Su et al.1212. Su F, Shu H, Ye Q, Wang Z, Xie C, Yuan B, et al. Brain insulin resistance deteriorates cognition by altering the topological features of brain networks. Neuroimage Clin. 2016;13:280-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2016.12.009 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
|
2016 |
Case-control |
222 |
“Longitudinal study for an average of 35 months to assess cognitive decline over time” |
“The results suggested that the restoration of insulin activity represents a promising therapeutic target for improve cognitive decline in AD”. |
Good-quality |
Niyasti et al.1313. Niyasti P, Saberi A, Hatamyain H, Ajamian F, Ghorbani Shirkouhi S, Mirzanejad L, et al. Association of insulin receptor substrate-1 gene polymorphism (rs1801278) with Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis Rep. 2022;6(1):73-80. https://doi.org/10.3233/ADR-210060 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3233/...
|
2022 |
Case-control |
300 |
“Polymerase chain reaction was performed to amplify a DNA segment of 263 base-pair length containing the single nucleotide polymorphism” |
“Association of Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 Gene Polymorphism (rs1801278) present at the BIR is significantly associated with the risk of developing AD” |
Good-quality |
van der Velpen et al.1414. van der Velpen V, Teav T, Gallart-Ayala H, Mehl F, Konz I, Clark C, et al. Systemic and central nervous system metabolic alterations in Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2019;11(1):93. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-019-0551-7 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/...
|
2019 |
Case-control |
74 |
“Paired plasma and cerebrospinal fluid samples” |
“The study showed the translational potential of the pathway quantitative to assess central nervous system metabolic defects which are part of the AD pathophysiology”. |
Low-moderate |
Andalib et al.1515. Andalib S, Ghayeghran A, Moadabi Y, Asadi K, Mohammadpour M, Ghorbani-Shirkouhi S. Association of Diabetes Mellitus type 2 and Alzheimer’s disease. Caspian Journal of Health Research. 2019;4(4):86-9. https://doi.org/10.29252/cjhr.4.4.86 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.29252...
|
2019 |
Case-control |
243 |
“To test the hypothesis of association of late onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD) with DM2 in an Iranian population” |
“The evidence from the present study suggested that DM2 was associated with AD in an Iranian population” |
Good-quality |
Mullins et al.1616. Mullins R, Reiter D, Kapogiannis D. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy reveals abnormalities of glucose metabolism in the Alzheimer’s brain. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2018;5(3):262-72. https://doi.org/10.1002/acn3.530 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/...
|
2018 |
Case-control |
54 |
“Use Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy to assess AD-related differences in the posterior cingulate/precuneal ratio of glucose, lactate, and other metabolites” |
The study showed substantial elevations in glucose, lactate, and ascorbate levels within the posterior cingulate/precuneus of AD participants |
Good-quality |
Xu et al.1717. Xu J, Begley P, Church SJ, Patassini S, McHarg S, Kureishy N, et al. Elevation of brain glucose and polyol-pathway intermediates with accompanying brain-copper deficiency in patients with Alzheimer’s disease: metabolic basis for dementia. Sci Rep. 2016;6:27524. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep27524 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/...
|
2016 |
Case-control |
18 |
“To elucidate the processes that cause neurodegeneration in AD by measuring levels of metabolites and metals in brain regions that undergo different degrees of damage” |
“Elevation of brain glucose and deficient brain copper potentially contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration in AD” |
Good-quality |
Tortelli et al.1818. Tortelli R, Lozupone M, Guerra V, Barulli MR, Imbimbo BP, Capozzo R, et al. Midlife metabolic profile and the risk of late-life cognitive decline. J Alzheimers Dis. 2017;59(1):121-30. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-170153 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3233/...
|
2017 |
Cohort |
797 |
“To evaluate midlife metabolic profile and the risk of late-life cognitive decline” |
“The control blood glucose levels, regardless of a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, as early as midlife prevents late-life dementia” |
Good-quality |
Abner et al.1919. Abner EL, Nelson PT, Kryscio RJ, Schmitt FA, Fardo DW, Woltjer RL, et al. Diabetes is associated with cerebrovascular but not Alzheimer’s disease neuropathology. Alzheimers Dement. 2016;12(8):882-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2015.12.006 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
|
2016 |
Cohort |
2,365 |
“SMART database that comprises a standardized set of data elements contributed by 11 longitudinal studies of aging and cognition” |
“The study concluded that diabetes increases the risk of cerebrovascular but not AD” |
Low-moderate |
Chung et al.2020. Chung SJ, Kim MJ, Kim J, Ryu HS, Kim YJ, Kim SY, et al. Association of type 2 diabetes GWAS loci and the risk of Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2015;21(12):1435-40. https://doi,org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.10.010 https://doi.org/https://doi,org/10.1016/...
|
2015 |
Case-control |
900 |
“Investigate whether genome-wide significant loci of type 2 diabetes mellitus are associated with the risk of AD” |
“The results suggest that genome-wide significant loci of type diabetes (insulin resistance) play no major role in the risk and cognitive impairment of AD” |
Low-moderate |
Schrijvers et al.2121. Schrijvers EM, Witteman JC, Sijbrands EJ, Hofman A, Koudstaal PJ, Breteler MMB. Insulin metabolism and the risk of Alzheimer disease: the Rotterdam Study. Neurology. 2010;75(22):1982-7. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181ffe4f6 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1212/...
|
2010 |
Cohort |
3,139 |
“Investigate whether fasting glucose and insulin levels and IR are associated with the risk of AD and whether this risk is constant over time” |
“The study suggests that insulin metabolism influences the clinical manifestation of AD only within 3 years” |
Good-quality |
Willette et al.2222. Willette AA, Johnson SC, Birdsill AC, Sager MA, Christian B, Baker LD, et al. Insulin resistance predicts brain amyloid deposition in late middle-aged adults. Alzheimers Dement. 2015;11(5):504-10.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2014.03.011 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
|
2015 |
Cross-sectional |
186 |
“Assess whether the IR is associated with amyloid binding in three AD-sensitive brain areas” |
“The study demonstrated that IR may contribute to amyloid deposition in brain regions affected by AD” |
Good-quality |
Morris et al.2323. Morris JK, Vidoni ED, Perea RD, Rada R, Johnson DK, Lyons K, et al. Insulin resistance and gray matter volume in neurodegenerative disease. Neuroscience. 2014;270:139-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.04.006 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
|
2014 |
Cross-sectional |
42 |
“To compare IR in aging and aging-related neurodegenerative diseases, and to determine the relationship between IR and gray matter volume in each cohort using an unbiased, voxel-based approach” |
“The study supports a potential relationship between IR and brain structure in both normal aging and diagnosed neurodegenerative disease” |
Good-quality |
Kapogiannis et al.2424. Kapogiannis D, Boxer A, Schwartz JB, Abner EL, Biragyn A, Masharani U, et al. Dysfunctionally phosphorylated type 1 insulin receptor substrate in neural-derived blood exosomes of preclinical Alzheimer’s disease. FASEB J. 2015;29(2):589-96. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.14-262048 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1096/...
|
2015 |
Cross-sectional |
26 |
“To assess brain IR in AD by level of serine-type 1 insulin receptor substrate (IRS-1) and its state of phosphorylation in neural-derived plasma exosomes” |
“Insulin resistance reflected in R values from IRS-1 is higher for patients with AD, and accurately predicts development of AD up to 10 year prior to clinical onset” |
Good-quality |
Willette et al.2525. Willette AA, Bendlin BB, Starks EJ, Birdsill AC, Johnson SC, Christian BT, et al. Association of insulin resistance with cerebral glucose uptake in late middle-aged adults at risk for Alzheimer Disease. JAMA Neurol. 2015;72(9):1013-20. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.0613 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/...
|
2015 |
Cross-sectional |
150 |
“To determine if IR predicts AD-like global and regional glucose metabolism deficits in late middle-aged participants at risk for AD, and to examine if IR predicts variation in regional glucose metabolism is associated with worse cognitive performance” |
“The results show that IR is associated with significantly lower regional cerebral glucose metabolism, which in turn may predict worse memory performance” |
Good-quality |
Johansson et al.2626. Johansson P, Åberg D, Johansson JO, Mattsson N, Hansson O, Ahrén B, et al. Serum but not cerebrospinal fluid levels of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) are increased in Alzheimer’s disease. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2013;38(9):1729-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.02.006 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
|
2013 |
Cross-sectional |
80 |
“Assess whether the serum but not cerebrospinal fluid levels of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-binding protein-3 are increased in AD” |
“Patients with AD as well as other dementias had high levels of IGF-I in serum but not in CSF. In AD patients, the IGF-I system was associated with biomarkers of AD disease status” |
Good-quality |
Faqih et al.2727. Faqih NT, Ashoor AF, Alshaikh SA, Maglan AF, Jastaniah N. Association of Alzheimer’s Disease and Insulin Resistance in King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah. Cureus. 2021;13(11):e19811. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.19811 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.7759/...
|
2021 |
Cohort |
356 |
“Study the association between AD and IR and the relation between AD and diabetic patients treated with insulin” |
“The results suggest that AD is associated with IR” |
Good-quality |
Hong et al.2828. Hong S, Han K, Park CY. The insulin resistance by triglyceride glucose index and risk for dementia: population-based study. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2021;13(1):9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-020-00758-4 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/...
|
2021 |
Cohort |
5,586,048 |
“Study the potential relationships between the triglyceride glucose index and dementia” |
“Triglyceride glucose index was associated with an increased risk of dementia, including AD” |
Good-quality |