Incarcerated women of Recife- PE: Health and quality of life

Ferreira, Marcia Cibele Andrade dos Santos; Fernandes, Rosa Aurea Quintella

doi:10.1590/2177-9465-EAN-2020-0062

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RESEARCH • Esc. Anna. Nery 24 (4) • 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2177-9465-EAN-2020-0062 linkcopy

Incarcerated women of Recife- PE: Health and quality of life

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Objectives To identify the social profile, lifestyle habits, and morbidities of women prisoners; to identify their quality of life (QoL) and to associate this with the sociodemographic variables, lifestyle habits, and morbidities reported.

Method This cross-sectional, correlational, quantitative field study was conducted with 287 incarcerated women, from October 15 to November 16, 2018. The WHOQOL-Bref was used to assess their quality of life.

Results The mean score of the prisoners' Overall Quality of Life was low (46). The Physical domain presented the highest mean and the Environment the lowest. The most commonly reported morbidities were musculoskeletal pain (52.9%) and respiratory diseases (25.4%). There was an association between QoL and the assessment of poor/very poor health in all the domains and the morbidities reported in the majority of them.

Conclusions and implications for the practice The morbidities reported the negative assessment of health, some lifestyle habits, and the prison structure interfered with the prisoners' perception of QoL. Identifying the social and health profile of the women and the situations experienced in prison can contribute to the planning of interventions that can minimize health problems and the impact on their quality of life.

Keywords:
Women's health; Prisons; Quality of life; Morbidity

WHOQOL-BREF domains	Mean ± SD a	Median	Minimum	Maximum
Physical	51.87 ± 15.84	53.57	10.71	89.29
Psychological	45.92 ± 21.77	45.83	0.00	100.00
Social	51.10 ± 26.80	50.00	0.00	100.00
Environment	35.09 ± 18.59	34.38	0.00	84.38
Overall quality of life	46.00 ± 16.32	46.28	4.46	84.52

				WHOQOL-BREF
Variables	n	Physical	Psychological	Social relationships	Environment	Overall QoL
		Mean ± SD (Median)	Mean ± SD (Median)	Mean ± SD (Median)	Mean ± SD (Median)	Mean ± SD (Median)
Age group
19 to 24	91	52.67 ± 14.76 (53.57)	44.73 ± 20.97 (45.83)	50.09 ± 26.07 (50.00)	32.11 ± 15.31 (31.25)	44.90 ± 15.06 (44.87)
25 to 29	54	51.32 ± 15.56 (51.79)	45.45 ± 22.32 (45.83)	48.77 ± 28.24 (50.00)	32.18 ± 19.79 (28.13)	44.43 ± 16.24 (44.59)
30 to 39	82	50.22 ± 15.78 (53.57)	48.42 ± 23.90 (50.00)	51.83 ± 28.63 (54.17)	37.77 ± 20.24 (37.50)	47.06 ± 18.61 (46.63)
40 to 49	43	54.57 ± 18.42 (53.57)	46.32 ± 18.82 (45.83)	52.91 ± 23.28 (50.00)	37.86 ± 18.73 (37.50)	47.91 ± 14.43 (49.00)
50 to 64	17	50.42 ± 16.26 (53.57)	40.69 ± 21.32 (33.33)	55.88 ± 27.13 (58.33)	40.44 ± 20.08 (37.50)	46.86 ± 16.69 (48.03)
P value		p⁽¹⁾ = .633	p⁽¹⁾ = .669	p⁽²⁾ = .867	p⁽²⁾ = .051	p⁽¹⁾ = .757
Sexual orientation
Heterosexual	161	52.54 ± 17.57 (53.57)	47.81 ± 23.18 (50.00)	53.85 ± 28.71 (58.33)	35.16 ± 18.73 (31.25)	47.34 ± 17.79 (47.17)
Homosexual	80	52.53 ± 15.23 (53.57)	45.96 ± 22.07 (45.83)	50.67 ± 26.35 (50.00)	36.57 ± 19.49 (34.38)	46.43 ± 16.12 (46.28)
Bisexual/Transsexual	46	48.37 ± 14.57 (50.00)	42.48 ± 17.82 (43.75)	47.83 ± 24.93 (50.00)	29.82 ± 13.94 (28.13)	42.13 ± 13.91 (44.87)
P value		p⁽²⁾ = .216	p⁽¹⁾ = .418	p⁽²⁾ = .469	p⁽²⁾ = .090	p⁽¹⁾ = .197
Race
White	79	49.91 ± 15.66 (50.00)	47.15 ± 19.55 (50.00)	51.37 ± 25.44 (50.00)	36.75 ± 18.48 (34.38)	46.30 ± 14.86 (46.28)
Black	30	46.55 ± 15.51 (44.64)	45.00 ± 22.06 (37.50)	46.39 ± 24.63 (54.17)	34.38 ± 20.09 (29.69)	43.08 ± 15.17 (39.81)
Mixed	168	53.61 ± 16.09 (53.57)	45.83 ± 22.25 (45.83)	51.24 ± 27.58 (50.00)	34.30 ± 18.29 (34.38)	46.25 ± 16.96 (47.43)
Other	10	53.93 ± 8.82 (53.57)	40.42 ± 30.62 (35.42)	60.83 ± 30.94 (58.33)	37.50 ± 21.85 (32.81)	48.17 ± 20.75 (45.03)
P value		p⁽¹⁾ = .078	p⁽²⁾ = .753	p⁽²⁾ = .593	p⁽²⁾ = .741	p⁽²⁾ = .554
Marital status
Single	198	52.53 ± 15.23 (53.57)	46.53 ± 20.91 (45.83)	50.63 ± 26.63 (50.00)	34.82 ± 18.61 (34.38)	46.13 ± 16.09 (46.35)
Married/Stable union	89	50.40 ± 17.11 (50.00)	44.57 ± 23.62 (45.83)	52.15 ± 27.28 (58.33)	35.71 ± 18.65 (31.25)	45.71 ± 16.91 (44.87)
P value		p⁽⁴⁾ = .294	p⁽³⁾ = .478	p⁽³⁾ = .492	p⁽³⁾ = .729	p⁽⁴⁾ = .842
Level of schooling
Up to elementary I	33	56.17 ± 17.02 (53.57)	52.15 ± 23.41 (54.17) ^(AB)	55.56 ± 31.50 (58.33)	42.14 ± 20.22 (46.88)	51.50 ± 19.22 (51.45)
Incomplete elementary II	96	50.37 ± 15.61 (50.00)	41.02 ± 20.65 (41.67) ^(A)	46.79 ± 26.22 (50.00)	35.45 ± 16.70 (32.81)	43.41 ± 15.13 (44.18)
Complete elementary II	94	52.62 ± 15.84 (57.14)	49.87 ± 19.89 (50.00) ^(B)	54.79 ± 25.15 (58.33)	33.64 ± 17.92 (34.38)	47.73 ± 14.81 (48.79)
Higher school/Higher	64	50.78 ± 15.45 (53.57)	44.27 ± 23.73 (45.83) ^(AB)	49.87 ± 26.91 (50.00)	33.06 ± 20.83 (28.13)	44.49 ± 17.85 (44.68)
P value		p⁽²⁾ = .261	p⁽⁵⁾ = .011*	p⁽²⁾ = .107	p⁽²⁾ = .077	p⁽¹⁾ = .050
Religion
Catholic	141	51.44 ± 15.64 (53.57)	45.48 ± 21.46 (45.83)	51.12 ± 28.02 (50.00)	34.57 ± 17.32 (31.25)	45.65 ± 15.68 (44.75)
Evangelical	113	52.56 ± 16.08 (53.57)	45.35 ± 22.27 (45.83)	48.97 ± 25.23 (50.00)	34.82 ± 20.42 (31.25)	45.42 ± 17.08 (46.28)
Other	33	51.30 ± 16.22 (53.57)	49.75 ± 21.62 (45.83)	58.33 ± 26.19 (58.33)	38.26 ± 17.50 (37.50)	49.41 ± 16.40 (48.36)
P value		p⁽¹⁾ = .836	p⁽²⁾ = .743	p⁽²⁾ = .244	p⁽²⁾ = .515	p⁽¹⁾ = .441
Number of children
None	76	53.38 ± 17.43 (53.57)	47.42 ± 23.05 (43.75)	51.32 ± 28.45 (58.33)	34.13 ± 16.89 (31.25)	46.56 ± 16.71 (47.21)
One	57	52.51 ± 14.22 (53.57)	48.98 ± 19.92 (54.17)	54.24 ± 25.69 (58.33)	34.43 ± 19.69 (31.25)	47.54 ± 15.52 (49.18)
Two	69	48.96 ± 15.30 (50.00)	40.10 ± 20.71 (41.67)	46.26 ± 28.71 (41.67)	31.79 ± 18.47 (28.13)	41.78 ± 17.04 (41.82)
Three	50	52.64 ± 16.56 (57.14)	49.42 ± 22.90 (54.17)	53.00 ± 26.98 (50.00)	39.13 ± 20.60 (37.50)	48.55 ± 16.86 (46.04)
4 or more	35	52.14 ± 14.81 (50.00)	44.17 ± 20.86 (41.67)	52.38 ± 19.96 (50.00)	39.02 ± 16.78 (37.50)	46.93 ± 13.63 (46.73)
P value		p⁽¹⁾ = .521	p⁽¹⁾ = .093	p⁽²⁾ = .228	p⁽²⁾ = .107	p⁽¹⁾ = .161
Paid activity
Yes	96	57.18 ± 15.79 (57.14)	48.74 ± 21.65 (50.00)	52.78 ± 25.38 (50.00)	35.48 ± 18.91 (34.38)	48.55 ± 16.21 (48.79)
No	191	49.20 ± 15.21 (50.00)	44.50 ± 21.75 (45.83)	50.26 ± 27.50 (50.00)	34.90 ± 18.48 (34.38)	44.71 ± 16.26 (44.87)
P value		p⁽⁴⁾ < .001 ^*	p⁽³⁾ = .097	p⁽³⁾ = .677	p⁽³⁾ = .999	p⁽⁴⁾ = .060

				WHOQOL-BREF
Variables	n	Physical	Psychological	Social	Environment	Overall QoL
		Mean ± SD (Median)	Mean ± SD (Median)	Mean ± SD (Median)	Mean ± SD (Median)	Mean ± SD (Median)
Evacuation
Daily	176	52.52 ± 15.60 (53.57)	49.76 ± 21.36 (50.00) ^(A)	52.27 ± 24.45 (50.00)	36.49 ± 18.05 (34.38)	47.76 ± 15.11 (47.21)
Once a week	53	48.65 ± 15.84 (50.00)	39.23 ± 20.52 (41.67) ^(B)	44.97 ± 29.07 (50.00)	30.84 ± 18.20 (28.13)	40.92 ± 16.89 (41.26)
Twice a week	23	49.53 ± 16.93 (53.57)	42.93 ± 20.62 (50.00) ^(AB)	55.07 ± 31.46 (58.33)	34.65 ± 16.77 (31.25)	45.55 ± 18.36 (45.72)
3 times a week	35	55.00 ± 16.00 (53.57)	38.69 ± 22.63 (33.33) ^(B)	51.90 ± 30.86 (50.00)	34.82 ± 22.46 (34.38)	45.10 ± 18.78 (44.87)
P value		p⁽¹⁾ = .227	p⁽²⁾ = .002*	p⁽³⁾ = .393	p⁽³⁾ = .264	p⁽¹⁾ = .062
Problem urinating
Yes	54	47.22 ± 15.41 (46.43)	38.89 ± 22.12 (43.75)	45.22 ± 26.92 (45.83)	33.10 ± 19.14 (31.25)	41.11 ± 16.08 (41.18)
No	233	52.94 ± 15.77 (53.57)	47.55 ± 21.40 (45.83)	52.47 ± 26.64 (58.33)	35.56 ± 18.47 (34.38)	47.13 ± 16.20 (47.21)
P value		p⁽⁴⁾ = .011*	p⁽⁴⁾ = .014*	p⁽⁴⁾ = .043*	p⁽⁴⁾ = .432	p⁽⁵⁾ = .014*
Practice physical activity
Yes	52	57.07 ± 14.52 (57.14)	49.28 ± 19.35 (54.17)	55.93 ± 24.10 (58.33)	40.20 ± 16.70 (37.50)	50.62 ± 13.96 (51.30)
No	235	50.71 ± 15.91 (50.00)	45.18 ± 22.24 (45.83)	50.04 ± 27.29 (50.00)	33.96 ± 18.83 (31.25)	44.97 ± 16.65 (44.94)
P value		p⁽⁵⁾ = .009*	p⁽⁴⁾ = .165	p⁽⁴⁾ = .122	p⁽⁴⁾ = .016*	p⁽⁵⁾ = .024*
Drink filtered water
Yes	57	53.45 ± 16.66 (57.14)	46.05 ± 23.54 (45.83)	51.90 ± 27.46 (50.00)	36.73 ± 15.77 (37.50)	47.03 ± 16.05 (47.17)
No	230	51.48 ± 15.64 (53.57)	45.89 ± 21.36 (45.83)	50.91 ± 26.69 (50.00)	34.69 ± 19.24 (31.25)	45.74 ± 16.41 (46.28)
P value		p⁽⁵⁾ = .401	p⁽⁴⁾ = .752	p⁽⁴⁾ = .930	p⁽⁴⁾ = .287	p⁽⁵⁾ = .593
Sleep well
Yes	88	58.00 ± 14.43 (60.71)	54.21 ± 20.98 (54.17)	59.09 ± 26.85 (58.33)	40.02 ± 17.76 (37.50)	52.83 ± 15.51 (52.51)
No	199	49.16 ± 15.71 (50.00)	42.25 ± 21.14 (41.67)	47.57 ± 26.07 (50.00)	32.91 ± 18.58 (31.25)	42.97 ± 15.78 (42.56)
P value		p⁽⁵⁾ < .001*	p⁽⁴⁾ < .001*	p⁽⁴⁾ = .001*	p⁽⁴⁾ = .004*	p⁽⁵⁾ < .001*
Smoking
Yes	179	51.92 ± 15.38 (53.57)	45.60 ± 21.70 (45.83)	52.09 ± 27.44 (50.00)	34.74 ± 17.93 (31.25)	46.09 ± 16.13 (46.28)
No	99	51.55 ± 17.05 (53.57)	47.10 ± 22.53 (45.83)	50.17 ± 25.92 (50.00)	36.55 ± 20.10 (37.50)	46.34 ± 17.21 (46.73)
Ex-smoker	9	54.37 ± 11.54 (50.00)	39.35 ± 13.19 (41.67)	41.67 ± 23.57 (41.67)	26.04 ± 11.48 (28.13)	40.36 ± 7.96 (41.93)
P value		p⁽¹⁾ = .877	p⁽³⁾ = .492	p⁽³⁾ = .409	p⁽³⁾ = .263	p⁽¹⁾ = .571
Use of illicit drugs
Yes	114	50.97 ± 15.64 (50.00)	44.48 ± 20.27 (45.83)	47.81 ± 27.02 (50.00)	33.42 ± 17.48 (31.25)	44.17 ± 15.76 (44.94)
No	173	52.46 ± 15.98 (53.57)	46.87 ± 22.71 (45.83)	53.28 ± 26.50 (58.33)	36.20 ± 19.26 (34.38)	47.20 ± 16.61 (46.73)
P value		p⁽⁴⁾ = .292	p⁽⁵⁾ = .364	p⁽⁴⁾ = .056	p⁽⁴⁾ = .243	p⁽⁵⁾ = .124
Vaccination
Yes	179	52.97 ± 16.06 (53.57)	47.35 ± 21.93 (45.83)	50.79 ± 27.38 (50.00)	34.99 ± 18.10 ^(A) (34.38)	46.52 ± 16.31 (47.14)
No	76	49.25 ± 16.27 (50.00)	42.32 ± 23.27 (43.75)	51.54 ± 27.98 (50.00)	37.83 ± 20.11 ^(A) (37.50)	45.23 ± 17.96 (44.66)
Do not know	32	51.90 ± 12.99 (53.57)	46.48 ± 15.98 (47.92)	51.82 ± 20.60 (54.17)	29.20 ± 16.62 ^(B) (26.56)	44.85 ± 12.00 (45.48)
P value		p⁽¹⁾ = .229	p⁽³⁾ = .296	p⁽³⁾ = .948	p⁽³⁾ = .046*	p⁽¹⁾ = .776
Smear test
Yes	101	51.98 ± 16.25 (53.57)	46.37 ± 22.66 (41.67)	51.16 ± 27.36 (50.00)	32.12 ± 16.18 (31.25)	45.41 ± 16.37 (45.83)
No	186	51.80 ± 15.65 (50.00)	45.68 ± 21.33 (45.83)	51.08 ± 26.56 (50.00)	36.71 ± 19.63 (34.38)	46.32 ± 16.32 (46.35)
P value		p⁽⁴⁾ = .578	p⁽⁴⁾ = .872	p⁽⁴⁾ = .904	p⁽⁴⁾ = .054	p⁽⁵⁾ = .652
Mammography exam
Yes	44	50.00 ± 15.11 (51.79)	45.08 ± 24.37 (47.92)	51.14 ± 23.06 (50.00)	34.87 ± 18.71 (35.94)	45.27 ± 16.03 (42.69)
No	243	52.20 ± 15.97 (53.57)	46.07 ± 21.32 (45.83)	51.10 ± 27.46 (50.00)	35.13 ± 18.61 (31.25)	46.13 ± 16.40 (46.54)
P value		p⁽⁵⁾ = .396	p⁽⁴⁾ = .816	p⁽⁴⁾ = .777	p⁽⁴⁾ = .994	p⁽⁵⁾ = .749
Self-assessment of health
Excellent/Good	99	56.13 ± 15.08 (57.14) ^(A)	52.15 ± 20.17 (54.17) ^(A)	56.99 ± 26.10 (58.33) ^(A)	41.64 ± 17.30 (40.63) ^(A)	51.73 ± 15.23 (52.08) ^(A)
Regular	94	54.64 ± 15.58 (53.57) ^(A)	48.18 ± 19.70 (50.00) ^(A)	52.66 ± 23.89 (58.33) ^(A)	34.77 ± 18.18 (29.69) ^(B)	47.56 ± 13.83 (47.82) ^(A)
Poor/Very poor	94	44.60 ± 14.44 (42.86) ^(B)	37.10 ± 22.70 (33.33) ^(B)	43.35 ± 28.62 (50.00) ^(B)	28.52 ± 18.11 (28.13) ^(B)	38.40 ± 16.95 (39.30) ^(B)
P value		p⁽²⁾ < .001*	p⁽³⁾ < .001*	p⁽³⁾ = .007*	p⁽³⁾ < .001*	p⁽²⁾ < .001*

				WHOQOL-BREF
Variable	n	Physical	Psychological	Social	Environment	Overall QoL
		Mean ± SD (Median)	Mean ± SD (Median)	Mean ± SD (Median)	Mean ± SD (Median)	Mean ± SD (Median)
Health complaints or problems
Yes	177	50.52 ± 15.56 (50.00)	43.34 ± 22.73 (41.67)	49.81 ± 27.65 (50.00)	32.79 ± 19.38 (31.25)	44.12 ± 16.73 (45.13)
No	110	54.03 ± 16.11 (53.57)	50.08 ± 19.51 (50.00)	53.18 ± 25.34 (50.00	38.81 ± 16.67 (37.50)	49.02 ± 15.22 (48.12)
P value		p⁽¹⁾ = .069	p⁽²⁾ = .011*	p⁽²⁾ = .541	p⁽²⁾ = .005*	p⁽¹⁾ = .013*
Received treatment
Yes	43	56.64 ± 15.36 (57.14)	49.90 ± 25.58 (50.00)	56.20 ± 25.59 (58.33)	42.88 ± 18.79 (40.63)	51.41 ± 16.53 (51.26)
No	244	51.02 ± 15.80 (50.00)	45.22 ± 21.01 (45.83)	50.20 ± 26.95 (50.00)	33.72 ± 18.26 (31.25)	45.04 ± 16.12 (45.29)
P value		p⁽¹⁾ = .032*	p⁽²⁾ = .274	p⁽²⁾ = .215	p⁽²⁾ = .002*	p⁽¹⁾ = .018*
Morbidity Reported
Musculoskeletal pain
Yes	152	51.32 ± 16.77 (53.57)	44.85 ± 22.25 (45.83)	52.25 ± 27.48 (58.33)	32.77 ± 18.72 (31.25)	45.30 ± 16.99 (46.58)
No	135	52.49 ± 14.76 (53.57)	47.13 ± 21.22 (50.00)	49.81 ± 26.05 (50.00)	37.71 ± 18.17 (37.50)	46.78 ± 15.54 (44.75)
P value		p⁽²⁾ = .807	p⁽²⁾ = .367	p⁽²⁾ = .246	p⁽²⁾ = .033*	p⁽¹⁾ = .441
Respiratory problem
Yes	73	50.39 ± 17.15 (53.57)	43.72 ± 22.71 (41.67)	50.91 ± 27.66 (50.00)	29.75 ± 17.85 (28.13)	43.69 ± 17.24 (44.75)
No	214	52.37 ± 15.37 (53.57)	46.67 ± 21.44 (45.83)	51.17 ± 26.56 (50.00)	36.92 ± 18.53 (34.38)	46.78 ± 15.95 (46.52)
P value		p⁽¹⁾ = .358	p⁽²⁾ = .365	p⁽²⁾ = .873	p⁽²⁾ = .006*	p⁽¹⁾ = .163
Depression
Yes	59	50.00 ± 17.38 (53.57)	37.99 ± 22.53 (33.33)	50.14 ± 28.09 (50.00)	35.38 ± 23.15 (34.38)	43.38 ± 18.57 (42.41)
No	228	52.35 ± 15.42 (53.57)	47.97 ± 21.14 (45.83)	51.35 ± 26.51 (50.00)	35.02 ± 17.28 (32.81)	46.67 ± 15.65 (46.52)
P value		p⁽¹⁾ = .311	p⁽²⁾ = .002*	p⁽²⁾ = .767	p⁽²⁾ = .985	p⁽¹⁾ = .167
Hypertension
Yes	55	50.32 ± 18.47 (53.57)	47.95 ± 24.45 (45.83)	55.15 ± 27.85 (58.33)	37.05 ± 20.09 (34.38)	47.62 ± 18.23 (47.66)
No	232	52.23 ± 15.17 (53.57)	45.44 ± 21.11 (45.83)	50.14 ± 26.51 (50.00)	34.63 ± 18.23 (32.81)	45.61 ± 15.85 (45.81)
P value		p⁽³⁾ = .479	p⁽²⁾ = .531	p⁽²⁾ = .149	p⁽²⁾ = .458	p⁽¹⁾ = .413
Vaginal discharge
Yes	24	50.30 ± 18.87 (51.79)	38.72 ± 22.74 (37.50)	42.71 ± 31.50 (45.83)	28.52 ± 17.49 (26.56)	40.06 ± 18.42 (44.18)
No	263	52.01 ± 15.57 (53.57)	46.58 ± 21.60 (45.83)	51.87 ± 26.26 (50.00)	35.69 ± 18.61 (34.38)	46.54 ± 16.04 (46.54)
P value		p⁽²⁾ = .780	p⁽²⁾ = .094	p⁽²⁾ = .163	p⁽²⁾ = .057	p⁽¹⁾ = .062
Diabetes mellitus
Yes	13	49.18 ± 12.81 (53.57)	56.73 ± 28.34 (58.33)	62.18 ± 28.99 (66.67)	38.70 ± 13.29 (37.50)	51.70 ± 17.50 (50.07)
No	274	51.99 ± 15.97 (53.57)	45.41 ± 21.34 (45.83)	50.58 ± 26.63 (50.00)	34.92 ± 18.81 (31.25)	45.73 ± 16.24 (46.28)
P value		p⁽²⁾ = .477	p⁽²⁾ = .180	p⁽²⁾ = .136	p⁽²⁾ = .246	p⁽¹⁾ = .198

				WHOQOL-BREF
Variable	n	Physical	Psychological	Social relationships	Environment	Overall QoL
		Mean ± SD (Median)	Mean ± SD (Median)	Mean ± SD (Median)	Mean ± SD (Median)	Mean ± SD (Median)
Length of sentence
3 months to 1 year	45	51.90 ± 13.22 (53.57)	41.94 ± 18.68 (41.67)	52.96 ± 24.82 (50.00)	37.22 ± 18.12 (34.38)	46.01 ± 14.08 (44.75)
1 to 3	65	52.03 ± 17.71 (53.57)	44.94 ± 24.91 (41.67)	53.21 ± 27.74 (58.33)	33.32 ± 19.19 (28.13)	45.87 ± 18.24 (45.16)
3 to 6	50	54.07 ± 15.71 (55.36)	47.75 ± 20.35 (52.08)	51.17 ± 28.02 (50.00)	41.38 ± 20.27 (37.50)	48.59 ± 15.94 (51.73)
6 to 10	41	48.52 ± 16.69 (42.86)	49.39 ± 22.83 (50.00)	53.86 ± 29.05 (58.33)	35.06 ± 19.67 (34.38)	46.71 ± 18.18 (46.28)
10 to 20	46	53.42 ± 15.32 (53.57)	47.83 ± 20.71 (45.83)	49.46 ± 25.18 (50.00)	33.02 ± 16.39 (32.81)	45.93 ± 15.13 (46.73)
> 20	40	50.45 ± 15.41 (50.00)	43.96 ± 21.64 (45.83)	44.58 ± 25.64 (50.00)	30.16 ± 15.71 (31.25)	42.29 ± 15.38 (45.46)
P value		p⁽¹⁾ = .616	p⁽¹⁾ = .596	p⁽²⁾ = .625	p⁽²⁾ = .103	p⁽²⁾ = .612
Number of inmates per cell
1 to 9	33	49.24 ± 16.09 (53.57) ^(AB)	47.22 ± 23.45 (45.83)	51.26 ± 24.84 (50.00)	29.83 ± 17.75 (28.13)	44.39 ± 16.33 (42.63)
10 to 15	85	50.13 ± 14.84 (50.00) ^(A)	43.28 ± 20.14 (45.83)	54.02 ± 25.35 (58.33)	33.57 ± 17.39 (31.25)	45.25 ± 15.07 (45.13)
16 to 20	70	49.54 ± 15.48 (50.00) ^(A)	45.54 ± 19.26 (45.83)	49.29 ± 24.44 (50.00)	36.34 ± 17.47 (37.50)	45.18 ± 14.86 (45.44)
21 to 30	35	53.16 ± 15.66 (53.57) ^(AB)	47.98 ± 21.94 (50.00)	55.00 ± 27.95 (58.33)	40.71 ± 22.89 (40.63)	49.21 ± 17.48 (52.08)
> 30	64	57.37 ± 16.53 (57.14) ^(B)	48.05 ± 25.45 (52.08)	47.01 ± 31.19 (50.00)	35.40 ± 18.76 (34.38)	46.95 ± 18.81 (48.49)
P value		p⁽³⁾ = .021*	p⁽²⁾ = .508	p⁽²⁾ = .467	p⁽¹⁾ = .149	p⁽¹⁾ = .691
Repeat offender
Yes	115	51.52 ± 16.18 (50.00)	48.37 ± 21.45 (50.00)	51.38 ± 26.76 (50.00)	36.03 ± 19.19 (34.38)	46.83 ± 16.68 (46.84)
No	172	52.10 ± 15.65 (53.57)	44.28 ± 21.89 (45.83)	50.92 ± 26.89 (50.00)	34.47 ± 18.21 (31.25)	45.44 ± 16.09 (45.15)
P value		p⁽⁴⁾ = .581	p⁽⁴⁾ = .100	p⁽⁴⁾ = .886	p⁽⁴⁾ = .537	p⁽⁵⁾ = .482
Social visit
Yes	183	52.77 ± 15.29 (53.57)	46.49 ± 21.46 (45.83)	54.28 ± 25.94 (58.33)	35.72 ± 17.89 (34.38)	47.32 ± 15.28 (47.66)
No	104	50.27 ± 16.72 (53.57)	44.91 ± 22.37 (45.83)	45.51 ± 27.48 (50.00)	33.98 ± 19.81 (31.25)	43.67 ± 17.84 (43.28)
P value		p⁽⁵⁾ = .200	p⁽⁵⁾ = .555	p⁽⁴⁾ = .007*	p⁽⁵⁾ = .423	p⁽⁵⁾ = .069
Intimate visit
Yes	39	55.22 ± 14.93 (53.57)	46.90 ± 20.07 (45.83)	56.41 ± 26.25 (58.33)	38.22 ± 17.39 (37.50)	49.19 ± 14.64 (46.73)
No	248	51.34 ± 15.94 (53.57)	45.77 ± 22.06 (45.83)	50.27 ± 26.84 (50.00)	34.60 ± 18.76 (31.25)	45.49 ± 16.54 (46.06)
P value		p⁽⁴⁾ = .266	p⁽⁴⁾ = .787	p⁽⁴⁾ = .223	p⁽⁴⁾ = .203	p⁽⁵⁾ = .189

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Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rua Afonso Cavalcanti, 275, Cidade Nova, 20211-110 - Rio de Janeiro - RJ - Brasil, Tel: +55 21 3398-0952 e 3398-0941 - Rio de Janeiro - RJ - Brazil
E-mail: annaneryrevista@gmail.com

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[1] Source: Prepared by the authors, 2018.

[TFN100] ^a
Standard deviation