.17	Dark amber
AM1	19.42 ± 0.01^hij	25.01 ± 3.00^p	< LOQ	4.75 ± 0.02^a	0.36 ± 0.1^b	105.28 ± 3.00^j	Amber
AM2	18.15 ± 0.10^k	38.84 ± 3.00^no	< LOQ	4.52 ± 0.02^ab	0.12 ± 0.03^ijk	75.69 ± 0.01^m	Light amber
AM3	19.36 ± 0.06^hij	38.17 ± 3.00^no	< LOQ	4.55 ± 0.07^b	0.13 ± 0.01^hij	93.89 ± 2.00^k	Amber
AM4	21.30 ± 0.08^ghi	54.73 ± 0.70^k	< LOQ	4.30 ± 0.07^de	0.19 ± 0.05^fgh	73.34 ± 1.00^m	Light amber
AM5	19.34 ± 0.01^hij	48.27 ± 2.00^lm	68.58 ± 0.60^jk	4.58 ± 0.01^ab	0.08 ± 0.01^j-m	72.96 ± 0.60^m	Light amber
AM6	23.51 ± 0.02^efg	23.31 ± 2.00^pq	113.26 ± 1.00^e	3.90 ± 0.07^gh	0.02 ± 0.01^no	42.76 ± 6.00ⁿ	Extra-light amber
AM7	19.31 ± 0.01^hij	46.96 ± 3.00^m	47.55 ± 1.00^m	3.45 ± 0.09^lmn	0.06 ± 0.03^k-no	30.38 ± 0.01^p	White
AM8	18.84 ± 0.08^ij	69.44 ± 0.50ⁱ	36.86 ± 1.00ⁿ	3.32 ± 0.06^nop	0.05 ± 0.02^mno	33.47 ± 0.20^op	White
AM9	19.32 ± 0.02^hij	53.92 ± 0.20^kl	70.82 ± 0.10^ijk	3.37 ± 0.09^mno	0.02 ± 0.01^mno	23.20 ± 0.40^q	White
AM10	20.66 ± 0.05^ghij	98.16 ± 4.00^f	68.50 ± 0.50^jk	3.65 ± 0.06^ijk	0.05 ± 0.01^l-o	124.46 ± 0.20ⁱ	Dark amber
AM11	20.00 ± 0.01^hij	124.53 ± 3.00^e	39.85 ± 0.40ⁿ	3.69 ± 0.10^ij	0.16 ± 0.03^ghi	151.33 ± 0.60^j	Dark amber
AM12	19.19 ± 0.08^ij	78.42 ± 5.00^gh	72.16 ± 1.00^ijk	3.32 ± 0.20^nop	0.12 ± 0.01^ijk	43.38 ± 0.40ⁿ	Extra-light amber
AM13	19.73 ± 0.04^hij	38.99 ± 0.30^no	75.21 ± 0.50^hij	3.48 ± 0.06^lmn	0.03 ± 0.01^mno	18.37 ± 0.80^qr	White
AM14	18.93 ± 0.02^ij	83.35 ± 8.00^g	77.46 ± 3.00^ghi	4.02 ± 0.20^fg	0.20 ± 0.07^efg	85.47 ± 0.40^l	Amber
AM15	19.10 ± 0.01^ij	81.35 ± 3.00^g	92.73 ± 0.70^jk	3.39 ± 0.08^l-o	0.04 ± 0.01^mno	33.23 ± 0.20^p	White
AM16	19.44 ± 0.02^hij	103.87 ± 1.00^f	65.74 ± 0.40^k	4.32 ± 0.40^de	0.29 ± 0.10^cd	87.70 ± 0.20^l	Amber
Maximum	23.51	124.53	113.26	4.75	0.36	151.33	Dark amber
Minimum	12.07	23.31	< LOQ	3.32	0.02	18.37	White
Mean	19.35	62.96	69.07	3.91	0.12	68.43	Light amber

Samples	Soluble solid (˚Brix)	Fructose (% w/w)	Glucose (% w/w)	Sucrose (% m/m)	G + F ^*	F / G ^**
MCM1	66.63 ± 0.20^s	29.30 ± 0.80^jk	27.17 ± 0.20^d-g	< LOQ	56.46 ± 0.90^hij	1.08 ± 0.02^jkl
MCM2	68.20 ± 0.01^q	29.21 ± 0.80^jk	26.83 ± 0.40^d-g	< LOQ	56.04 ± 1.00^ij	1.09 ± 0.03^i-l
MCM3	67.30 ± 0.01^r	29.13 ± 20^jk	27.58 ± 1.00^a-f	< LOQ	56.71 ± 4.00^hij	1.06 ± 0.02^kl
MCM4	69.00 ± 0.01^p	30.30 ± 2.00^h-k	27.97 ± 1.00^cde	6.02 ± 0.20	58.27 ± 3.00^f-j	1.08 ± 0.02^jkl
MCM5	66.50 ± 0.01^t	29.45 ± 0.60^ijk	28.25 ± 0.90^cde	< LOQ	57.70 ± 1.00^f-j	1.04 ± 0.03^l
MCM6	73.50 ± 0.01^r	29.33 ± 1.00^h-k	17.76 ± 1.00^e-h	< LOQ	47.09 ± 3.00^g-j	1.65 ± 0.03^hij
MCM7	72.70 ± 0.01^l	33.02 ± 2.00^jk	28.99 ± 2.00^l	< LOQ	62.01 ± 3.00^k	1.14 ± 0.01^d
MCM8	67.30 ± 0.01^m	30.61 ± 0.90^e-j	26.39 ± 0.30^cd	< LOQ	57.00 ± 1.00^d-g	1.16 ± 0.02^h-k
MCM9	75.80 ± 0.01^j	37.06 ± 2.00^b-g	25.71 ± 1.00^f-i	< LOQ	62.77 ± 4.00^c-f	1.44 ± 0.03^ef
SS1	72.70 ± 0.01^m	38.58 ± 1.00^b-e	8.93 ± 0.80^m	< LOQ	47.50 ± 2.00^k	4.34 ± 0.20^a
SS2	69.00 ± 0.01^p	31.93 ± 2.00^f-k	21.75 ± 1.00^cj	< LOQ	53.68 ± 3.00^j	1.47 ± 0.02^ef
SS3	66.10 ± 0.01^u	26.61 ± 0.90^k	20.12 ± 0.50^jk	< LOQ	46.73 ± 1.00^k	1.32 ± 0.01^g
TA1	71.00 ± 0.01ⁿ	31.22 ± 1.00^g-k	28.25 ± 0.90^cde	4.14 ± 0.40	59.47 ± 2.00^f-i	1.10 ± 0.01^h-l
TA2	71.50 ± 0.01^o	35.60 ± 0.70^b-i	18.25 ± 0.40^kl	< LOQ	53.86 ± 1.00^j	1.95 ± 0.03^c
FL	77.80 ± 0.01^g	37.28 ± 1.00^b-g	16.24 ± 0.40^l	< LOQ	53.52 ± 1.00^j	2.30 ± 0.02^b
MS	80.23 ± 0.20^a	40.55 ± 0.80^abc	21.06 ± 0.30^cd	< LOQ	61.62 ± 1.00^a	1.93 ± 0.01^c
Maximum	80.23	40.55	28.99	6.02	62.77	4.34
Minimum	66.10	26.61	8.93	< LOQ	46.73	1.04
Mean	70.95	32.45	23.20	5.08	55.65	1.57
AM1	79.00 ± 0.01^e	40.12 ± 4.00^a-d	28.47 ± 3.00^cde	< LOQ	68.60 ± 7.00^ab	1.41 ± 0.01^fg
AM2	80.10 ± 0.01^b	39.96 ± 1.00^a-d	27.88 ± 0.60^c-f	< LOQ	67.83 ± 2.00^abc	1.43 ± 0.03^ef
AM3	79.00 ± 0.01^e	24.23 ± 2.00^d-j	24.15 ± 1.00^a	< LOQ	58.37 ± 3.00^f-j	1.42 ± 0.02^ef
AM4	77.00 ± 0.01^h	36.29 ± 2.00^b-h	24.25 ± 0.60^hi	< LOQ	60.54 ± 2.00^e-i	1.50 ± 0.03^ef
AM5	79.00 ± 0.01^e	36.27 ± 0.70^b-h	25.14 ± 2.00^ghi	< LOQ	61.41 ± 2.00^d-h	1.45 ± 0.08^ef
AM6	74.70 ± 0.01^k	31.78 ± 2.00^f-k	28.84 ± 2.00^cd	7.63 ± 0.40	60.62 ± 4.00^e-i	1.10 ± 0.02^i-l
AM7	79.00 ± 0.01^e	45.92 ± 2.00^a	24.56 ± 0.70^hi	< LOQ	70.48 ± 3.00^a	1.87 ± 0.03^c
AM8	79.50 ± 0.20^c	37.21 ± 0.70^b-g	31.24 ± 0.30^ab	< LOQ	68.45 ± 0.80^ab	1.19 ± 0.02^h
AM9	79.00 ± 0.01^e	40.69 ± 1.00^ab	27.09 ± 2.00^d-g	< LOQ	67.78 ± 2.00^abc	1.51 ± 0.10^e
AM10	77.80 ± 0.01^g	33.57 ± 2.00^e-j	31.22 ± 0.70^ab	< LOQ	64.79 ± 2.00^b-e	1.07 ± 0.03^jkl
AM11	78.20 ± 0.01^f	37.19 ± 2.00^b-g	33.08 ± 1.00^a	< LOQ	70.27 ± 3.00^a	1.12 ± 0.02^h-l
AM12	79.13 ± 0.20^d	37.53 ± 2.00^b-f	31.85 ± 1.00^a	< LOQ	69.38 ± 3.00^ab	1.18 ± 0.02^hi
AM13	78.20 ± 0.01^f	34.37 ± 0.60^c-j	32.00 ± 0.50^a	< LOQ	66.37 ± 1.00^a-d	1.07 ± 0.01^jkl
AM14	79.40 ± 0.01^c	34.51 ± 3.00^b-j	31.40 ± 2.00^ab	< LOQ	65.91 ± 6.00^a-d	1.10 ± 0.02^i-l
AM15	79.40 ± 0.01^c	36.15 ± 2.00^b-h	32.28 ± 1.00^a	< LOQ	68.43 ± 3.00^ab	1.12 ± 0.02^h-j
AM16	76.60 ± 0.01ⁱ	32.47 ± 4.00^e-k	29.58 ± 3.00^bc	< LOQ	62.04 ± 7.00^d-g	1.10 ± 0.03^i-l
Maximum	80.10	45.92	33.08	7.63	70.48	1.87
Minimum	74.70	31.78	24.15	< LOQ	58.37	1.07
Mean	78.44	36.77	28.94	7.63	65.70	1.29

Samples	FCR (mg EAG 100 g^-1)	DPPH (%)
MCM1	22.97 ± 1.00^s	30.02 ± 4.00ⁿ
MCM2	27.85 ± 0.60^qr	35.92 ± 15.00^mn
MCM3	27.10 ± 1.00^r	20.20 ± 1.00^o
MCM4	102.64 ± 3.00^t	96.53 ± 0.50^p
MCM5	22.43 ± 0.30^p	11.17 ± 1.00ⁿ
MCM6	18.00 ± 0.50ⁿ	10.63 ± 2.00ⁿ
MCM7	62.87 ± 0.70^f	60.80 ± 1.00^e-i
MCM8	36.90 ± 1.00^kl	32.43 ± 3.00^efg
MCM9	68.10 ± 1.00^f	53.60 ± 1.00^c
SS1	129.61 ± 5.00^d	88.83 ± 0.60^a
SS2	65.96 ± 4.00^ij	60.73 ± 0.40^ef
SS3	52.50 ± 0.40^hi	31.00 ± 5.00^ef
TA1	76.26 ± 4.00^s	56.13 ± 1.00^p
TA2	58.89 ± 1.00^gh	57.97 ± 2.00^g-k
FL	74.74 ± 4.00^b	78.73 ± 7.00^b
MS	266.96 ± 4.00^a	95.77 ± 0.80^a
Maximum	266.96	96.53
Minimum	18.00	10.63
Mean	69.61	51.28
AM1	38.19 ± 0.20^p	50.23 ± 4.00^i-l
AM2	54.95 ± 2.00^mn	76.50 ± 4.00^cd
AM3	56.16 ± 0.30^lm	71.39 ± 2.00^c
AM4	57.40 ± 0.01^klm	56.92 ± 3.00^e-h
AM5	60.56 ± 0.60^jk	87.57 ± 0.90^b
AM6	31.06 ± 2.00^q	14.69 ± 2.00^op
AM7	77.14 ± 2.00^f	39.86 ± 0.60^m
AM8	58.07 ± 0.80^klm	51.25 ± 1.00^h-l
AM9	106.50 ± 2.00^c	47.95 ± 3.00^kl
AM10	69.73 ± 2.00^g	51.70 ± 1.00^g-l
AM11	77.26 ± 1.00^f	61.06 ± 1.00^e
AM12	86.09 ± 4.00^e	57.05 ± 3.00^e-h
AM13	44.71 ± 2.00^o	46.52 ± 0.70^l
AM14	59.10 ± 2.00^kl	49.39 ± 4.00^jkl
AM15	51.49 ± 1.00ⁿ	54.71 ± 1.00^f-j
AM16	52.15 ± 1.00ⁿ	50.80 ± 8.00^h-l
Maximum	106.50	87.57
Minimum	31.06	14.69
Mean	61.28	54.22

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[1] *Corresponding author: pstjunior@yahoo.com.br