SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF ECOPHYSIOLOGICAL AND PRODUCTION COMPONENTS IN IRRIGATED NOBLE GARLIC

Oliveira, Job T. de; Oliveira, Rubens A. de; Almeida, Edmilson I. B.; Cunha, Fernando F. da; Teodoro, Paulo E.

doi:10.1590/1809-4430-Eng.Agric.v42n3e20200191/2022

Job T. de Oliveira ^** Corresponding author. Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (CPCS/UFMS)/Chapadão do Sul - MS, Brasil. E-mail: job.oliveira@hotmail.com

Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (CPCS/UFMS)/Chapadão do Sul - MS, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9046-0382

Rubens A. de Oliveira

Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV)/Viçosa - MG, Brasil.

Edmilson I. B. Almeida

Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA)/Chapadinha - MA, Brasil.

Fernando F. da Cunha

Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV)/Viçosa - MG, Brasil.

Paulo E. Teodoro

Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (CPCS/UFMS)/Chapadão do Sul - MS, Brasil.

* Corresponding author. Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (CPCS/UFMS)/Chapadão do Sul - MS, Brasil. E-mail: job.oliveira@hotmail.com

Area Editor: Edna Maria Bonfim-Silva

Figures (4)
Tables (3)

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FIGURE 1
Sampling grid and details in the irrigation and drainage area of the Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

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FIGURE 2
Minimum temperature (°C), maximum temperature (°C), and air humidity (%) recorded in the experiment site between May and August 2018.

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FIGURE 3
Semivariograms of the garlic crop parameters studied, wherein (I) garlic yield (GY), in kg ha^-1; (II) lateral shoot growing (LSG); (III) intercellular CO₂ concentration ( C_i ), in μmol mol^-1; (IV) stomatal conductance ( g_s ), in mol m^-2 s^-1; (V) water use efficiency (WUE), in %; (VI) carboxylation efficiency (CE), in decimal; (VII) photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), in μmol m^-2 s^-1; (VIII) relative air humidity around leaf (RHA), in %; (IX) relative humidity of leaf (RHL), in %; (X) air temperature (T_air ), in °C; (XI) leaf temperature (T_leaf ), in °C; (XII) transpiration (E), in mmol m^-2 s^-1; (XIII) vapor pressure deficit (V pdL ), in KPa; (XIV) water in the air (WA); (XV) water in the leaf (WL).

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FIGURE 4
Simple kriging maps of the garlic crop parameters studied: (I) garlic yield (GY), in kg ha^-1; (II) lateral shoot growing (LSG); (III) intercellular CO₂ concentration ( C_i ), in μmol mol^-1; (IV) stomatal conductance ( g_s ), in mol m^-2 s^-1; (V) water use efficiency (WUE), in %; (VI) carboxylation efficiency (CE), in decimal; (VII) photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), in μmol m^-2 s^-1; (VIII) relative air humidity around leaf (RHA), in %; (IX) relative humidity of leaf (RHL), in %; (X) air temperature (T_air ), in °C; (XI) leaf temperature (T leaf ), in °C; (XII) transpiration (E), in mmol m^-2 s^-1; (XIII) vapor pressure deficit (V pdL ), in KPa; (XIV) water in the air (WA); (XV) water in the leaf (WL).

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TABLE 1
Descriptive statistics for the garlic crop parameters studied.

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TABLE 2
Semivariogram of the garlic crop parameters studied.

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TABLE 3
Cross-semivariogram of the garlic crop parameters studied.

Parameter	Average	Minimum	Maximum	Standard deviation	CF ^* * CF: Coefficient of variation, in %.	Pr<w	FD ^ FD: frequency distribution, - NO: normal type, TN: tending to normal, and ID, indeterminate.
GY	10351.02	8370.36	12518.51	840.39	8.12	0.6587	NO
LSG	9.34	0.00	46.88	9.36	10.22	3.4x10^-8	ID
Ci	308.81	261.48	359.03	18.98	6.14	0.0020	ID
g_s	0.49	0.12	1.01	0.17	34.44	0.1970	NO
WUE	28.95	8.57	54.34	10.05	34.73	0.0001	ID
CE	0.84	0.73	0.94	0.05	5.61	5.9x10^-5	ID
PAR	999.10	981.60	1000.70	2.36	0.24	2.2x10^-16	ID
RHA	50.58	40.33	55.97	4.54	8.99	2.3x10^-9	ID
RHL	64.93	50.90	70.93	4.31	6.64	8.0x10^-6	ID
T_air	26.03	23.64	31.00	2.16	8.29	9.3x10^-8	ID
T_leaf	25.08	22.64	29.91	1.93	7.68	4.1x10^-7	ID
E	4.45	2.27	7.28	1.08	24.29	0.0064	ID
V pdL	1.03	0.68	2.27	0.24	23.63	5.2x10^-10	ID
WA	18.05	16.14	19.82	0.86	4.76	0.0160	TN
WL	23.27	19.42	27.27	1.84	7.89	0.0970	NO

Parameter ^(a) (a) Garlic yield (GY), in kg ha-1; lateral shoot growing (LSG); intercellular CO2 concentration ( Ci ), in μmol mol-1; stomatal conductance ( gs ), in mol m-2 s-1; water use efficiency (WUE), in %; carboxylation efficiency (CE), in decimal; photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), in μmol m-2 s-1; relative air humidity around leaf (RHA), in %; relative humidity of leaf (RHL), in %; air temperature (Tair ), in °C; leaf temperature (Tleaf ), in °C; transpiration (E), in mmol m-2 s-1; vapor pressure deficit (V pdL ), in KPa; water in the air (WA); water in the leaf (WL).	Model ^(b) (b) sph: spherical, exp: exponential, pne: pure nugget effect, and gau: gaussian.	Nugget C₀	Sill C₀+C	Range A₀ (m)	r²	SRS ^(c) (c) SRS = sum of the residue square.	SDE ^(d) (d) SDE = spatial dependence evaluation.
		Nugget C₀	Sill C₀+C	Range A₀ (m)	r²	SRS ^(c) (c) SRS = sum of the residue square.	%	Class
GY	exp	3.86x10⁶	7.72x10⁶	12.6	0.714	1.63x10¹⁰	50.0	Moderate
LSG	gau	4.40	14.60	35.0	0.787	45.30	69.9	Moderate
Ci	exp	179.00	358.00	5.0	0.341	5063.00	50.0	Moderate
g_s	sph	0.01	0.03	3.5	0.538	7.94x10^-5	67.9	Moderate
WUE	exp	25.00	100.90	4.5	0.572	277.00	75.2	Strong
CE	exp	0.00	0.00	6.3	0.524	2.03x10^-7	50.6	Moderate
PAR	pnf	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
RHA	gau	5.10	20.60	4.2	0.430	71.50	75.2	Strong
RHL	exp	4.79	19.30	7.2	0.424	15.60	75.1	Strong
T_air	sph	1.13	4.80	5.4	0.700	2.12	76.5	Strong
T_leaf	gau	1.00	4.00	5.0	0.786	0.75	75.0	Strong
E	sph	0.30	1.20	5.2	0.376	0.21	75.0	Strong
V pdL	sph	0.04	0.08	18.5	0.740	4.28x10^-4	50.1	Moderate
WA	gau	0.18	0.85	5.5	0.844	0.03	78.5	Strong
WL	gau	1.52	3.70	4.5	0.707	1.19	59.0	Moderate

Parameter ^(a) (a) GY = garlic yield, in function of f( gs ), f(E), f(WA), f(WL) and lateral shoot growing, in function of f(RHA), f(RHL).	Model ^(b) (b) sph: spherical, exp: exponential, and gau: gaussian.	Nugget C₀	Sill C₀+C	Range A₀ (m)	r²	SRS ^(c) (c) SRS: sum of the residue square.	SDE
		Nugget C₀	Sill C₀+C	Range A₀ (m)	r²	SRS ^(c) (c) SRS: sum of the residue square.	%	Class
GY = f( g_s )	gau	-18.47	-33.0	15.0	0.752	101.0	50.0	Moderate
GY = f(E)	exp	-9.00	-233.0	12.0	0.853	5541.0	96.1	Strong
GY = f(WA)	sph	-65.20	-283.2	10.3	0.809	4983.0	77.0	Strong
GY = f(WL)	sph	-84.00	-530.0	10.0	0.786	32628.0	84.2	Strong
LSG = f(RHA)	gau	-0.01	-9.0	4.0	0.730	10.7	99.9	Strong
LSG = f(RHL)	gau	-2.30	-14.0	35.0	0.803	37.0	83.6	Strong

[1] * Corresponding author. Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (CPCS/UFMS)/Chapadão do Sul - MS, Brasil. E-mail: job.oliveira@hotmail.com

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SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF ECOPHYSIOLOGICAL AND PRODUCTION COMPONENTS IN IRRIGATED NOBLE GARLIC

Abstract